英专综合教程6册课文翻译及课后答案Answer to unit 5

IV. Chinese Translation of Paragraphs

引言中文译文

本文“为迷信辩解一二”最初发表在1978年11月20日的《新闻周刊》上。为了分析迷信这个复杂的话题，戴维斯将其作了分类，然后详细探讨了为何有人会相信法术和机缘。尽管人们对他划分的四类迷信现象并不陌生，但是很少有人花费心思进行界定。戴维斯理性地分析了许多人认为是个非理性的话题，对人性提出了一些非常有趣的看法。

1. 在我们当代有关“非理性复兴”的严肃讨论中，迷信并未对理性和科学形成严重挑战。超心理学、不明飞行物、神奇治疗、超脱禅定法以及所有瞬间彻悟方式都遭人谴责，但是人们对迷信却只有一声哀叹。难道这是因为我们当中许多人依然受制于它吗？虽然我们不公开承认。

2. 很少有人承认自己迷信，因为那意味着幼稚或愚昧。但我生活在一个很大的大学里，发现在那些无疑是头脑理性、满腹经纶的学者中间，迷信仍以四种方式大行其道，香火旺盛。

3. 你不知道迷信有四种存在的方式吗？神学家使我们确信它们确实存在。他们称第一种方式为镇邪压魔，如切忌在梯子下面行走等。我看到一位知识渊博的人类学教授不小心弄撒了盐后，撮了点盐撒向自己的左肩膀后方。当我问起他缘故时，他眼睛一眨，回答说那是“用来击中恶魔的眼睛。”我没有继续问他有关恶魔的迷信，但我留意到在我问他之前，他脸上没有笑容。

4. 第二种是占卜，即求神问卦。我认识的另一位渊博的教授对抛硬币解决问题（这是对命运之神谦卑的请求方式）嗤之以鼻，但有一回他却认真地告诉我，他通过拜读《易经》解决了一件本校的事务。为什么不呢？这块大陆上有成千上万的人求助于《易经》，而他们普遍的知识水平很高，似乎不至于盲从迷信。几乎如此，但并非完全如此。令理性主义者难堪的,《易经》往往会给出绝佳的忠告。

5. 第三种是盲目崇拜，大学里面这种情况司空见惯，举不胜举。你如果在大教室里当过监考，就会知道在课桌上放护符、幸运币等其他祈运物件的考生有多少。这算是适度的膜拜吧?否则又能称作什么呢？

6. 第四种是真神错敬。前不久，我听说学校教堂圣坛烛台底下，连续几天每天都有人塞一张两元的钞票(在加拿大我们有两元纸币，有些人认为它是不吉利的)。调查发现，某工程专业的学生由于替一位女孩担心，以为这样贿赂神灵或许有助于为她消灾解难。当我与他交谈的时候，他不认为自己供奉给神的钱太少，因为再多他付不起。他的辩解听上去不无道理，但那一周上帝或许有些得意，因为科学占卜对那学生不利。

7. 作为原始宗教的一条暗河，迷信似乎流淌在人类意识的表层之下。自从有了人类行为的记载以来，它便这样流淌着。尽管我不能予以证明，但我不信现今迷信比以往任何时候都更为盛行。神学家告诉我们，“迷信”一词源于拉丁文supersisto,意即对神灵的畏惧。虽然大多数人都能控制这种畏惧，但他们却不能将其根除，而且他们似乎也不想那么做。

8. 正统宗教的教化衰落越严重或者越社会化，大众就越难将上帝视为“仁爱之神”，这个“仁爱之神”要重新担起他原先那明察万物且威慑人心的角色，需要抚慰与哄骗。当孩子们害怕踩到人行道上的裂缝后就会有厄运降临之时，迷信很早便在他们的人生之中出现了，而且明显是不请自来。迷信甚至还会潜藏于那些极为博学和虔诚的人群中间，例如塞缪尔·约翰逊博士，他在街上经过柱子，总觉得有必要摸摸它们。心理分析家对此自然有其解释，但将这类迷信称为强迫症并不能将其驱除。

9. 许多迷信不仅范围广泛，而且历史久远，这必定源于人类灵魂的深处，这灵魂的深处与人种或者信条无关。正统的犹太教徒会在他们的门柱上挂护身符，中国人也这么做，或曾经这么做过。中欧有些国家的人认为，当一个人打喷嚏的时候，他的灵魂会暂时出窍，别人要赶紧为他祈福，以免他的灵魂被恶魔掳走。美拉尼西亚人缘何会有同样的说法呢？迷信似乎与某种信仰体系有关联，而这要远早于我们所知道的宗教——那种没有宽慰人心的短小仪式和仁慈施舍的宗教。

10. 那些热衷历史上诡怪仪式的人们还记得，罗马帝国衰落时,迷信反而变本加厉，更为昌盛。现今，西方世界也正发生着类似的情况。人们谈到了星相的流行，就连那些不屑做春药广告的严肃报纸也开辟了星相专栏，时尚杂志更将其列为最受欢迎版面。不过话说回来, 星相什么时候没有盛行过？说它不科学毫无用处。人的内心什么时候真正在乎过科学？

11. 迷信通常关系到人类了解命运、掌握命运的渴望。我母亲在孩提时代就天真地加入她的罗马天主教朋友之列，在7月11日屠杀蜘蛛，直到后来她才明白这么做是为了确保次日（即波依恩战役纪念日）天降甘霖，届时爱尔兰新教徒将举行游行。我认识一位意大利人，他是个不错的科学家。每天早晨出门之前，他都要观察一番，以确保他遇到的第一个人不是牧师或者修女，因为他认为这必将带来厄运。

12.对于这种事，我不会以高傲的姿态远离人群。当我还是个大学生的时候，有位怀抱小孩

的吉卜赛妇女每年考试期间都会现身，并向所有触摸“幸运儿”的学生讨要一个先令。我在这个肤色黝黑的孩子身上总共花了四先令，而且考试从来没有不及格过。当然，我当时那么做只是好玩，或者我当时是那样想的。现在我可谦卑多了。

13.

Section Four Consolidation Activities

I. Text Comprehension

1. Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose.

A. To tell readers the origin and history of superstition in human society.

B. To describe four types of superstition and their effects on human nature.

C. To describe four types of superstition and their relevance to science and reason.

Key: [ B ]

2. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.

1). Since superstition is a sign of na?veté or ignorance, it is only practiced by ill-educated people. [ F ]

2). Idolatry is manifested by people’s profound but ungrounded conviction in something that

could bring good luck.[ T ]

3). Many people have practiced superstition even without their own awareness. [ T ]

4). Religion and superstition have the same persistent and minatory power on all people.[ F ]

5). Superstition is prevalent because it can meet p eople’s curiosity about their future. * T +

II. Writing Strategies

In this expository essay, the author first presents four types of superstition by means of classification and division. Each type is clarified with some anecdotes and examples. Then, he offers his explanation as to why some people are fascinated with these irrational practices by taking a close look at human nature. During the process, the author now and then inserts some rhetorical questions to achieve a variety of functions. Read the following questions taken from the text and explain their respective meanings:

1. Is it because it has an unacknowledged hold on so many of us? (Paragraph 1)

To express doubt.

2. You did not know that superstition takes four forms? (Paragraph 3)

To introduce the subsequent classification.

3. And why not? (Paragraph 4)

To express certainty.

4. Modest idolatry, but what else can you call it? (Paragraph 5)

To express submission or acceptance.

5. How did the Melanesians come by the same idea? (Paragraph 9)

To express wonder or surprise.

6. But when has astrology not been popular? (Paragraph 10)

To express certainty. (Of course, astrology has always been popular.)

7. When has the heart of man given a damn for science? (Paragraph 10)

To emphasize the author’s conviction. (I don’t really believe that science could work in this manner.)

III. Language Work

1. Explain the underlined part(s) in each sentence in your own words.

1). Is it because it has an unacknowledged hold on so many of us?

→ has an unrecognized control over

2). I live in the middle of a large university, and I see superstition in its four manifestations, alive and flourishing among people who are indisputably rational and learned.

→ unquestionably

3). If you have ever supervised a large examination room, you know how many jujus, lucky coins, and other bringers of luck are placed on the desks of the candidates.

→ things that are supposed to contain some power to bring good luck

4). When I talked with him, he did not think he was pricing God cheap because he could afford no more.

→was offering God too little money

5). Most people keep their terror within bounds, but they cannot root it out, nor do they seem to want to do so.

→ get rid of it completely

6). Superstition makes its appearance, apparently unbidden, very early in life...

→ comes into being

7). The psychoanalysts have their explanation, but calling a superstition a compulsion neurosis does not banish it.

→ do away with

8). No use saying science discredits it.

→ according to science it is false, not believable

9). Superstition in general is linked to man’s yearning to know his fate, and to have some hand in deciding it.

→ have some control in

10). I am not one to stand aloof from the rest of humanity in this matter ...

→ keep a distance from

2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.

1). I don’t think you understand the gravity (grave) of the situation.

2). The tone of the letter was placatory (placate).

3). They are forced to live in deplorable (deplore) conditions.

4). She claimed that the rise in unemployment was just a further manifestation (manifest) of the government’s incompetence.

5). Religious observances (observe) such as fasting can be hard to follow.

6). The report absolved (absolution) her from all blame for the accident.

7). The fruit was preserved by submersion (submerge) in alcohol.

8). I divined (divination) from his grim expression that the news was not good.

9). The past two years have seen a proliferation (proliferate) of TV channels.

10). She’s neurotic (neurosis) about her weight — she weighs herself three times a day.

3. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.

within the bounds | depth | yearning | hasten

root out | make an appearance | give a damn

have a hold on | come by | stand aloof

1). Ms Campbell has been appointed to root out inefficiency in this company.

2). Their company has a strong hold on the computer market.

3). What he did was within the bounds of acceptable behavior.

4). The famous movie star make a rare personal appearance last Friday.

5). They had not realized the depth of their feelings for one another.

6). The president hastened to reassure his people that he was in perfect health.

7). Cheap organic food is still difficult to come by.

8). He can think what he likes about me —I don’t give a damn !

9). Although many of his friends were politicians, he stood aloof from politics.

10). I suppose it’s because I live in a crowded city that I have this yearning for open spaces.

4. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence.

1). People often behave irrationally when they are under stress.

→ do unreasonable things

2). Evidence of links with drug dealers has discredited the President.

→ harmed the reputation of

3). He devoutly hoped that they would reach a peaceful agreement.

→ sincerely

4). The most effective technique is to cajole rather than to threaten.

→ try to persuade

5). Ares and Aphrodite were the ancient Greek deities of war and love.

→ god and goddess

6). Opera in Britain is enjoying a long-awaited renaissance.

→ rebirth

7). The terrorist action has been condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice

→ strongly criticized

8). Professor Ross is regarded as the oracle on eating disorders.

→ authority

9. Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.

→ widespread

10. At night images would come unbidden into her mind.

appear automatically in

5. Correct the errors in the following passage. The passage contains ten errors, one in each indicated line. In each case, only one word is involved.

Corrections should be done as follows:

Wrong word: underline the wrong word and write the correct word in the blank.

Extra word: delete the extra word with an “×.”

Missing word: mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” and write the missing word

6. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.

Telepathy

I can well believe in telepathy, for it has been part of my life since childhood. My own first (1) experience of what might be a kind of telepathy I have already described in A Sort of Life. I would have put it down to mere coincidence if it had not been repeated twice under roughly the same circumstances, each (2) involving a tragedy at sea and a loss of life. The first occasion was during an Easter seaside holiday at Littlehampton when I was seven years old.

I dreamt of shipwreck and I can still see clearly one (3) image of the dream. A man is scrambling up the staircase of a ship and a great wave is coming down to swamp him. Next morning we heard the (4) news of the Titanic sunk that night.

Of the second dream of a wreck about ten years later, I have also written. I can recall no (5) details and have lost the dream diary which I was keeping during a course of psychoanalysis in London. Perhaps writing down the dream cancelled the (6) memory of it. Again, my dream (7) coincided with a real wreck, this time of the Rowan in the Irish Sea when, I seem to remember, a whole orchestra lost their (8) lives.

Always the sea, always lives lost. But the third occasion was not a (9) dream. I was in my flat in Antibes one morning, some six or seven years ago, with (10) nothing to worry me when around breakfast time I was overcome by a deep depression and an anxiety agonizing in its acuteness. I have a witness, for a friend came to lunch with me and I told her what I feared, that something terrible had (11) happened to one of my family. To distract me, she (12) turned on the radio for the one o’clock news. A plane coming from Corsica had (13) crashed that morning into the sea off Cap d’Antibes a few miles away and there were no (14) supervisors. On (15) board was General Cogny whom I had known and liked in Vietnam.

IV. Translation

1. Translating Sentences

Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases given in brackets.

1). 孩子们是天真烂漫的，他们都向往真善美的东西。(yearn)

→ Children are innocent, and they all yearn for what is true, good, and beautiful.

yearn vi. to want something a lot, especially something that you know you may not be able to have

e.g. He yearned for her love.

They were yearning to have a baby.

2). 有些评论家批评该电影对妇女的刻画带有性别歧视。(be condemned by)

→ The film was condemned by some critics for its sexist portrayal of women.

condemn vt. to give a punishment to someone who has committed a crime

e.g. B oth men have been condemned to life imprisonment.

Fifty rebels were condemned to death.

3). 你不必勉强带我和你一起去。如果你不带我去，我不会生气的。(under compulsion to) →Don’t feel under any compulsion to take me with you. I won’t be offended if you don’t.

compulsion n. a legal or other obligation to do something

e.g. You are not under any compulsion to make a statement to the police.

4).在那场竞选中，他的对手们散布谣言破坏他的好名声。(discredit)

→ In the election his opponents spread rumours to discredit his good name.

discredit vt. to harm someone's reputation

e.g. S he claims there was a conspiracy to discredit her.

5). 每当他们开始争吵，我总是离得远远的。(remain aloof)

→ Whenever they started quarrelling, I would always remain aloof.

aloof adj. someone who remains or stays aloof from something, is not friendly or does not want to be involved in something

6). 无须惊慌, 警方已经控制了局面。(have ... in hand)

→There’s no need to panic. The police have the situation in hand.

have … in hand: if you have something in hand, you are managing it well so that it happens in the way that it should

e.g. At half time, they had the match well in hand.

7). 遇上一个好老板不是那么容易的。(come by)

→ A good boss is not so easy to come by.

come by: to get something, especially something that is hard to get

e.g. How did you come by such a beautiful house?

8). 她脸上丝毫没有懊恼的表情。(absent from)

→ Any sign of remorse was completely absent from her face.

absent adj. showing that you are not paying attention to what is happening because you are thinking about something else

9). 你必须打消一切报仇的念头。(banish from)

→ You must try to banish all thoughts of revenge from your mind.

banish vt. to officially order someone to leave a country or region as a punishment

e.g. In the story, the king's opponents are banished to the forest for 10 years.

10). 她对女儿们的影响很大。(have a hold on)

→ She has a strong hold on her daughters.

have a hold on: have a strong and secure influence on someone

e.g. The coach has a very strong hold on the members of the team.

2. Translate the following passage into Chinese.

Superstition is a part of British culture today. Although superstition was more alive a hundred years ago, there are still many superstitious people around now, both young and old.

All superstition has grown from something, since there is no smoke without fire. Who was the first one to decide that opening an umbrella in a house is bad luck? Who was the first to walk

under a ladder and suffer the consequences? Who hung a horseshoe the wrong way up, smashed a mirror and spilled the salt? Who first branded Friday 13th as a day on which luck would run out?

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth century life was hazardous, and the central feature of day-to-day existence was a preoccupation with finding explanations for fortune and misfortune. Religion, diseases and fire might have been the most essential elements in the background of the beliefs of superstition. Even though we are not searching for the same answers today superstition is still with us as a tradition.

参考译文

迷信是当今英国文化中的一部分。尽管迷信活动在100年前更为活跃，但现在仍有不少相信迷信的人，有老人也有年轻人。

所有的迷信都有其根源，所谓无火不起烟。是谁第一个认为在屋里打伞会带来厄运？是谁第一个走在梯子下而遭遇不幸？是谁把马蹄铁倒挂？是谁打碎了镜子？是谁洒了盐？是谁第一个把13号星期五看成是最倒霉的日子？

16和17世纪时，人们的生活中充满了碰运气的成分，每天的生活中心都在于为祸福找解释。宗教、疾病、火灾也许称得上是迷信的三大最基本的要素。尽管今天我们寻求的答案已经不同，但是迷信作为一种传统仍然流传在我们中间。

必修一课文及翻译

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Unit1如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯 1.在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。 2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。 3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。 4.语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。 5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。 6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。 9.在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、

赤壁之战 翻译

赤壁之战翻译 当初，鲁肃听说刘表死，就对孙权说：“荆州与我国接邻，地理形势险要、坚固，肥沃的土地方圆万里，百姓殷实富裕，如果占有它，这就是开创帝王事业的凭借。现在刘表刚死，他（刘表）的两个儿子（刘琦、刘琮）不和，军队中的那些将领，有的拥戴刘琦，有的拥戴刘琮。 刘备是天下的豪杰，跟曹操有仇，寄居在刘表那里，刘表嫉妒他的才能而不重用（他）。如果刘备同他们（指原属刘表手下的人）荆州方面的人同心协力，上下一致，（我们）就应当安抚他们，与他们结盟友好；如果他们有所背离（指刘表和荆州将领不能合作），（我们）就该另外筹划这件事情，以成就（我们的）大业。我请求奉您之命去慰问刘表的两个儿子，并慰劳（他们）军中掌权的人物，以及劝说刘备使他安抚刘表的部下，同心一意，共同对付曹操，刘备一定会高兴而听从我们的意见。如果这件事能够成功，天下就可以安定下来了。现在不赶快前往，恐怕就被曹操占了先（抢先）。”孙权立刻派鲁肃前往。（鲁肃）到夏口，听说曹操已向荆州进军，（于是）日夜赶路，等（鲁肃）到了南郡，（刘表的二儿子）刘琮已投降曹操，刘备向南逃跑，鲁肃直接迎向前去，与刘备在当阳县长坂坡相会。鲁肃转达孙权的意旨，（和刘备）讨论天下大事和当前行势，表示恳切慰问的心意，并且问刘备说：“刘豫州现在想到哪里去？”刘备说：“我和苍梧太守吴巨有老交情，想去投奔他。”鲁肃说：“孙讨虏（孙权，曹操曾以汉献帝的名义授给他讨虏将军的名号）将军聪明仁惠，敬重以礼相待贤能之士，江南的英雄豪杰都归附他，已经占据了六个郡，兵精粮足，足够用来成就大业。现在为您打算，不如派遣最亲信的人，主动同东边吴国结盟，以共同成就一番世代相传的事业。（但是您）却打算投奔吴巨，吴巨是个平庸的人，又处在偏僻边远的州郡，快要被别人吞并了，（这样的人）难道可以托身吗？”刘备（听了）很高兴。鲁肃又对诸葛亮说：“我是子瑜的朋友。”就同刘备等定下了交情。（另译）两个人随即（也因子瑜的关系）交了朋友。子瑜就是诸葛亮的哥哥诸葛瑾，在江东避乱，（现在做）孙权的长史。刘备采纳了鲁肃的建议，（率兵）进驻鄂县的樊口。 曹操从江陵将要顺着长江东下，诸葛亮对刘备说：“事情很危急，请（让我）奉命向孙将军求救。”于是就同鲁肃一起去拜见孙权。诸葛亮在柴桑会见到了孙权，劝孙权说：“（现在）天下大乱，将军（您）在江东起兵，刘豫州在汉水以南招收兵马，同曹操共同争夺天下。现在曹操削平大乱（消灭各地割据势力），（中原地区）大致已稳定局面，就（南下）攻破荆州，声威震动天下。英雄没有施展武力的地方了，所以刘豫州逃到这里，希望将军估量自己的力量来对付这个局面！ 如果能够拿（江东）吴、越的兵力同中原（的曹操）对抗，不如趁早同他断绝关系；如果不能，为什么不放下武器、捆起铠甲，向（曹操）投降（向北朝拜称臣）呢！现在将军外表上假托服从（曹操）的名义，而内心里却怀着犹豫不决的心思，事情紧迫而又不能决断，灾祸降临就没有多少时候了！”孙权说：“假若像您所说，刘豫州为什么不投降曹操呢？”诸葛亮说：“田横，（不过是）齐国的一个壮士罢了，还能恪守节义不肯受辱；何况刘豫州（是）汉王室的后代，英明才智超过当世，众人仰慕敬重他，好像水流入大海一样。如果大事不能成功，就是天意，又怎能甘心屈服在曹操之下呢？”孙权激怒的说：“我不能拿整个东吴的土地，十多万将士，来受别人控制，我的主意已经决定