Unit 3 Social Problems新编大学英语第二版第三册教案

Unit 3 Social Problems

Useful Information

As societies change and develop, many problems emerge. Change itself can be a social problem if it occurs too quickly. This is sometimes called the problem of ―future shock‖.

One of the greatest problems of developing societies is the problem of overpopulation. As advances in medicine, nutrition, and technology increase the average lifespan, birth rates do not decrease rapidly enough, and the result is overpopulation. The world‘s current population of about six billion people is likely to double in the next 20 to 30 years, and the additional people are most likely to be found in mushrooming urban areas where other social problems abound.

One of the greatest problems of developed societies is the problem of pollution. As the rapid production of consumer goods creates excessive waste products, the disposal of the wastes becomes more difficult, and the result is pollution. Factory wastes and emissions from factories or vehicles add to the problem. At the same time key resources such as oil are rapidly depleted, and some of them cannot be renewed or replaced.

There are several problems that affect almost all societies. Poverty and crime exist in the most advanced industrial societies as well as in developing societies, but they may take very different forms. If most of a society‘s members are relatively poor, it may not seem as unjust as it does when homeless people exist alongside billionaires, and it is hard to compare a bicycle thief with a Mafia boss. A society which gives young people ready access to drugs, guns, and cars is more likely to have delinquent gangs than a society which has fewer such temptations or promotes greater parental control.

Some social problems are quite old. There has always been social inequality, though the current extent of economic stratification may be increasing. There has always been prejudice, though laws forbidding discrimination against ethnic minorities and others are quite recent.

Some problems are very new. The AIDS virus was identified in the early 1980s and the disease itself emerged only in the 1970s. But its rapid spread around the world can be related, in many countries, to older social problems such as prostitution and drug abuse. Information overload on the internet is an even more recent phenomenon than AIDS, and is not yet sufficiently recognized as a social problem to be listed alongside the more tangible types of pollution. The outbreak of SARS in the year of 2003 showed us a compelling situation: how human beings should live in harmony with wild animals.

Social problems go through phases of development just as societies do. Until they are widely recognized by social institutions and opinion leaders, they do not become full-blown social problems despite their adverse impact on society. Health problems caused by smoking were long ignored by governments and educators despite growing medical knowledge of the harmfulness of smoking. Then anti-smoking campaigns began, followed by anti-smoking legislation and class action lawsuits against the smoking industry. Now the negative effects of both primary and secondary smoke are widely acknowledged, and many countries are moving rapidly toward smoke-free environments in most public places.

Another example of a developing but still ill-defined and ill-recognized problem is global warming, which most environmentalists and many scientists believe is occurring as the balance of nature is destroyed by technology. By the time some problems are named and recognized, it may be too late to do much about them, and this may be the case if global warming is genuine.

Merely identifying a social problem as such does not guarantee a solution to the problem, but it is usually a prerequisite. There are several sociological theories about the causes and cures of social problems. One of the theories is functionalism, which says that social institutions such as schools and governments are the key factors in any social change, either positive or negative. Since social institutions change slowly, patience is needed in dealing with social problems. Another theory is interactionism, which says that social symbols created at the interpersonal level motivate most of our behaviors. For example, young people‘s behaviors can be changed for the better or wor se by the desirable or undesirable actions of their role models, and this may impact problems such as drugs or delinquency more than the actions of schools or governments. Finally, conflict theory says that social injustices embedded in the institutions themselves are a major cause of most social problems. So the best solution is to seek radical and fundamental change in the institutional framework, such as the desegregation of the schools and the military which occurred in the United States several decades ago.

Sociologists have various theoretical paradigms, so there is no clear consensus about which of these approaches might work best. Meanwhile, it‘s safe to say that the social problems described above are not likely to go away of their own accord, and that other problems will emerge as societies continue to change.

Part One Preparation

1. Brainstorming

To the teacher:

The teacher may:

1) ask the students to work in groups quickly to prepare a list of at least 20 words they associate with social problems (problems and causes);

2) ask the group leader to write the words generated by his/her group on the blackboard;

3) erase words that are repeated in various lists;

4) classify the words and discuss the questions.

Words related to social problems:

crime, overpopulation, pollution, unemployment/layoffs, housing, water supply, transportation, poverty, generation gap, beggars (children and adults), littering, widening gap between rich and poor, rape, smuggling, fake products, trafficking（拐卖）of children and women, corruption, graffiti（在公共场所，建筑物的墙上涂画或写字）, gambling, prostitution, domestic violence, juvenile delinquency（少年犯罪）, high divorce rate, racial discrimination, drug abuse, bribery, piracy, etc.

Possible social problems in China: overpopulation, housing, water supply, transportation, littering, theft, robbery, murder, mugging, rape, pollution, smuggling, fake products, trafficking （拐卖）of children and women, bribery, corruption, graffiti（在公共场所，建筑物的墙上涂画或写字）, gambling, prostitution, domestic violence, layoffs, computer crime, piracy, etc.

Social problems that people associate with foreign countries: juvenile delinquency, high divorce rate, unemployment, racial discrimination, drug abuse, generation gap, crime, graffiti, violence, drunk driving, single-parent family, computer crime, gun control, etc.

Note: Many problems exist both in China and in foreign countries. The aim of this activity is to elicit problem vocabulary from the students. This is a way of generating vocabulary and helping the students learn more about this topic.

Causes for social problems:

1) poverty, unemployment, etc. theft, robbery, murder, beggars, etc.

2) high divorce rate, etc. juvenile delinquency, single-parent family, etc.

3) lack of communication mental problems of various kinds, generation gap, etc.

4) pollution, littering worsening environment, health problems. etc.

5) overpopulation poverty, unemployment, housing problems, etc.

2. Describing the Pictures

To the teacher:

In conducting this activity, the teacher should encourage the students to use the phrases in the model. The following is a description of the four pictures:

Picture A: Last night, Mr. Lester, a middle-aged widower, was walking along a dark Birmingham street. He was carrying a briefcase in one hand and an umbrella in the other. There was nobody else in the street except two men. They were standing in a dark side-street. One of them was very big with curly hair, and the other was thin with a bald head.

Picture B: They waited for a few seconds and then walked slowly and silently towards Mr. Lester. The big man held Mr. Lester from behind and the thin one tried to snatch Mr. Lester‘s briefcase.

Picture C: Suddenly, Mr. Lester threw the big one over his shoulder. He collided with the thin one and they both landed on the pavement. Without speaking, Mr. Lester struck both of them on the head with his umbrella, and walked calmly away.

Picture D: The two astonished men were still sitting on the ground when Mr. Lester crossed the road towards a door with a painted sign above it. Mr. Lester stopped, turned round, laughed at the two men and walked into the Central Birmingham Karate Club.

3. Stop Littering

Possible ways to stop littering:

-- raising people‘s awareness of public health;

-- having public role models appear in commercials and advertisements putting rubbish into rubbish bins;

-- putting more garbage cans along the streets, in the parks, and in other public places;

-- calling on people to bring plastic bags with them for rubbish.

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

I.Pre-Reading

Case study: What would you do?

To the teacher:

You may:

1) Prompt (if necessary) the students to think about practical issues like child-care, location of the school, location of the apartment, work place, etc.

2) Encourage the students to justify why both parents (or just one) accept the jobs.

Samples

1) It depends. If I were the wife, I would persuade my husband to accept the job. As for me, before making a final decision, I would take into consideration such factors as child-care facilities, location of the school, location of the apartment, etc.

2) Both of us will accept the jobs. On the one hand, the jobs are challenging, which is good for our personal fulfillment. On the other, with the money we get, we could find a

babysitter for our child or send him to a private school, where he may get better education.

3) Neither of us will take the job. I think parents should spend more time with their children. A challenging, high-salary job means less time with your child. If we move to a city where we don‘t have a ny relatives, it would be even worse. A child who grows up with little care from parents or family is very likely to become a problem kid.

II. Passage Reading

Words, Phrases and Grammatical Points

1. …and they feel that their mothers should ?be there‘ fo r them. (l. 14-15)

―be there‖ here means ―be at home.‖ Traditionally the mother‘s role is to be the homemaker, raising children and taking care of other household affairs.

2. All too often, however, the mothers arrive home exhausted… (l. 16-17)

在这个句子中，―exhausted‖ 是过去分词作形容词用，表示伴随状况。类似的结构，如：

I) He came home very much depressed.

II) She sat at the window sewing.

III) He is lying at home sick.

3. For some youngsters, it is a productive period of private time, while for others it is

a frightening, lonely void. (l. 21-22)

The word ―while‖ is used here to emphasize the difference between two situations, activities, etc.

I) The first two services are free, while the third costs $35.00.

II) In 1961 just over 2 persons divorced per 1000, while in 1981 it was 12.

4. … for being made to live in this fashion. (l. 35)

―make‖在用作―force somebody to do something‖这一意思时，主动语态为―make somebody do something‖，但在被动语态中则应该为―be made to do something‖。

She is made to look much older in the photo than she really is.

同样的用法也适合其他动词，如―see +宾语+不定式做宾语不足语‖时：

主动语态：We saw him go into the pub with a two other guys the other night.

被动语态：He was seen to go into the pub with two other guys the other night.

5. Whatever the reason, it is a compelling situation with which families must cope. (l. 45-46)

―Whatever‖ in this sentence means no matter what. The whole sentence means: No matter what the reason is, it is a situation all families must cope with.

6. Given the reality of the situation … (l. 47)

―Given‖ here is used as a preposition meaning ―taking something into account (考虑到，鉴于)‖。

I) Given that there was so little time, I think they‘ve done a good job.

II) Given that the patients have some disabilities, we still try to enable them to be as independent as possible.

―Given‖ can also be used as an adjective meaning ―specified, fixed (规定的，特定的)‖.

I) The work must be done within the given time.

II) The rules are to be followed in any given situation.

7. Of supreme importance is the quality of the relationship between parents and children. (l. 54)

经常与―of‖连用的其他名词有：value, use, significance, help等。如：of great /much /little /no + value /use /significance /help。

IV. Post- Reading

Reading Comprehension

1. What the Text Discusses

1) financial 2) career 3) later 4) guilty 5) hurt 6) resentful

7) productive 8) independence 9) responsibility 10) trusted

11) frightening 12) resentment 13) abandoned 14) factors 15) quality

2. Understanding Specific Information

1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) F 8) F 9) F 10) F

3. Comparing Experiences

Sample 1

In our group, two of us were latchkey children, two were taken care of by their grandparents, and one was taken care of by his mother because his mother did not work. The two who were once latchkey children had felt very much the same as the children mentioned in the passage. They felt lonely and watched TV a lot. But compared with the other students in our group, they are more independent. So in a way, it is good to leave children alone for some time every day.

Sample 2

In our group, only one person was once a latchkey child. Both her parents were working far away from home and she had to be on her own for most of the time on weekdays. The rest of us were taken care of either by our grandparents or by our parents. Every day when we came home after school, there was always somebody there waiting for us and taking care of us. We could also go out and play with other children after we finished our homework. But sometimes we did wish we were alone so that we could spend the time as we wished.

Vocabulary

1. 1) c 2) h 3) g 4) a 5) e 6) k 7) i 8) d 9) l 10) b 11) j 12) f

2. 1) constantly 2) impact 3) burden 4) Candidly 5) fulfillment 6) salaried 7) resentment 8) assistance

9) perfect 10) suppress

3. 1) successfully 2) resentment 3) security 4) necessity 5) advisable

6) access/accessibility 7) athletic 8) maturity 9) emotional 10) effectively

4. Sentence-Making Game

Suggestions for teachers:

Step 1: Write on the blackboard about 20 words or phrases that appear in the text. An even number is desirable since the students will be divided into 2 groups.

A possible list:

rise decade expense financial affect on the other hand priority

engage range forbid isolate stimulate express claim widespread

given work out take into consideration in case of secure arise

cope with demand provide

Step 2: Divide the students into two groups.

Step 3: The students make sentences using the words on the blackboard. Each sentence can include more than one word and must be meaningful and grammatically correct. One point is awarded for each correctly used word. The teacher crosses out the word which has been correctly used. If the word is crossed out, it cannot be used again.

Step 4: Students are encouraged to work quickly and raise their hands as soon as they come up with a sentence. The teacher works as a judge; the group that gets higher points wins.

Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the expressions in brackets.

1) Because of an emergency, the doctor will not be available for several hours.

2) How will taxes affect people with low incomes?

3) My mother always told me that in the long run I would be glad I didn‘t give up practicing the piano.

4) The books range in price from $10 to $20.

5) It seems to me that you do n‘t have much choice.

6) Given their inexperience, they have done quite a good job.

7) For such a big house the price is fairly cheap/low, but you‘ve got to take int

o consideration the money you will spend on repairs.

8) Can we begin by discussing questions/problems arising from the last meeting?

Part Three Further Development

1. Enriching Your Word Power

1)A 2)B 3)A 4)C 5)A 6)A 7)C 8)B 9)C 10)A 11)A 12)C 13)B 14)C

2. Directions: Complete the following text with the appropriate word.

1) creates 2) individuals 3) makes 4) combination 5) however 6) fall

7) responsible 8) which 9) difference 10) that 11) tempted 12) used

13) lowest 14) died 15) reducing 16) quick 17) reason 18) principle

19) minor 20) message

3. Putting the Paragraphs in Order

STEP ONE

Directions: Read the following paragraphs carefully and put them in the right order.

The right order should be: E—B—F—C—A—G—D

4. Graffiti -- Is it good or bad?

STEP One

Answers for reference:

Political :

We want work.

End violence to women now.

Tourists yes troops no.

Make love not war.

Funny:

Pat John.

Once I could never finish anything, but now I…

Mickey Mouse is a rat. (This could also be political – a criticism of the whole Disney Empire.)

Poetic:

Roses are red, violets are blue, why can‘t black be beautiful too?

Geography is everywhere. (This could be silly.)

(These are only for your reference, there are no definite answers.)

STEP TWO

Reasons for reference:

--- show ―innocent‖ hearts and signs of love;

--- desire to express anger against someone or something;

--- express a political or social message;

--- desire to be destructive;

--- manifest boredom, frustration, or delinquency.

--- show one‘s talent as a graffiti artist

5. For or Against

Sample Answers:

For:

-- The originals are too expensive, especially for low-income people or students;

-- Piracy enables the books, CDs, VCDs or tapes to be available to more people, which is good for promotional purposes;

-- Piracy helps to make the authors of the books, CDs, VCDs, or tapes better known or more popular.

Against:

-- Piracy is against the Copyright Law or violates the intellectual property right;

-- Both the authors and the publishers may suffer big losses;

-- Piracy is an act of disrespect for the authors;

-- Piracy gives rise to low-quality books, etc. and it is difficult to trace the sources;

-- Piracy dama ges our country‘s image and puts our country in a disadvantageous position in some international negotiations.

Part Four Translation and Writing

1.. Translation Practice

1) 孩子最好离开毒品

一个电话报警者打来三个电话，报告毒品交易。他还对交易场所的小孩子的健康表示了关注。有二人被发现因吸入过量毒品而重度昏迷，现场还发现大量被使用过的注射器。屋内情况非常糟糕，孩子们立即得到了照料。

2）法律追上在逃的武装抢劫犯

四名武装抢劫犯在逃离现场时，开枪并打伤一名警察。警察抓住了二名罪犯，但是不能确认二名逃走的罪犯。打进报警热线的一个电话准确地详细描述了这起事件和其中一个逃走的罪犯。不久，一名男子被抓获，他被指控企图谋杀及武装抢劫。

2.Writing

Last night at about 11 o‘clock, my brother and I came home from a movie. As I was opening the door to our apartment, I heard cries of babies from next door. A couple with three kids lived there. The couple didn‘t seem to have any job and they spent most of their time at home. The kids ranged in age from one year to five years old. They were one girl and two boys and they were pretty. I knocked at their door but nobody answered. The cries went even louder. I figured there was something wrong. My brother reminded me of the Crimestopper number and I called. Within ten minutes, the police came. There were three of them. They knocked at the door but still no one came to it. They called the superintendent and he opened the door with the master key. Inside we could see three kids crying over the couple who were lying on the floor, unconscious. There were about a dozen used syringes beside them. The room smelled terrible. Ambulances came after fifteen minutes, taking the couple to the hospital. The police took the kids under care

immediately. It has been said that they will be staying at the Interval House for women and children for a while.

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