最全面英国文学史知识点总结复习过程

最全面英国文学史知

识点总结

英国文学史

I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages

贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons

Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.

Artistic features:

1. Using alliteration

Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）

Some examples on P5

2. Using metaphor and understatement

Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas

Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400

(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)

The father of English poetry.

writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.

① 坎特伯雷故事集：

first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English

②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德

③ 声誉之宫

Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)

Famous three：King Arthur

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Beowulf

II The Renaissance Period

A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.

Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:

1. new discoveries in geography and astrology

2. the religious reformation and economic expansion

3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture

The most famous dramatists:

Christopher Marlowe

William Shakespeare

Ben Johnson.

1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599

（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey

① 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)

The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.

Artistic features:

1. Using Spenserian Stanza

Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.

② 牧人日历

The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.

③ 爱情小唱?

2. Thomas? More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535

One of the greatest English humanists

①乌托邦

3. Francis? Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626

（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）

Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.? Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason.

①学术的推进

②随笔(famous quotas: )?

The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.

4. Ben Jonson

①

②狐狸

5. Christopher? Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595

“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama

（完善了无韵体诗。）

Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

①浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）

②帖木耳大帝?

③马耳他的犹太人

6. William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚1564~1616?

① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII

②Four Comedies四大喜剧:

皆大欢喜;

第十二夜;

仲夏夜之梦;

威尼斯商人

③Four Tragedies四大悲剧:

哈姆莱特;

奥赛罗;

李尔王;

麦克白

④Shakespeare Sonnet :

154

Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg

A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.

III The 17th Century

1. John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608~1674

（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）

①Epics: 失乐园

复乐园

②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙

③ 论出版自由?

为英国人民声辩

④ 我的失明

This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.

Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.

2. John Bunyan约翰·班扬1628~1688

（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）

Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)

①Religionary Allegory:

天路历程

3. John Donne

the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).

Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）

Artistic features:

1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻

2. syllogism三段论

① Meditations 沉思录

The Flea 虱子

② Songs And Sonnets

Holy Sonnets

③Valediction:

IV The 18th Century

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy

The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality),

equality&science(the 18th century)

小说崛起：

In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)

Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander? Pope亚历山大·蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.

①批评论

Artistic features:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5411015989.html,ing “heroic couplets”

② 卷发遇劫记

③ 道德论

人论

愚人记

2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊1709~1784

①Dictionary =英语大词典

3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）

① 格列佛游记(fictional work)

Four parts:

Lilliput 小人国

Brobdingnag 大人国

Flying Island 飞岛

Houyhnhnm 马岛

一个小小的建议

② 书战

③ 木桶的故事

④ 一个麻布商的书信

4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福1660~1731

小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

① 鲁宾逊漂流记

It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.

Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.

②

③

④

5. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

① novels:

弃婴汤姆·琼斯

约瑟夫·安德鲁

大诗人江奈生·威尔德

爱米利亚

② plays:

一七三六年历史记事

堂吉柯德在英国

6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·格尔德斯密斯1730~1774

① poems:

旅游人

荒村

② novel:

威克菲尔德牧师传

7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·施莱登1751~1816

① 情敌

② 造谣学校

8. William Blake威廉·布莱克1757~1827

① 天真之歌

A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.

② 经验之歌

A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.

Include:

Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity

Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence

③ 天堂与地狱的婚姻

9. Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯1759~1796

The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.

Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

① 约翰·安德生，我的爱人

② 一朵红红的玫瑰

③ 往昔时光

④ 不管那一套

⑤ 我的心在那高原上

⑥

⑦

V The Romantic Period

The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.

Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)

In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.

Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).

“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.

William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

1. William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770~1850

（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets）

① 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)

②

Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”

2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.

Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.

③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女

② 序曲

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·科尔律治1772~1834

The Lake Poets

① 古舟子颂

② 柯里斯塔贝尔

③ 忽必烈汗

Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory

④ 半夜冰霜

⑤ 忧郁颂

⑥ 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)

3. George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）

“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.

① 唐·璜

恰尔德·哈罗德尔游记

该隐

② 当初我们俩分别

4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792~1822

① Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression

② 麦布女王

伊斯兰的反叛

钦契一家

诗辩

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

随机信号分析期末总复习提纲重点知识点归

第 一 章 1.1不考 条件部分不考 △雅柯比变换 （随机变量函数的变换 P34） △随机变量之间的“不相关、正交、独立” P51 （各自定义、相关系数定义 相互关系：两个随机变量相互独立必定互不相关，反之不一定成立 正交与不相关、独立没有明显关系 结合高斯情况） △随机变量的特征函数及基本性质 （一维的 P53 n 维的 P58） △ 多维高斯随机变量的概率密度和特征函数的矩阵形式、三点性质 P61 ( )()() () ( ) ()()2 2 1 () 2112 2 22 11 ,,exp 2 2exp ,,exp 22T T x m X X X X X n n X T T jU X X X X X n X M X M f x f x x U U u Q u j m Q u u E e jM U σπσμ---?? --??= = -????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??=-==- ?? ??? ????? ?? C C C u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r L u r u r u u r u r L 另外一些性质： []()20XY XY X Y X C R m m D X E X m ??=-=-≥??

第二章 随机过程的时域分析 1、随机过程的定义 从三个方面来理解①随机过程(),X t ζ是,t ζ两个变量的函数②(),X t ζ是随时间t 变化的随机变量③(),X t ζ可看成无穷多维随机矢量在0,t n ?→→∞的推广 2、什么是随机过程的样本函数？什么是过程的状态？随机过程与随机变量、样本函数之间的关系？ 3、随机过程的概率密度P7 4、特征函数P81。（连续、离散） 一维概率密度、一维特征函数 二元函数 4、随机过程的期望、方差、自相关函数。（连续、离散） 5、严平稳、宽平稳的定义 P83 6、平稳随机过程自相关函数的性质： 0点值，偶函数，周期函数（周期分量），均值 7、自相关系数、相关时间的定义 P88 2 2 2() ()()()()(0)()X X X X X X X X X X C R m R R R R τττρτσ σ--∞= = -∞= 非周期 相关时间用此定义（00()d τρττ∞ =?） 8、两个随机过程之间的“正交”、“不相关”、“独立”。 （P92 同一时刻、不同时刻） 9、两个随机过程联合平稳的要求、性质。P92

随机过程知识点汇总

第一章随机过程的基本概念与基本类型 一．随机变量及其分布 1．随机变量X，分布函数F(x)P(X x) 离散型随机变量X的概率分布用分布列p k P(X x)分布函数F(x)p k k 连续型随机变量X的概率分布用概率密度f(x)分布函数 x F(x)f(t)dt 2．n维随机变量X(X1,X2,,X n) 其联合分布函数()(1,x,,x n)P(X x,X x,,X n x n,) F x F x 21122 离散型联合分布列连续型联合概率密度 ３．随机变量的数字特征 数学期望：离散型随机变量X E X x k p连续型随机变量X EX xf(x)dx k 方差：2() 2 2 DX E(X EX)EX EX反映随机变量取值的离散程度 协方差（两个随机变量X,Y）：B XY E[(X EX)(Y EY)]E(XY)EX EY 相关系数（两个随机变量X,Y）： B XY XY若0，则称X,Y不相关。 DX DY 独立不相关0 itX ４．特征函数g(t)E(e)离散g(t)e连续g(t)e f x dx itx p itx() k k 重要性质：g(0)1，g(t)1，g(t)g(t)，k i k EX g(0) k ５．常见随机变量的分布列或概率密度、期望、方差 ０－１分布P(X1)p,P(X0)q EX p DX pq 二项分布k k n k P(X k)C n p q EX np DX n p q k 泊松分布P(X k)e EX DX均匀分布略 k!

2正态分布N(a,) 2 (x a) 1 2 f(x)e EX a 2 2 D X2

指数分布f(x) e 0, x1 ,x0 EX x0 DX 1 2 ６．Ｎ维正态随机变量(X1,X,,X n) X的联合概率密度X~N(a,B) 2 f( 11 T1 x1,x,,x)exp{(x a)B(x a)} 2n n1 2 22 (2)|B| a(a1,a2,,a n)，x(x1,x2,,x n)，B(b ij)n n正定协方差阵 二．随机过程的基本概念 １．随机过程的一般定义 设 (,P)是概率空间，T是给定的参数集，若对每个t T，都有一个随机变量X与之对应， 则称随机变量族X(t,e),t T是(,P)上的随机过程。简记为X(t),t T。 含义：随机过程是随机现象的变化过程，用一族随机变量才能刻画出这种随机现象的全部统计规 律性。另一方面，它是某种随机实验的结果，而实验出现的样本函数是随机的。 当 t固定时，X(t,e)是随机变量。当e固定时，X(t,e)时普通函数，称为随机过程的一个样本 函数或轨道。 分类：根据参数集T和状态空间I是否可列，分四类。也可以根据X(t)之间的概率关系分类，如独立增量过程，马尔可夫过程，平稳 过程等 。 ２．随机过程的分布律和数字特征 用有限维分布函数族来刻划随机过程的统计规律性。随机过程X(t),t T的一维分布，二维分布，?，n维分布的全体称为有限维分布函数族。随机过程的有限维分布函数族是随机过程概率特征 的完整描述。在实际中，要知道随机过程的全部有限维分布函数族是不可能的，因此用某些 统计特征 来取代。 （１）均值函数 m X(t)EX(t)表示随机过程X(t),t T在时刻t的平均值。 （２）方差函数2 D X(t)E[X(t)m X(t)]表示随机过程在时刻t对均值的偏离程度。 （３）协方差函数B X (s,t)E[(X( E[X s) (s) m ( s ) ) (t) (s) m X m X (t) (t))] 且有 B(t,t)D(t) X X

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.

随机过程知识点汇总

第一章 随机过程得基本概念与基本类型 一.随机变量及其分布 1.随机变量, 分布函数 离散型随机变量得概率分布用分布列 分布函数 连续型随机变量得概率分布用概率密度 分布函数 2.n 维随机变量 其联合分布函数),,,,(),,,()(221121n n n x X x X x X P x x x F x F ≤≤≤== 离散型 联合分布列 连续型 联合概率密度 ３.随机变量得数字特征 数学期望:离散型随机变量 连续型随机变量 方差: 反映随机变量取值得离散程度 协方差(两个随机变量): 相关系数(两个随机变量): 若,则称不相关。 独立不相关 ４.特征函数 离散 连续 重要性质:,,, ５.常见随机变量得分布列或概率密度、期望、方差 ０－１分布 二项分布 泊松分布 均匀分布略 正态分布 指数分布 ６.Ｎ维正态随机变量得联合概率密度 )}()(2 1ex p{||)2(1 ),,,(121221a x B a x B x x x f T n n ---=-π ,,正定协方差阵 二.随机过程得基本概念 １.随机过程得一般定义 设就是概率空间,就是给定得参数集,若对每个,都有一个随机变量与之对应,则称随机变量族就是上得随机过程。简记为。 含义:随机过程就是随机现象得变化过程,用一族随机变量才能刻画出这种随机现象得全部统计规律性。另一方面,它就是某种随机实验得结果,而实验出现得样本函数就是随机得。 当固定时,就是随机变量。当固定时,时普通函数,称为随机过程得一个样本函数或轨道。 分类:根据参数集与状态空间就是否可列,分四类。 也可以根据之间得概率关系分类,如独立增量过程,马尔可夫过程,平稳过程等。 ２.随机过程得分布律与数字特征 用有限维分布函数族来刻划随机过程得统计规律性。随机过程得一维分布,二维分布,…,维分布得全体称为有限维分布函数族。随机过程得有限维分布函数族就是随机过程概率特征得完整描述。在实际中,要知道随机过程得全部有限维分布函数族就是不可能得,因此用某些统计特征来取代。 (１)均值函数 表示随机过程在时刻得平均值。

(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档

英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ①坎特伯雷故事集： first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③声誉之宫 Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)

通信原理知识点归纳

1.2.1 通信系统的一般模型 1.2.3 数字通信的特点 (1) 抗干扰能力强，且噪声不积累 (2) 传输差错可控 (3) 便于处理、变换、存储，将来自不同信源的信号综合到一起传输 (4) 易于集成，使通信设备微型化，重量轻 (5) 易于加密处理，且保密性好 1.3.1 通信系统的分类 按调制方式分类：基带传输系统和带通（调制）传输系统 。调制传输系统又分为多种 调制，详见书中表1-1。 按信号特征分类：模拟通信系统和数字通信系统 按传输媒介分类：有线通信系统和无线通信系统 3.1.2 随机过程的数字特征 均值（数学期望）： 方差： 相关函数 3.2.1 平稳随机过程的定义 （1）其均值与t 无关，为常数a ； （2）自相关函数只与时间间隔τ 有关。 把同时满足（1）和（2）的过程定义为广义平稳随机过程。 3.2.2 各态历经性 如果平稳过程使下式成立 则称该平稳过程具有各态历经性。 3.2.4 平稳过程的功率谱密度 非周期的功率型确知信号的自相关函数与其功率谱密度是一对傅里叶变换。这种关系对平稳随机过程同样成立，即有 []∫∞∞?=dx t x xf t E ),()(1ξ} {2)]()([)]([t a t E t D ?=ξξ2121212212121),;,()] ()([),(dx dx t t x x f x x t t E t t R ∫∫ ∞∞?∞∞?==ξξ???==)()(τR R a a ∫∫ ∞ ∞?∞∞??==ω ωπτττωωτξωτξd e P R d e R P j j )(21)()()(

3.3.2 重要性质 广义平稳的高斯过程也是严平稳的。 高斯过程经过线性变换后生成的过程仍是高斯过程。 3.3.3 高斯随机变量 （1）f (x )对称于直线 x = a ，即 （2） 3.4 平稳随机过程通过线性系统 输出过程ξo (t )的均值: 输出过程ξo (t )的自相关函数： 输出过程ξo (t )的功率谱密度: 若线性系统的输入是平稳的，则输出也是平稳的。 如果线性系统的输入过程是高斯型的，则系统的输出过程也是高斯型的。 3.5 窄带随机过程 若随机过程ξ(t )的谱密度集中在中心频率f c 附近相对窄的频带范围Δf 内，即满足Δf << f c 的条件，且 f c 远离零频率，则称该ξ(t )为窄带随机过程。 3.7 高斯白噪声和带限白噪声 白噪声n (t ) 定义：功率谱密度在所有频率上均为常数的噪声 － 双边功率谱密度 － 单边功率谱密度 4.1 无线信道 电磁波的分类： 地波：频率 < 2 MHz ；距离：数百或数千千米 天波：频率：2 ~ 30 MHz ；一次反射距离：< 4000 km 视线传播：频率 > 30 MHz ；距离: 4.3.2 编码信道模型 P(0 / 0)和P(1 / 1) － 正确转移概率，P(1/ 0)和P(0 / 1) － 错误转移概率 P (0 / 0) = 1 – P (1 / 0) P (1 / 1) = 1 – P (0 / 1) 2)(0 n f P n =)(+∞<

随机过程知识点

第一章:预备知识 §1、1 概率空间 随机试验,样本空间记为Ω。 定义1、1 设Ω就是一个集合,F 就是Ω的某些子集组成的集合族。如果 (1)∈ΩF; (2)∈A 若F ,∈Ω=A A \则F; (3)若∈n A F , ，，21=n ,则 ∞=∈1n n A F; 则称F 为-σ代数(Borel 域)。(Ω,F )称为可测空间,F 中的元素称为事件。 由定义易知: . 216\,,)5)4(111F A A A i F A F B A F B A F i i n i i n i i i ∈=∈∈∈∈?∞ === ，，则，，，）若（； 则若（； 定义1、2 设(Ω,F )就是可测空间,P(·)就是定义在F 上的实值函数。如果 ()()()()∑∞ =∞==???? ???=?≠=Ω≤≤∈1121,,,31210,)1(i i i i j i A P A P A A j i A A P A P F A 有 时，当）对两两互不相容事件（； ）（； 任意 则称P 就是()F ,Ω上的概率,(P F ，，Ω)称为概率空间,P(A)为事件A 的概率。 定义1、3 设(P F ，，Ω)就是概率空间,F G ?,如果对任意 G A A A n ∈,,,21 , ,2,1=n 有: (),1 1∏===???? ??n i i n i i A P A P 则称G 为独立事件族。 §1、2 随机变量及其分布 随机变量X ,分布函数)(x F ,n 维随机变量或n 维随机向量,联合分布函 数,{}T t X t ∈,就是独立的。 §1、3随机变量的数字特征 定义1、7 设随机变量X 的分布函数为)(x F ,若?∞ ∞-∞<)(||x dF x ,则称 )(X E ＝?∞ ∞-)(x xdF 为X 的数学期望或均值。上式右边的积分称为Lebesgue-Stieltjes 积分。 方差,()()[]EY Y EX X E B XY --=为X 、Y 的协方差,而 DY DX B XY XY = ρ 为X 、Y 的相关系数。若,0=XY ρ则称X 、Y 不相关。 (Schwarz 不等式)若,,22∞<∞

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式

随机过程知识点汇总

随机过程知识点汇总

第一章 随机过程的基本概念与基本类型 一．随机变量及其分布 1．随机变量X ， 分布函数)()(x X P x F ≤= 离散型随机变量X 的概率分布用分布列 ) (k k x X P p == 分 布函数∑=k p x F )( 连续型随机变量X 的概率分布用概率密度)(x f 分布函数?∞ -=x dt t f x F )()( 2．n 维随机变量) ,,,(2 1 n X X X X Λ= 其联合分布函数) ,,,,(),,,()(2211 2 1 n n n x X x X x X P x x x F x F ≤≤≤==ΛΛ 离散型 联合分布列 连续型 联合概率密度 ３．随机变量的数字特征 数学期望：离散型随机变量X ∑=k k p x EX 连续型随 机变量X ?∞ ∞-=dx x xf EX )( 方差：2 22 )() (EX EX EX X E DX -=-= 反映随机变量取值的 离散程度 协方差（两个随机变量Y X ,）： EY EX XY E EY Y EX X E B XY ?-=--=)()])([( 相关系数（两个随机变量Y X ,）： DY DX B XY XY ?= ρ 若 0=ρ，则称Y X ,不相关。 独立?不相关?0=ρ

４．特征函数)()(itX e E t g = 离散 ∑=k itx p e t g k )( 连续 ?∞ ∞ -=dx x f e t g itx )()( 重要性质：1)0(=g ，1)(≤t g ，)()(t g t g =-，k k k EX i g =)0( ５．常见随机变量的分布列或概率密度、期望、方差 ０－１分布 q X P p X P ====)0(,)1( p EX = pq DX = 二项分布 k n k k n q p C k X P -==)( np EX = npq DX = 泊松分布 ! )(k e k X P k λλ -== λ =EX λ =DX 均匀分布 略 正态分布),(2 σa N 2 22)(21)(σσ πa x e x f -- = a EX = 2 σ=DX 指数分布 ?? ?<≥=-0, 00,)(x x e x f x λλ λ 1 = EX 2 1 λ = DX ６．Ｎ维正态随机变量) ,,,(2 1 n X X X X Λ=的联合概率密度 ),(~B a N X )} ()(2 1 ex p{| |)2(1),,,(12 12 21a x B a x B x x x f T n n ---= -πΛ ) ,,,(21n a a a a Λ=，),,,(2 1 n x x x x Λ=，n n ij b B ?=)(正定协方差阵 二．随机过程的基本概念 １．随机过程的一般定义 设) , (P Ω是概率空间，T 是给定的参数集，若对每 个T t ∈，都有一个随机变量X 与之对应，则称随机变量

(完整版)随机过程知识点汇总

第一章随机过程 的基本概念与基本类型 一．随机变量及其分布 X ，分布函数 F (x) P(X x) 1．随机变量 离散型随机变量 X 的概率分布用分布列 p P(X x k ) F(x) p k f (t)dt 分布函数 k x X 的概率分布用概率密度 f (x) F(x) 分布函数 连续型随机变量 2．n 维随机变量 X (X ,X , , X ) 1 2 n F(x) F(x ,x , ,x ) P(X x , X 2 x , , X n x n ,) 其联合分布函数 1 2 n 1 1 2 离散型 联合分布列 连续型联合概率密度 ３．随机变量 的数字特征 数学期望：离散型随机变量 X EX x p k k X EX xf (x)dx 连续型随机变量 2 DX E(X EX) 2 EX (EX) 2 方差： 反映随机变量取值 的离散程度 协方差（两个随机变量 X ,Y ）： B E[( X EX)(Y EY)] E(XY) EX EY XY B XY 相关系数（两个随机变量 X,Y ）： 0，则称 X ,Y 不相关。 若 XY DX DY 独立 不相关 itX g(t) E(e ) itx e p k 连续 g(t) k e itx f (x)dx ４．特征函数 离散 g(t) 重要性质： g(0) 1， g(t) 1 g( t) g(t) ， ， g (0) i EX k k k ５．常见随机变量 的分布列或概率密度、期望、方差 ０－１分布 二项分布 P( X 1) p,P( X 0) q EX p DX pq P(X k) C p q n k k k EX np DX n p q n k 泊松分布 P( X k) e k! EX DX 均匀分布略 ( x a)2 1 2 N(a, ) f (x) 2 2 2 EX a 正态分布 e DX 2

吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读

History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.