英文翻译模板

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译

题目Knowledge management component in

managing human resources for enterprises

在知识管理组件型企业的人力资源管理

作者姓名

专业名称信息管理与信息系统

学科门类管理学

指导老师刘小豫

提交翻译日期二〇一四年十二月

Knowledge management component in managing human resources

for enterprises

在知识管理组件型企业的人力资源管理

Abstract Both human resources and knowledge are valuable assets for enterprises; therefore, effective management of these assets becomes inevitably critical for business success. While human resource management systems have been a research topic for more than two decades, knowledge management systems applied to human resource management are relatively new to both academia and industry. This study examines the use of knowledge management in a business environment such as human resource management. The evolution of information systems and information processing in the human resource management domain is presented, and a knowledge-based decision support system for human resource management is proposed. Keywords：Human resource management ；Knowledge management；Intelligent information processing ；Decision support system

1 Introduction

Ever since the computer technology was 摘要人力资源和知识是企业宝贵的资产；因此，这些资产的有效管理不可避免的成为企业成功的关键。而人力资源管理系统是已经超过二十年的一个研究课题，知识管理系统被应用到人力资源管理在学术界和工业界是相对较新的。本研究探讨知识管理在商业环境如人力资源管理的使用。在人力资源管理领域的信息系统和信息处理的发展提出了一个基于知识的决策支持系统，并对人力资源管理提出了建议。

关键词：人力资源管理；知识管理；智能信息处理；决策支持系统

1引言

自从计算机技术被开发和被应用到商业业

developed and applied to business operations, business world had never been the same. Today, widespread use of the Internet in business applications inspires drastic changes in business world [6, 20, 44]. Early applications of computers basically focused on routine tasks such as in business transactions, accounting procedures, and inventory management [1, 33].More advanced information technologies (IT) have been used in decision making process, knowledge management, business intelligence, expert systems, among others. The impact of IT on today’s business is evident in at least two ways: (1) improvements in efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity; and (2) a transition to new practices in the way people create, organize, manage, and operate an enterprise [68]. As we all know, both knowledge and human resources are valuable assets for enterprises, and therefore, effective management of those.

1.1 Human resource management

Human resource management (HRM) practices have along history. Like many early business applications of computer systems, computerized human resource management focused on low level, routine tasks such as recruiting, record keeping, rewards and wages before the mid-1980s[52]. In 1984, 务，商业世界从来没有相同的。今天，互联网在商业应用的广泛使用使商业世界急剧变化[ 6，20 ，44]。早期的计算机应用基本集中在日常任务，如在商业交易，会计程序和库存管理[ 1，33 ]。更先进的信息技术（IT）已经应用在决策过程，知识管理，商业智能，专家系统等等。在今天的商业影响中，至少在两个方面是显而易见的：（1）效率，有效性，和生产力的改善；和（2）过渡到新的行为方式的人创造，组织，管理，和经营一个企业[ 68 ]。

1.1人力资源管理

人力资源管理（HRM）的做法有着悠久的历史。像许多早期的电脑系统的商业应用，在上世纪80年代中期[ 52 ]以前计算机化的人力资源管理主要集中在低水平的日常任务，如招聘、记录、奖励和工资等。

Fombrun et al. [19] became one of the first researchers who developed the concept of strategic human resource management (SHRM) and started linking HRM functions with the overall organizational strategy. Unlike the early age HRM systems, SHRM mainly focuses on activities involving HR planning and HR policies, such as internal career opportunities, training systems, performance appraisals, profit-sharing plans, employment security, V oice mechanisms, decision making, and job definition [42,50, 52]. SHRM made human resource management a more meaningful concept. In addition, SHRM perceives people as critical organizational investments, strategic resources and competitive advantages that determine the success and failure of an organization[2, 3, 18, 34, 37, 43, 57].Therefore, human resource management has transitioned from task-oriented HRM to people-oriented SHRM. Due to large amount of information processed in this new type of human resource management, information technology inevitably plays an important role in the HRM domain [53]. The evidence of human resource management systems evolving from managing fundamental routine tasks such as recruiting, record keeping, rewards and wages to more advanced 1984，弗布伦[ 19 ]成为开发战略人力资源管理的概念的人之一，第一个研究（SHRM）开始连接管理功能与组织的整体战略。不像早期的研究主要集中在人力资源管理系统，包括人力资源规划、人力资源政策的活动，如内部职业机会，培训，绩效评估，利润分享计划，就业保障，语音机制，决策，和工作的定义[ 42，50 ，52 ]。战略人力资源管理使人力资源管理变成一个更加有意义的概念。此外，研究认为人作为关键组织投资，战略资源和竞争优势，决定组织成败[ 2，3，18，34，37，43，57 ]。因此，人力资源管理已经从任务导向的人力资源管理转变为以人为本的战略人力资源管理。大量的这种新型的人力资源管理，信息处理，信息技术在人力资源管理领域[ 53 ]必然起着重要的作用。人力资源管理系统从管理基本的日常任务，如招聘，记录证据，奖励和工资提升为更先进的功能，如员工培训系统，绩效评估，利润分享计划，就业保障已在过去的几十年里目睹了。互联网技术的应用和商业智能、知识管理的新概念，使得信息系统的使用和信息处理人力资源管理的方式在过去的十年大大得到改善[ 10，14，45，54,60，62–64,64，72 ]。在上世纪90年代中期，互联网成为商业业务可用的，电子商务的概念也就出现了。利用网络技术和信息技术的一般运行的业务功能，包括人力资源管理等，是

functions such as employee training systems, performance appraisals, profit-sharing plans, employment security has been witnessed in the last several decades. The use of the Internet technology and the emerging concept of business intelligence and knowledge management makes the ways in which information systems are used and information is processed for human resource management dramatically improved over the last decade [10, 14, 45, 54,60, 62–64, 72]. In the mid-1990s, the Internet became available for business operations and the concept of e-business was born. Using Internet technology or information technology in general to run business functions, including human resource management, is widely accepted as electronic business (e-business) [22, 26]. Meanwhile, another related concept called e-HRM or e-HR was created using the Internet and other IT technologies in managing human resources. Ulrich [56, 57] is one of many early e-HR advocates. Straus et al. [53] researched several impacts of Internet technologies on managing human resources and concluded that the ‘‘advances in of traditional personnel practices’’. IT has been believed by many practitioners and researchers to be able to create competitive advantages for businesses [11, 25],however, 被广泛接受的电子商务（电子商务）[ 22，26 ]。同时，另一个相关的概念叫E-HRM 或e-HR，是管理人力资源利用互联网和其他信息技术创造的。乌尔里希[ 56，57 ]是许多早期的e-HR的倡导者。斯特劳斯等人[ 53 ]研究了互联网技术对于人力资源管理的影响并得出结论认为，“通信技术的进步和组织形式提出传统人事实践“重估”。它被认为是由许多从业者和研究人员能够为企业创造竞争优势[ 11，25 ]，然而，鲍威尔和凹痕米卡勒夫[ 45 ]认为，它没有产生竞争优势，但可用它来利用无形的，互补的人和商业的资源帮助组织获得竞争优

Powell and Dent-Micallef [45] argued that IT alone has not produced competitive advantages, but using IT to leverage intangible, complementary human and business resources has helped organizations gain competitive advantages. Nonetheless, proper application of IT in HRM has been proved to bean important way helping business succeed.

1.2 Knowledge and knowledge management

In the last decade or so, increasing attention has been paid to the knowledge management issues in organizations. Efficient knowledge management leads to superior business performance such as organizational creativity, operational effectiveness, and quality of products and service [4, 8, 27,36, 40, 73]. Generally speaking, knowledge can be divided into two categories, tacit knowledge or undocumented knowledge and explicit knowledge or documented knowledge. Even though it is closely related to data and information, knowledge is different from data and information and cannot be interchangeable with data and information [13].Data is about raw facts and information is about data being processed in various meaningful ways. 势。然而，IT在人力资源管理中的正确应用已被证明是帮助企业获得成功的重要途径。

1.2知识和知识管理

在过去的十年左右，在组织中的知识管理问题受到越来越多的关注。有效的知识管理，导致诸如组织创新，卓越的业务表现的作战效能，以及优质的产品和服务[ 4，8,27,36,40，73]。一般来说，知识可以分为两类，隐性知识和显性知识或记录的知识和未记录的知识。即使它是密切相关的数据和信息，知识不同于数据和信息，不能互换数据和信息[ 13 ]。数据是原始的事实和信息，是以各种有意义的方式处理数据。知识被认为是比数据和信息更高的水平。

Knowledge is believed to be at higher level than data and information. Knowledge is about concepts experiences, problem solutions, business practices, etc. Indecision-making processes, decision makers require a combination of different types of data, information, and knowledge. Multiple examples demonstrate that many of the world’s most successful organizations are those that are best at managing their knowledge[41].The fact that more and more decisions are made using limited amount of time and large quantity of information makes a knowledge management system an indispensable component of decision support systems[15].Knowledge management is the process of acquiring, processing, codifying, storing, distributing and applying knowledge [35, 36, 48, 49]. Since knowledge is created by professionals from different functional areas and will be applied to solve problems in those areas in enterprises, knowledge management normally is used by different business functions or a multifunctional system. By using computer systems and networks, knowledge management can be a stand-alone system that provides services to other systems in different business functions such as accounting, marketing, finance, 知识是有关的概念，经验，问题的解决方案，商业惯例等。优柔寡断的决策过程，决策者需要结合不同类型的数据，信息，和知识。多个算例表明，世界上许多最成功的组织是那些最善于管理自己知识的组织[ 41 ]。事实上，越来越多的决定是使用有限的时间和大量的信息，使得知识管理系统成为决策支持系统[ 15 ]中不可或缺的组成部分。知识管理是获取，加工，整理，存储，分发和应用知识[ 35，36，48，49 ]。因为知识是由专业人士从不同的功能区，将被应用到解决这些问题的企业领域，知识管理通常是由不同的业务功能或多功能系统组成。利用计算机系统和网络，知识管理可成为一个独立的系统，它在不同的业务功能为其他系统提供服务，如会计，市场营销，财务，采购单机系统，以及人力资源管理。

procurement, as well as human resource management.

2. System development

2.1 Human resource management

Human resource management system design issues In a research work we have done in 2006, we used a Chinese enterprise example to explore issues in designing human resource management systems [78]. We summarize some of them in Appendix. A set of general criteria should be followed below,

1. Put forward the managerial principle to enable the managers to grasp the essence of HRM.

2. Carry out goal management to scout and control the whole process and enable each department/each position to reach its set goal.

3. Optimize managerial procedure to ensure the shortest procedure, the mightiest functions, the lowest cost, and simplicity of operation. It also makes each job go smoothly according to the procedures.

4. Regulations should be clear, reasonable, scientific, applicable, and ensuring normalized HRM. 2. 系统的开发

2.1人力资源管理系统

人力资源管理系统的设计问题，是在2006我们所做的研究工作，我们用一个例子来探讨中国企业在人力资源管理系统[ 78 ]中的设计问题。我们总结了一些在附录。一套通用的标准应遵循以下几点，

1.提出管理原理使管理者掌握人力资源管理的本质。

2.实施目标管理的跟踪、控制的全过程，使各部门/各位置到达设定的目标。

3.优化管理程序来保证最短的程序，强大的功能，以及最低的成本，和简单的操作。这也使得每个工作根据程序顺利进行。

4.规定应该是明确的，合理的，科学的，适用的，并确保标准化人力资源管理。

5. Develop software modules out of normalized managerial procedures.

To ensure the HRM system to be developed successfully, we utilize the classical system development life cycle(SDLC) to specify the steps to develop the HRM system[66].

2.2 Decision support system and its applications in human resource management

Decision support system(DSS)is a concept as well as a type of information systems. It was developed in 1970s. It is believed that Keen, Morton, Sprague, and Whinston were among the pioneers who developed the concept and the academic discipline of decision support systems [23].Decision support systems utilize a variety of related information, decision criteria or rules, and decision models to help people make decisions [17]. They do not make decisions for people instead provide necessary support for people to better understand the problems in hands and to find a solution for the problems. The need for decision support systems originated from the growth of ever increasing complexity of modern decision problems [58, 59]. The birth of model-oriented DSS marks the beginning of information systems specifically designed for top management [23].5.开发的软件模块进行规范的管理程序。

确保人力资源管理系统的成功开发，我们利用经典的系统开发生命周期（SDLC）指定开发人力资源管理系统[ 66 ]的步骤。

2.2决策支持系统及其在人力资源管理中的应用

决策支持系统（DSS）是一个概念，以及一种类型的信息系统。这是七十年代发展起来的。它被认为是敏锐的，莫尔顿，SD，和Whinston是提出DSS的概念和决策支持系统[ 23 ]理论学科的先驱之一。决策支持系统利用各种相关的信息，决策标准或规则，决策模型来帮助人们做出决策[ 17 ]。他们不是为人们做出决定，而是为人们对于手中的问题提出更好的理解，从而提供必要支持，寻找解决问题的方法做出决定。决策支持系统的需求是随现代日益复杂的决策问题而不断增长[ 58 59 ]。模型的决策支持系统的开始是专为高层管理信息系统[ 23 ]诞生的。

Great progress has been made in both DSS theory and practice since the1980s.Through integration with networking technology, artificial intelligence, and enterprise systems, various types of DSS, such as distributed decision support systems(DDSS), intelligent decision support systems (IDSS), and integrated decision support systems (IDSS),appeared[9,16,21,38,67,69–71,76,77]. In the mid-1990s,web-basedDSS also became an active research field.

Decision support systems have been designed to solve many business problems including human resource management problems. As aforementioned, human resource management problems are complex business problems. HR planning, position design and analyses, selection of recruits, evaluation of talents, training and development of HR, staff performance management, wage and welfare management, long-term senior talents stimulation plan, HR policy development, this list can go on and on. As other factors kick in such as globalized human resource, globalized business environment, young generation of workforces in Generation Y, virtual organizations [55], telecommuting, the requirements for human resource managers to DSS理论与实践，自20世纪80年代以来已产生巨大的进步。随着网络技术，人工智能的集成和企业系统，出现了各种类型的决策支持系统，如分布式决策支持系统（DDSS），智能决策支持系统（IDSS），集成决策支持系统（IDSS

[9,1621,38,67,69–71,76,77 ]。在上世纪90年代中期，基于Web的决策支持系统也成为一个活跃的研究领域。

决策支持系统已被用来解决许多问题包括企业人力资源管理中存在的问题。如前所述，人力资源管理存在的问题是复杂的业务问题。人力资源规划，位置分析和设计，选择招聘，人才评价，人力资源培训与发展，绩效管理，薪酬福利管理，长期激励计划的高级人才，人力资源政策的发展等等。其他因素如在全球化的人力资源，全球化的商业环境，Y一代的年轻劳动力，虚拟组织[ 55 ]，远程办公中，要求人力资源经理在今天做出任何决定，以满足这些复杂问题变得非常困难。这不仅是因为要用大量的时间，更要考虑的因素是需要集中更多的智慧和知识以做出决策。

make any decision today become extremely difficult to meet. It is not only because more time to be spent, more factors to be considered but also because more intelligence and more knowledge are needed to make decisions.

Most of decision support systems utilize modeling techniques because models provide a simplified representation of a decision situation that is understandable to a decision maker [46, 51].There are a variety of models being used in decision support systems that include quantitative models such as algebraic and differential equation models, various decision analysis tools including analytical hierarchy processes, decision matrices and decision trees, multi-attribute and multi-criteria models, forecasting models, network and optimization models, Monte Carlo and discrete event simulation models, and systems applied to human resource quantitative behavioral models for multiagent simulations [7,24,28–32,65,75,79]. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), among other more complex decision techniques, has been used to build DSS [5, 47, 61].

In our recent study of decision support management, we constructed a decision support system that helps mangers manage

大多数的决策支持系统，需要利用建模技术，因为模型提供一种决策的情况，是一个决策者可以理解的简化表示[ 46，51 ]。有各种各样的模型被用于决策支持系统，包括定量模型如代数和微分方程模型，不同的决策分析工具，包括层次分析过程，决策矩阵和决策树，多属性和多标准模型，预测模型，网络优化模型，蒙特卡罗方法和离散事件仿真模型，并对多智能体模拟[ 7,24,28–32,65,75,79 ]定量行为模型。粒子群优化（PSO），其他更复杂的决策技术，也已经被用来建立决策支持系统[ 5，47，61 ]。

我们在人力资源管理决策支持系统

的近期应用研究中，建立了一个决策支持系统，帮助管理者管理员工离职风险[ 62 ]。

employee turnover risks [62]. The DSS system utilizes data warehouses, knowledge warehouses, data analysis, data-mining, analytic systems and system interfaces. It has eight subsystems or components .

2.3 Knowledge management component of the DSS

The decision support system for employee turnover risk management is a loose-coupled system. According to the coordination theory and cooperative system concept [39],we designed three types of coordination in the system:

(1)The coordination between subsystems, including coordination of shared resources and problem solutions, is accomplished by an analytic system (AS); (2) The coordination of shared resources, including both the coordination of diversity of time, space and the combination of resources, is based on the connections between those resources;and (3) The coordination of problem solutions refers to the discussion between subsystems in the attempt to achieve one optimized solution.

the integrated AS model, all the interfaces of knowledge systems and models are encapsulated universally and registered 这个决策支持系统用了数据仓库，知识库，数据分析，数据挖掘，分析系统和系统接口,它有八个子系统或组件。

2.3决策支持系统中的知识管理组件

员工离职风险管理决策支持系统是一个松散的耦合系统。根据协同理论和协同系统的概念[ 39 ]，我们设计了系统中的三种类型的协调：

（1）子系统之间的协调，包括资源共享和问题解决方案的协调，通过分析系统来完成（AS）；（2）共享资源的协调，包括协调多样性的时间，空间和资源的组合，是基于这些资源之间的连接；和（3）它的问题解决方案的协调是指在试图达成一个最优解的子系统之间的讨论。

in the AS UDDI (Analytic System Universal Description, Discovery And Integration) register center following the mechanisms of UDDI. The required knowledge and possible solutions can be provided by the AS UDDI register center for decision-makers. The AS UDDI can also invoke searching the relevant knowledge or model be provided by the AS UDDI register center for decision-makers. The AS UDDI can also invoke searching the relevant knowledge or model provided by the message mechanisms of SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol )[12].

The key component of the decision support system is the analytic system (AS). Using knowledge management concepts the analytic system has a self-learning mechanism. It aggregates feedbacks from users and other systems as well as new algorithms through the self-learning mechanism.New knowledge, models, algorithms are added to the system as upgrades. The process of self-learning is evaluated and recommended as follows:

* The knowledge, models, or algorithms related to the solution are analyzed and compared regarding their effectiveness and efficiency.

集成模式，知识系统和模型的所有接口封装普遍的Web服务和UDDI注册中（解析系统的通用描述，发现和集成）注册中心后，UDDI机制所需的知识和可能的解决方案可以通过为决策者提供UDDI注册中心。在UDDI也可以调用搜索相关的知识或模型通过消息机制提供SOAP（简单对象访问协议）[ 12 ]。

决策支持系统的关键部件是分析系统（AS）。运用知识管理的概念，分析系统具有自学习机制。它集合了来自用户和其他系统的反馈，以及通过自学习机制的新算法。新的知识，模型，算法被添加到系统升级。自主学习的过程评估和建议如下：

*知识，模型，或解决的相关算法进行了分析和比较，对其有效性和效率。

* The award-based mechanisms are applied. The decisions from the AS are compared with those of experts and suggestions and knowledge never used in the solution are provided.

* Adjust the conditions and scopes of each algorithm and model, according to the results of the specific cases.

Another important component of the DSS system is data integration. The heterogeneous data collected from all sources by enterprises are in different formats and need to be integrated to provide unique, reliable and consistent data, information, and knowledge for various business applications.

3 Conclusion

Human resource management is one of the most important business functions. As business environment changes rapidly and significantly, human resource management becomes extremely complicated. It requires more and more knowledge for managers to make any decision today [74].Decision support systems appear to be a perfect fit in decision making process for human resource management.

Knowledge management as an *为基础的奖励机制的应用。决定从作为相比，专家的建议和知识在溶液中从未使用的设置。

*根据具体案件的结果，调整每个算法和模型的条件和范围。

DSS系统的另一个重要组成部分，是数据集成。从各种来源收集的企业异构数据格式不同，需要集成提供独特的，可靠的和一致的数据，信息，知识和各种业务应用。

3结论

人力资源管理是其中最重要的业务功能。随着企业经营环境显著的迅速变化，人力资源管理变得非常复杂。它要求管理者今天[ 74 ]不论做出任何决定，都需要更多的知识。决策支持系统似乎为人力资源管理流程制造了一个完美的契合。

organizational learning process has been applied to many business functional areas such as accounting, marketing, finance, procurement, as well as human resource management. Knowledge management can be used to acquire process, codify, store, distribute, and apply knowledge where they are needed. With knowledge and knowledge management, functional systems therefore become intelligent. Our study discusses knowledge, knowledge management, human resource management (HRM), HRM system design, decision support system(DSS) and its use in HR management, knowledge management in DSS design, etc. It also shows a knowledge management component in the design of DSS for HR management. Self-learning mechanism used in the analytic system helps the DSS collect and aggregate feedbacks from users and other systems. New knowledge, models, and algorithms are constantly added to the system and are to be used to solve various human resource management problems. 知识管理作为一个组织学习的过程已被应用到许多商业功能区，如会计，市场营销，财务，采购，以及人力资源管理。知识管理可以用来获取过程，编码，存储，分发，和应用知识，它可以运用到任何需要他们的地方。随着知识和知识管理系统功能的发展，因此成为智能。我们的研究探讨了知识，知识管理，人力资源管理（HRM），人力资源管理系统的设计，和决策支持系统（DSS）在人力资源管理中的使用，决策支持系统在知识管理中的设计等等，并对人力资源管理的决策支持系统的设计知识管理组件。自学习机制用于分析系统，有助于决策支持系统收集和汇总从用户和其他系统得到的反馈。新的知识，模型，和算法不断加入到系统，用来解决各种不同的人力资源管理问题。

学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板

学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板 BACHELOR’S DE GREE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Wang Danli, born in October 1977, has studied in the Department of Law, xxx University with a specialty of Law from September 1996 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, she is granted graduation. In accordance with the academic degree act of the People’s Republic of China, the aforesaid student is awarded the Bachelor’s Degree in Law. xxx Chairman of Degree Appraising Committee of xx University June 30, 2000 Certificate No.: 103354003888 [ Last edited by rachel4176 on 2005-6-22 at 21:14 ] 毕业证书翻译模板 DIPLOMA This is to certify that Ms. Wang Lan, born on February 29, 1980, has studied in the Department of Foreign Languages,xxxUniversity with a specialty of English from September 1997 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, she is granted graduation. xx President of xx University Registration No.: 298168015 Date Issued: June 30, 2000

英文翻译模板-(户口本全本)

Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P. R. C. ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorney ship of a citizen and the

relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the householder and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The householder shall take the household register in safekeeping; the household register is prohibited to be altered, transferred and leased. When the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority; any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the household register shall be turned in and cancelled. Record of Dwelling Address Alteration

证件翻译大全--工作证明翻译样本

证件翻译大全--工作证明翻译样本 ×××has been working in ×××from ×××till now. Her current title is ×××in ×××Dep artment. Ms. ×××has been entitled to a monthly salary RMB ×××. With quarterly bonus and annual bonus, her annual income is no less than RMB ×××. For further enquires, please feel free to contact me at ×××or ×××. Sincerely yours, 样本2 October 31, 2006 To whom it may concern, This is to certify that xxx,male born on July first, 1980 has been working in xx x company as for two years. He started his job as a Merchandising assitant with the salary of RMB 2000 per month working from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm. He has perform ed his arduous tasks with a seriousness, a sense of responsibility. He was promo ted to be an administrator/supervisior/manager with an appropria te raise. 开证明信的单位名xxxx 样本3 工作证明 （父母的工作证明也是下面的内容，根据自己的情况来改，主要说明收入的来源，数量，工作职责，等，注意一定要有抬头，抬头可以自己打印，彩色的最好，当然用单位现成的信纸也可以了。）

05 英文翻译模板 供参考

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目一种配电网小电流故障 选线新方法 专业电气工程及其自动化 班级 学生 指导教师 年

一种配电网小电流故障选线的新方法 I. Zamora, Member, IEEE, A. J. Mazón, Member, IEEE, K. J. Sagastabeitia, and J. J. Zamora 摘要：在配电网系统中，故障点经经高阻接地或者中性点经消弧线圈接地使得故障电流比较小。以前高的故障电阻主要由于非有效接地或者绝缘降低引起。到后来，中性点就不接地或者经消弧线圈接地，然而，由于这样使得故障电流很小，无法使传统的过流继电器动作或者熔断熔断。本文提出了一种适用于辐射状配电网的基于特定频率电压信号叠加原理的单相接地故障选线新方法，计算机仿真和实验室试验都证明这种方法对于任何形式的接地故障选线都比较准确。 关键词：配电网，故障诊断，小电流接地，信号叠加 符号说明 R fbi馈线i单相对地电阻 Iresi 馈线i残余电流 VNG中性点电压 VpG相电压 Vh参考电压 Ki 馈线i的不对称度 △Kri 馈线i对称度的相对变化率 (a) Prefault situation 故障前 (b) Superposition situation叠加信号时

1简介 配电网的维护和运行里面两个必须要考虑的关键问题是公网安全和电能质量。在最大限度内输送电能必须协调好电能质量和苛刻的安全极限之间的矛盾。所有这些实现都要以新的立法形势和把握好技术改进和经济维护为前提。 然而，设计一种完全可靠的电力系统是不可能的，所以就要发展在最短时间内找到故障点并恢复供电的各种技术，短路故障情况下，短路电流变化比较明显，所以很容易找出故障线路。但是，由于故障的特殊性，配电网中的小电流接地不能被通常的保护监测到。 小电流接地故障通常发生在于高阻接地或有中性点有补偿装置的系统中。在第一种情况下，间接接地或弧光接地使得故障电阻很大，从而限制了故障电流。在第二种情况下，独立的系统或者中性点经电抗接地的系统在发生单相接地故障时，允许系统急需运行相负荷供电一段时间。 无论如何，如果对小电流接地不进行监控，有可能使巨大的电能危及人身安全和设备安全，即使短路电路很小，对设备来说是安全的，但是故障时刻的高电压已经威胁到人身的安全。因此，研究小电流接地选线装置对公众安全是必要的。 目前，有很多人从事这方面的研究工作，期望找出最好的办法来解决这个问题。利用神经网络，小波变换和人工智能的方法已经越来越重要了。低频信号分析也已经被用来分析故障特征，在中性点经消弧线圈接地系统中，利用改变消弧线圈的档位或者在中性点向系统注入工频电流信号，通过检测其对地的流通回路，但是，大部分这种技术只是用于一些小电流接地故障或者仅仅用于特定的情况下和特定类型的配电网中。 本文提出了一种基于电压信号叠加原理来监测小电流故障的的新方法，该方法适用配电网中的任何接地故障类型。

各种奖项、证书的英文翻译

各种奖项、证书的英文翻译

各种奖项、证书（七大类） 一、国家及校级奖项、称号 国家奖学金 National Scholarship 国家励志奖学金 National Encouragement scholarship 三好学生标兵 Pacemaker to Merit Student 三好学生 Merit Student 学习优秀生 Model Student of Academic Records 突出才能奖 Model Student of Outstanding Capacity 先进个人 Advanced Individual/Outstanding Student 优秀工作者 Excellent staff 优秀学生干部 Excellent Student Cadre 优秀共青团员 Excellent League Member 优秀毕业生 Outstanding Graduates 优秀志愿者 Outstanding Volunteer 先进班集体 Advanced Class 优秀团干 Outstanding League Cadres 学生协会优秀干部 Outstanding cadres of Student Association 学生协会工作优秀个人 Outstanding Individual of Student Association 精神文明先进个人 Spiritual Advanced Individual 社会工作先进个人 Advanced Individual of Social Work 文体活动先进个人 Advanced Individual of Cultural and sports activities 道德风尚奖 Ethic Award 精神文明奖 High Morality Prize 最佳组织奖 Prize for The Best Organization 突出贡献奖 Prize for The Outstanding Contribution 工作创新奖 Prize for The Creative Working 团队建设奖 Prize for The Team Contribution

完整户口本英文翻译模板

ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorneyship of a citizen and the relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the familia and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The familia shall take the household register in safekeeping, the household register is prohibited to be alterred, transferred and leased. In case of that the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority, any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the Household register shall be turned in and cancelled.

学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板

学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板 附录：今天老师给我们留了个作业，让我们把本科毕业证书翻译成英文的，怎么翻译啊~所以请大家帮帮忙吧~谁能给我提供一个毕业证书的英文模版啊~本科毕业证书的啊~越快越好，如果老师满意，多少钱我都不在乎~包括专升本证书，能有工商管理硕士的最好！学士学位证书英语翻译与毕业证英文翻译模板，为爱大学本科生及研究生提供英文毕业证翻译样本。首先请看《办理中英文成绩单、英文毕业证学位证书的须知》。涉及中文或英文成绩单翻译，含英文毕业证书学位证书的证明。学生学位证书英文翻译模板BACHELOR’S DEGREE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Wang Danli, born in October 1977, has studied in the Department of Law, xxx University with a specialty of Law from September 1996 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, she is granted graduation. In accordance with the academic degree act of the People’s Republic of China, the aforesaid student is awarded the Bachelor’s Degree in Law. xxx Chairman of Degree Appraising Committee of xx University June 30, 2000 Certificate No.: 103354003888 本科毕业证书翻译模板DIPLOMA This is to certify that Ms. Wang Lan, born on February 29, 1980, has studied in the Department of Foreign Languages,xxxUniversity with a specialty of English from September 1997 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required

工程设计资质证书英文版翻译模板

Engineering Design Qualification Certificate License Registration Number: 注册号Expiry Date: 有效期至 Company Name ：公司名称 Qualification Grade: Class A in Construction Engineering Available to undertake construction decoration, engineering design, building curtain wall engineering design, light steel structure engineering design, intelligent building system design, lighting engineering design, fire control facilities engineering design, and the corresponding design business within the qualification certificate scope. Available to undertake the construction of a plant and general contracting business and that is related to technology and management services of project management within the qualification certificate scope.

毕业证书英文翻译模板

DIPLOMA No.： 105861201405000406 This is to certify that Ms. Yi Xuanting, born on July 19th, 1991 , attended a 4 year course in the Specialty of Fine Arts Education at this university from 2010 to 2014 and has successfully fulfilled all the requirement of the prescribed Bachelor course and passed the thesis defense. Graduation is hereby granted. President of Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts : Li Jingkun Issued on July 1st, 2014 Certificate No.: 1058642014000406 Ministry of Education The People’s Republic of China

注意事项 1、请根据实际情况填写，需要毕业证书的原件及复印件一份。 2、Issued on一栏填写毕业证书授予日期；Certificate No.一栏填写证书号码；如毕业证书有两个号码，另外一个号码请填写在右上角的No.一栏，只有一个号码的请填写在Certificate No.一栏，同时把No.一栏删除掉。 3、专业（Specialty）一栏不要忘记填写。 4、下面有研究生院制作好之后的样本。 下图是研究生院制作好之后的样本（复印到防伪纸上）

英文翻译 模板

目录 Housing Consumption and Economic Growth in China (2) 住房消费和经济增长在中国 (10) 摘要 (10) 关键词: (10) 一、介绍 (11) 二、方法 (11) c .固定式测试 (12) d .协整检验 (12) E大肠误差修正模型(ECM)[6] (13) f.格兰杰因果关系检验 (13) 三、应用程序和结果 (14) a .数据和变量 (14) b .固定式测试 (14) e系列是平稳序列 (14) d .误差修正模型 (14) 四、结论 (15) 引用 (15)

Housing Consumption and Economic Growth in China Wang XJ (Wang Xijun) School of Economics & Management, Weifang University of China, xjwang69@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/575239028.html, Abstract: Consumption is a very important part in social reproduction, and its driving effect on social economic growth always plays the leading role. Housing is the basic living material which is essential for people?s life; housing consumption is the important material condition for the labor force reproduction. This study, based on China?s statistical data from 1985 to 2007,by employing co-integration theory, Granger causality test and error correction model (ECM),respectively investigates the relationship between consumption, housing consumption and economic growth. The empirical result denotes that there exists bilateral Granger causality relationship between consumption and economic growth. For a long period, there exists long term stable equilibrium relationship between GDP, consumption, and housing consumption; consumption and housing consumption both promote the growth of GDP. Housing consumption?s contribution to the growth of GDP is obviously higher than consumption. For a short period, consumption spurs the growth of GDP more than housing consumption. Keywords:Housing consumption; Economic growth; Co-integration ; ECM; Granger causality test I. INTRODUCTION Consumption is a very important part in social reproduction, and its driving

英文翻译模版

Editorial for IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, January 2013 ORIGINALLY, this editorial was planned to be written in late 2012, but in the last year we have been working intensively with IEEE to reduce time from submission to final publication, and this editorial was written in the summer of 2012, and we are already in the process of finalizing the January issue 2013. This also means that we have two editors for this issue— Prof. B. Lehman, Northeastern University, is fully taking over the duty of Editor-in-Chief as of date January 1, 2013, and Prof. F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, is resigning from the job at that date. We have only 100–150 papers waiting for publishing, and keeping in mind 45–50 papers are needed for each issue, this is a short and manageable backlog. By making the electronic versions of manuscripts available so far ahead of time, papers become available for a longer time, and there is a good chance for more citations, which should increase the impact factor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS (TPEL). TPEL remains an outstanding Journal and it contributes dominantly to the power electronics technology and research development globally. The TRANSACTIONS performance is positioned very well in the global Electrical Engineering (EE) journals publications as it is among the top 10 most cited EE journals. In the last year, many indicators of our quality continued to improve: users of the TRANSACTIONS continue to be very satisfied with the paper quality, our reputation in power electronics is rising all over the world by having a fast review process, papers in the TRANSACTIONS are being cited more heavily, and we have continued to print useful future research on important and emerging industrial applications. Our publications are followed very carefully all over the world, and almost every month the TPEL has papers listed between the top 100 downloads from IEEE Xplore registered monthly. It is also worth remarking that the papers are mostly technology papers and not so much review papers. Power electronics has never been as important as it is now. Globally, people talk about global warming and the lack of energy resources. As a result, a number of large R&D programs have been initiated to come up with sustainable solutions based on power electronics. Excellent examples of power electronic emerging research topics and applications include energy effi- ciency, e-mobility and airplanes, micro- and smart-grid, renewable energy, e.g., wind power and photovoltaic, lighting—fields where power electronics are unavoidable. Many companies have had rapid growth because of power electronics technology—in many cases they are called the clean-tech industry. We still see an increased interest in TPEL. In 2011, we received more

教师资格证书英文翻译样本

(Translation) People’s Republic of China Teacher’s Qualification License Teacher's Qualification Certificate is a legal reference granted by the state to those who are qualified for teaching position. Any teaching personnel in any and all schools or other institutions shall bear this Certificate. Ministry of Education of People’s Republic of China (seal)

Certificate Holder: *** Gender: ** Date of Birth: *** Nationality: * ID No.: 3**** Qualification Category:Qualification for Teacher in Higher Education Teaching Subject: Electrical Engineering and Automation Certificate No.: *** According to regulations in T eacher’s Law of People’s Republic of China and Regulations on the Qualifications of Teachers, ***is approved to be granted for a teacher of Higher Education. Approving Office (seal): Department of Education of ** Province (seal) ***

英文翻译合同书范本

编号： QT-20217637 甲 方：______________________________ 乙 方：______________________________ 日 期：_________年________月_______日 英文翻译合同书范本 The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct.

[标签: titlecontent] 甲方全名: 乙方全名: 甲乙双方经友好协商,就资料翻译服务事宜签订此合同。合同中价格以人民币为单位(含税)。 一、甲方委托乙方将主题为_______________资料由__________文译成__________文,资料共计为字(终以实际的翻译字数为准),甲方同意为此交付对应的服务费用。 二、交稿日期及方式:从合同生效日(即甲方支付翻译费定金日)开始的_____天内(不包括周六,周日),也就是______年_____月_____日起至______年_____月_____日止。如果实际的翻译字数超过了合同约定字数,则按每日平均_____字的速度顺延。如果乙方在合同期内未能完成该翻译项目,则乙方必须按照甲方指定的日期内完成未完成的部分(即该部分)。如果仍未按时完成,则甲方有权仅支付乙方翻译费用总额的5%。稿件交付方式为_____。为减轻双方核算的麻烦,双方在此同意,乙方交稿后,甲方在两日内(确认期)对其予以确认,包括数量和质量。超过两日甲方未做任何答复, 则视为甲方对乙方所交付的翻译稿件为可接

英文翻译模板

沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目： 外文题目： GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION 译文题目：齿轮和轴的介绍 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：曹凯鹏 指导教师：(助导教师 ) 如果有助导教师就填在括号内，没有则不要括号。 2011年月日

1、翻译完成时间一般应在第四或第五周，3月24日~4月2日左右。 2、翻译资料必须与专业有关，要尽量与所做课题紧密联系。 3、译文排版：一级标题四号字，宋体，加粗，段前段后0.5行；二级标题小四号字，宋体，加粗，行距20磅；正文小四号字，宋体，行距20磅。 采用A4纸打印，页面设置：上、下2.54厘米，左、右3.17厘米，左侧两钉装订。

齿轮和轴的介绍 摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。齿轮和轴主要安装在主轴箱来传递力的方向。通过加工制造它们可以分为许多的型号，分别用于许多的场合。所以我们对齿轮和轴的了解和认识必须是多层次多方位的。 关键词:齿轮；轴 在直齿圆柱齿轮的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在单一平面的。我们将研究作用力具有三维坐标的齿轮。因此，在斜齿轮的情况下，其齿向是不平行于回转轴线的。而在锥齿轮的情况中各回转轴线互相不平行。像我们要讨论的那样，尚有其他道理需要学习，掌握。 斜齿轮用于传递平行轴之间的运动。倾斜角度每个齿轮都一样，但一个必须右旋斜齿，而另一个必须是左旋斜齿。齿的形状是一渐开线螺旋面。如果一张被剪成平行四边形（矩形）的纸张包围在齿轮圆柱体上，纸上印出齿的角刃边就变成斜线。如果我展开这张纸，在血角刃边上的每一个点就发生一渐开线曲线。 直齿圆柱齿轮轮齿的初始接触处是跨过整个齿面而伸展开来的线。斜齿轮轮齿的初始接触是一点，当齿进入更多的啮合时，它就变成线。在直齿圆柱齿轮中，接触是平行于回转轴线的。在斜齿轮中，该先是跨过齿面的对角线。它是齿轮逐渐进行啮合并平稳的从一个齿到另一个齿传递运动，那样就使斜齿轮具有高速重载下平稳传递运动的能力。斜齿轮使轴的轴承承受径向和轴向力。当轴向推力变的大了或由于别的原因而产生某些影响时，那就可以使用人字齿轮。双斜齿轮（人字齿轮）是与反向的并排地装在同一轴上的两个斜齿轮等效。他们产生相反的轴向推力作用，这样就消除了轴向推力。当两个或更多个单向齿斜齿轮被在同一轴上时，齿轮的齿向应作选择，以便产生最小的轴向推力。 交错轴斜齿轮或螺旋齿轮，他们是轴中心线既不相交也不平行。交错轴斜齿轮的齿彼此之间发生点接触，它随着齿轮的磨合而变成线接触。因此他们只能传递小的载荷和主要用于仪器设备中，而且肯定不能推荐在动力传动中使用。交错轴斜齿轮与斜齿轮之间在被安装后互相捏合之前是没有任何区别的。它们是以同样的方法进行制造。一对相啮合的交错轴斜齿轮通常具有同样的齿向，即左旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。在交错轴斜齿设计中，当该齿的斜角相等时所产生滑移速度最小。然而当该齿的斜角不相等时，如果两个齿轮具有相同齿向的话，大斜角齿轮应用作主动齿轮。 蜗轮与交错轴斜齿轮相似。小齿轮即蜗杆具有较小的齿数，通常是一到

中英文翻译模板

Process Parameters Selection for Friction Surfacing Applications Using Intelligent Decision Support Abstract Friction surfacing is an advanced manufacturing process, which has been successfully developed and commercialised over the past decade. The process is used for corrosion and wear resistant coatings and for reclamation of worn engineering components. At present the selection of process parameters for new coating materials or substrate geometries is by experiment requiring lengthy development work. The major requirement is for flexibility to enable rapid changes of process parameters in order to develop new applications, with variations of materials and geometries in a cost effective and reliable manner. Further improvement requires development of appropriate mathematical models of the process, which will facilitate the introduction of optimisation techniques for efficient experimental work as well as the introduction of real-time feedback adaptive control. This paper considers the use of combined artificial intelligence and modeling techniques. It includes a new frame of a neurofuzzy-model based decision support system—FricExpert, which is aimed at speeding up the parameter selection process and to assist in obtaining values for cost effective development. Derived models can then be readily used for optimisation techniques, discussed in our earlier work. Author Keywords: Surfaces and interfaces; Metals and alloys; Materials engineering