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毕业论文英文文献翻译 之 中文翻译

毕业论文英文文献翻译 之 中文翻译
毕业论文英文文献翻译 之 中文翻译

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学院:土建学院专业:土木工程学号:064&&&&&&&姓名:&&&&&&

指导教师: &&&&&&教授

江苏科技大学

2010年 03 月 28 日

均布荷载作用下挡土墙上的土压力

G. I. Shvetsov UDC 624.131.531.2

在前一篇文章中,我们确定了在只考虑填土自重的试验条件下,作用在挡土墙上的压力。这篇文章是第一篇文章的延续,致力于探索填土在外界均布荷载作用下,在挡土墙上产生的荷载问题,当在使用到先前得到的岩土平衡微分方程时,我们仅仅只改变边界条件,因为在这种情况下我们使用了与初始解决方案相同的原理。我们只提取那些与附加土压力有关的新成果,以及仅定义那些第一次出现的新符号。

在设计中,我们通常把作用在挡土墙上的土压力看作是呈三角形分布的,应力也被假设为是沿着墙体均匀连续分布的,但是实验结果并没有证实这一理论,试验表明表面

的附加应力随墙的高度变化并不均匀,而是从回填土顶部的最大值开始一直减小到其底部的最小值。因而,在M.C.瓦尔跟实验图的纵坐标的最大值超出理论计算值近两倍,最小值达到理论计算值的0.65倍,因为土压力的增加主要是在墙的上部,由此所得出的作用点比计算所得出的要高很多。

F.M.shikhiev 的理论里包含了关于挡土墙均布荷载作用下的二维应力折减问题,但是, 附加应力的分布对挡土墙受超荷载作用的效果问题的影响,并没有经过合适的理论研究。 虽然,不同研究人员所做的无数次试验已经确定,侧壁的扭曲效应更大,随着表面的粗糙程度而变大,随挡土墙的宽度和高度之比。在这篇文章里,我们将尽可能的填补这方面的空白。

在边界条件0q 0,y x ==的基础上,我们可以确定试验中作用在有侧向限制的填土上没有超荷的垂直应力。如果一个外附加应力作用在楔块表面上的强度为x σ,则在这种情况下,我们可以从已知条件得出,当y=0时,x q = x σ,既可以得出方程

()()1

1

1/2/k

x x w w h y h A q f m h A λσξ+-=+ (1)

其中 ,荷载分配的不均匀系数A 1和土的深度有关:

()()

111/1/k

k

A y h y h -=

--- (2)

方程一是通用的,因为对于任意一种荷载分布x σ它都可以计算出任意土层中某一点的应力,因此便足以表明应力在X 轴方向的分布规律。当0=x σ时,方程便简化成相应的没有附加应力的形式,并且,当0=w f 而且0>x σ时,它反映了在考虑了附加应力条件时的二维问题,即:

11k

x x h

y q A h γσ??

=+- ???

(3)

满布在滑动楔上的均布荷载对我们已经知道的设计系数k ,n,和ξw 的值并没有影响,所以,计算作用在挡土墙上的正应力,切应力和总应力的表达式如下:

0;;

ox x ox ox ox nq f tot στσσ==?=

(4)

作用在实验环节中的侧墙的应力由以下的方程解得:

3

hx w x hx w kx

hx q f tot σξτσ==?= (5)

而回填土上静态部分产生的应力这样计算:

sx s ox sx sx

sx f tot σμστσσ=== (6)

这里,就静态回填土而言,s μ是荷载效应的系数:

()

01tan 1/tan s f f ω

μθ-=

- (7)

在回填土表面作用一个均布荷载,荷载强度用下面这个方程来描述:

0x o h σγ= (8)

这个方程中,0γ是作用在滑动体水平表面的土壤容重,吨/立方米; ho 是水平面的土壤层厚度,米; 当0γ=常量时,x σ仅与回填土层厚度有关。

对于有水平力作用的土层背面有着垂直(w=0)且非常光滑(0f =0)的挡土墙,当0γ=r 时,墙上的应力是:

()0ox n y h σγ=+ (9)

并且根据直线理论知道其值随着深度增加递增(见图1)。在任意点上,与没有超载的挡土墙的应力平衡,并且引入了恒量o nh γ,它取决于超载层厚度h0。

挡土墙(f ≠0)上的回填土的摩擦力定性地改变了应力曲线:作用在滑动体的超载表明应力沿墙高度的不一致性,并且随着深度递减,从滑动体表面的最大值减少到墙基底的零。在没有外载时,最大值从它原始的位置上升到回填土的表面,0h 值的增长也是如此。在数据表1中的图表Ⅱ,探讨了起源于墙基底的三角形应力;图表Ⅲ表达了

分布在倾斜(w>0)和理想光滑(

f=0)的挡土墙上的应力与高度成二次方比例。

通道边上的土壤的摩擦力反过来对应力分布特征进行了修正,对于处在限制空间条件下的垂直、理想光滑的挡土墙,它用方程式表达:

图一挡土墙上正常土压力。图中曲线组合的参数显示在下表中

曲线编号h

,米f0ω,天f

m

m,米

1 0,1,

2 0 0 0 ——

2 0,3,7,10 0.6 0 0 ——

3 0,1,2,3,4,5 0 27 0 ——

4 0,2,4,5,8,10 0 0 0.6 1

5 0,3,6,10 0.

6 0 0.6 1

()

()0

2/1

ox

w w

n y h

f m y

γ

σ

ξ

+

=

+

(10)第一项表示的是没有附加应力时的压力,而第二项表示的是压力随着墙高度的增高而增大是由附加应力引起的。和组图一中有关二维问题(图一)不同的是,组图四中表示的是在0

w

f时附加应力非均匀的分布在竖直(0

=

w)和完全光滑(0

=

f)的挡土墙上。压力增加的最大值仅在填土的表面取得,随着深度的增加,压力增量呈渐近线式递减。挡土墙底部的压力在不断增长,但是增长很缓慢。

从图表五中可以看出,在有摩擦力作用于挡土墙时,压力会进行重新分布。压力的增量从上部结构的最大值递减到底部结构的零。和组图二的单一形式相比,压力线呈复

杂的鞍形,这是大部分平面应力所具有的特征。当所有其他条件相同时,压力线V 的曲率取决于挡土墙侧壁表面粗糙程度。随着回填土对挡土墙侧壁摩擦力的不断减少,压力线图V 将会变直,从而对于二维问题在性质和数量上都比较接近于压力线II 。随着挡土墙长度的增加在收敛的图表中也会发现类似的规律。

因此,当回填土水平表面受到一个均布荷载作用时挡土墙所受的压力会重新分布,而这会随着用来抵消附加压力对回填土底层的影响的摩擦力的作用效果的不同而不同。实践当中应用的三角形压力线图也只在挡土墙是竖直并且完全光滑同时回填土墙是处于一种平面应力状态下这一特别有限的条件下才是正确的。因为光滑的表面不能被建造,根据线性定律压力也就不能被分布。在回填土不是处于其自然颗粒状态而是处于固化的楔形的假设的基础上,再根据Coulomb 的理论才能得出真正的挡土墙三角形应力线图。从而这导致保留面的平均摩擦力人为平均化。事实上,颗粒材料的摩擦力是不一致分布的,反而随着从回填土表面起深度的增加而增加。这种情况导致结构高度上负荷非线性分布的特征。

我们从理论上得到的为了真实条件的压力线图和模拟挡土墙在有限尺寸实验渠道中获得的实验数据非常一致。为确定垂直压力Qx 在颗粒材料中的作用,起积分关系表示如下:

h

x x Q q dy =?

很容易得到下式方程:

()()

22/21x

x w w h Q f m k γμξ=

++ (11)

Ux 系由于超负荷回填土压力增加系数

21x

x h

σμγ=+

(12) 在缺乏超负荷qx=0和系数ux=1,将方程(4)中Qx 替换为qx,我们可以发现正常情况造成的压力的表达,摩擦力,和在超负荷存在条件下传递到挡土墙的总压力:

0ox x ox ox

ox P nQ F f P R === (13)

作用于渠道侧墙的resultang 负载的组分可表示为:

hx w x hx w hx

hx P Q F f P R ξ===

(14)

和材料静止部分的压力:

;;

sx s ox sx sx sx F f R ρμρρ=== (15)

方程11,13,14和15给出了每单位长度挡土墙的负荷

连续均匀分布的荷载并不依赖坐标轴X 并和所有可能滑动面保持一致,因此,挡土墙上危险压力无论在有超负荷还是没有超负荷的情况下都将对应于同样的表面滑动。

我们将会从墙底部开始确定压力中心位置,如果压力线图的静力矩(相对于采取基地)除整个线图的面积,我们会得到方程:

()()

2132x

ox h k K z k +=

+ (16) Kx 系数考虑了超负荷对压力中心位置的影响:

()

()()1122/21x

x x w w K h k f m h k σγσξ=+

??++??

++??

(17)

但Dx>0,系数Kx>1,超负荷提高了压力中心的位置,这个从图1也可以看出。而在没有超负荷情况下,压力中心在墙高一半处,在有超负荷情况下,压力中心可以到达在墙的上半部分。

参考文献

1.M.N.Vargin ,“均布荷载对挡土墙的影响” ,Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhan. Gruntov, No. 3 (1968).

2.R.V. Lubenov,“作用在土体中的力,形成的作用在垂直挡土墙上的土压力绕上轴分布”,OUZ M/VlF SSSR, Nauchnye Trudy, Gidrotekhnika, No. III~ Transport, Moscow (1964).

3.R.V. Lubenov and P. I. Yakovlev, "直立墙的平行移动对土中推力和压力大小的影响" ,OUZ MMF SSSR, Nauchnye Trudy, Gidrotekhnika, No. III, Transport, Moscow

4.G.I. Shvetsov ,“挡土墙上土体在三向受压时的土压力,Gidro-tekh. Stroitel”, No. 10 (1971).

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