药学英语课后翻译
Unit 1
1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a
sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation
of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of
different organs.
对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识。解剖学不仅仅是研究人体各部分的分离；还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能。
2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted
for balance to be maintained.
我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要；任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。
3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and
is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡；体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必不可少的。
4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to
liberate sufficient energy for their activities.
人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力；从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。
5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the
cells of the body continue to live and function properly.
只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持；机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常功能。
Unit 2
1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to
confer the remarkable properties of living organisms.
生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用；以赋予生物体具备显着的特性。
2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very
specific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction.
酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂。每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反应
中发挥作用。
3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify
an individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to
characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity.
用以了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分；例如蛋白
质；并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征。
4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the
covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups
that appear in common biological molecules, etc.
决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的共价结合和一般生物分子中
出现的功能基团等。
5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,
deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence.
脱氧核糖核酸的基本单位是由四种不同的脱氧核糖核苷酸单一亚单位以精确的线性序
列进行排列而构成的线性聚合物。
Unit 3
1. Although the existence of microbes was determined almost three
hundred years
ago, the study of microbiology is only getting started compared with zoology and
1/7页
botany.
尽管三百年前人们就确定世界上存在微生物；但与动物学和植物学相比；微生物学研究还只是刚刚开始。
2. In ancient times, the existence of microbes was hypothesized and they might be
the responsible agent of diseases, which was pure speculation(推断) as there was
no microscope at the time.
在古代, 人们认为有微生物存在而且微生物可能是传染病的致病原；但当时没有显微镜；所以这一切纯属猜测。
3. The first one who suggested taxonomic classification(分类法) of bacteria and
discovered spores is Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who studied algae and photosynthetic bacteria. He established bacteriology.
第一位提出对细菌分类和发现孢子的人是植物学家费南?科恩；他对藻类和光合细菌进行了研究；创建了细菌学。
4. Microbes may be tiny, but the field of microbiology is relatively huge, which
encompasses many subdisciplines affecting people’s life and health a lot.
微生物体积虽小；但微生物学领域却很大；其中包括很多分支学科；对人类生活和健康产生了重大影响。
5. Some of microbes may cause diseases but not all microbes are detriment, such as
some of them used in industrial fermentation(发酵) to make wine and vinegar(醋).
有些微生物能引发疾病；但不是所有的微生物都是有害的；如一些微生物可用于工业发酵；制作酒和醋等。
Unit 4
1. The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists
who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its
own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only
understand the normal process that take place in the body, but know how the functions of
the body are affected by disease.
研究药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学；研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。药理学不
是一门能够独立研究的科学；而是与其它学科紧密相关的。药理学家不仅要了解人体内
进行的正常反应过程；还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。
2. For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its
common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.
医生和医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。临床医生的主要兴趣在
于药物对人类疾病的预防、诊断及治疗；或者在避孕方面所起的作用。
3. All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused
by the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used,
they could destroy human race. When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed
frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity
will occur.
所有医生都应该负起责任解决药品滥用所引起的各种社会问题。药物用得恰
当；将是人
类的一大福音；用得不当；则可能毁了人类。病人，特别是老年病人(经常性使用一种
以上治疗药物的话；往往会发生产生毒性药物的相互作用。
4. At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because
they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own
crude medicinal preparations.
以前；医师必须具备很广泛的植物学知识；因为他要懂得挑选适当的植物的能力和技巧；
2/7页
并将它们制备成简单的药物制剂。
5. The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is
termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused
on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the
theories and experimental techniques of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely
from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, bio
chemistry,
immunology, and pathology.
对药物的生化生理作用及其活性机制的研究叫做药效学；该学科的独到之处主要在于其
关注的要点是药物的特征。药效学作为一门边缘学科；大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、
免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。
Unit 5
1. To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that
bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a
specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system
select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying
the ones that work best.
为了对抗疾病；免疫系统生成了被称为抗体的蛋白质；它们附着于入侵细菌。但实际情
况是免疫系统并不能在每次面对一个新的病原体时都制造出一种特殊的抗体：实际上；
免疫系统是通过对其抗体库的大规模筛选而确定最有效的抗体。
2. In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of related
compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.
在一种被称为“组合化学”的过程中；化学家们首先生成很多相关化合物；然后对它们
进行筛选；来找到那些可能具有药用价值的化合物。
3. In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the
products separately in their own reaction vessels.
在平行合成中；化学家们常常利用所谓的微量滴定盘将所有的产物都在其各自的反应容
器中结集。
4. A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis,
all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a
split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel,
which reduces the number of containers required.
平行合成和分裂—混合合成的不同在于, 在平行合成中每个化合物都留在自己的反应器
中；而在分裂—混合合成中；相关化合物都混合在同一容器中；这种方法极大地减少了
所需容器的数量。
5. At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found
to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear
biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the
molecular makeup of the compound attached.
在分裂—混合合成过程结束时；可以发现所有附着于一个小珠上的分子结构都一样。化
学家们从混合物中分离出具有生物活性分子的小珠, 然后利用灵敏的探测技术来确定附
着的化合物的分子结构。
Units 6
1. Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and
pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead
compounds for synthetic optimization.
植物天然产物已经并继续拥有作为医药和药剂的重要作用；不仅是纯化的分
离物提取
物；而且作为合成优化的先导化合物。
2. Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been
defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients for pharmacological agents to enhance
intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of
malignant cells”.
3/7页
植物次生代谢产物也有希望用于肿瘤化学预防；即“利用无细胞毒营养物或药物增强内
在生理机制以保护有机体；防止恶性肿瘤细胞的突变复制。
3. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been
evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has
generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.
然而；世界上25万种植物的绝大部分还没有进行药物筛选评价；一小部分已经进行测
试的也只是对很少几种治疗靶标进行了活性筛选。
4. Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for
high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown
that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without
preconceived selection of species.
尽管许多产生大量用于高通量筛选的样品的采样程序已经具有随机的特征；但是已有结果
表明他们并不是随机的；也不是任意的；除非采样是在没有先入为主的种类选择下进行的。
5. Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1)
bioactivity –or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active
compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)
mechanism of action studies.
在药物发现和开发程序中应用的三种主要思路是，生物活性或作用机制为导向的分离及
活性化合物的鉴定；基于修饰或类似物合成的合理药物设计；作用机制研究。Unit 7
1. Absorption is the process of a drug entering systemic circulation from its site of
administration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routes of
administration involve the transport of cell membrane.
吸收是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。除直接注入血管者外；一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的转运。
2. Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many
factors, such as the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food,
patient age and the like.
很多因素都可以影响药物的吸收,特别是口服药物的吸收；如药物本身的性
质；剂型；食物；患者年龄等。
3. The distribution of a drug in the body is uneven and is in a state of dynamic
equilibrium, that is, it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of
the drug.
药物在体内的分布多数是不均匀的；且处于动态平衡状态中；即随药物的吸收与排泄不断地变化着。
4. After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma
protein, but this
binding is loose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium.
药物进入血液后或多或少地将与血浆蛋白结合；但这种结合是疏松的；可逆的；经常处于动态平衡。
5. Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage
forms which are absorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with
the intensity and speed of drug action.
生物利用度是指不同剂型的药物能吸收进入体循环的相对份量及速度。它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。
Unit 8
1. Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that is
qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements,
4/7页
ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the
exact quantity.
分析化学的核心任务在于解决两个问题，一个是有什么：另一个是有多少；
也就是定性
分析和定量分析。定性分析是指鉴别所含的物质而定量分析是测定物质的准确含量。
2. Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have
advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short
of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and applications. One suggestion
is that we use the term analytical science and technology.
分析化学的发展已经超出了化学的边界；因此有人提议用分析科学来描述这个领域。但
是；该名词忽视了仪器发展和应用的作用；有人建议使用“分析科学和技术”这一名词。
3. Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the
demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt
proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their
composition and their reactivity mechanisms.
分析化学家致力于提高已有技术的可靠性以更好的满足社会中频繁出现的化
学检测的
需求。他们将已证实的方法学应用于新型材料；或回答关于其组成及反应机理的新问题。
4. Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of
instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of
silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will
give “fingerprints” of organic compounds of their functional groups.
定性鉴别可能通过选择性的化学反应或者仪器分析来完成。例如当把硝酸银溶液滴加到
一份溶解样品中；生成白色沉淀就说明了样品中存在氯离子。而红外光谱可以给出有机
化合物或官能团的“指纹”
5. The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which
qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second
phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally,
spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.
违禁药物检查的第一阶段称作快速筛选阶段；通常采用气相色谱或液相色谱等定性分析
方法检查出可疑样本：第二阶段使用气质联用对可疑样本进一步检测：最后；应用分光
光度法或气相色谱进行准确定量。
Unit 9
1. The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years
of work；and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal
antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.
新药研发涉及多学科研究人员多年的共同研究成果；并且随着遗传工程学和单克
隆抗体技术的发展；人们必将研制出更多新药。
2. The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with
our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.
生物药剂的活性依赖于其二级、三级和四级结构基础上的复杂构象；并且这些构
象采用目前的分析技术和方法还无法完全被确定并用于效能试验。
3. Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly
into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve
the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood.
除了静脉注射这一给药途径可以直接进入血液循环外；所有其他全身性作用的药
物的给药途径都涉及药物从给药地点吸收进入血液的过程。
4. Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have
a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.
生物药剂是含有，糖(蛋白的药物制剂；它们具有许多与小分子量药物不同的特性。
5. In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be
addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of
administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.
在生物制剂安全性试验和临床试验计划中；必须将重点放在种属特异性应答、给
药途径和给药方案的选择以及可能发生的免疫原性上。
Unit 11
1. The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators
and submitted by the pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the
drug, a summary of its pharmacological the toxicological action, its clinical indications and
contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and
available dosage forms.
药品说明书中所包含的信息来自于调查人员提供的、由药品生产厂家提交给FDA的数
据；包括药品的化学结构、药理/药毒性能的概说、临床适应症和禁忌症、注意事项；
有报道的不良反应、建议用量和可用剂型。
2. The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he
deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be
prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.
3. If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would
a court react if a physician
admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the
prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s
judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?
4. The FDA cannot require a pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in
the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a
new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot
advertise his product for that particular use.
5. Today, the FD A’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of
foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular
concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and
medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and
over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information
药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
多媒体技术教程》（第三版）习题解答 第1章绪论 1．多媒体信息系统和多媒体计算机有什么不同？在概念上应如何看待两者之间的关系？多媒体信息系统是新一代高度集成的、功能强大的、智能化的计算机信息系统，它是提供多媒体信息、辅助人们对环境进行控制和决策的系统，是基于计算机、通信网络等现代化的工具和手段，服务于管理领域的信息处理系统。而多媒体计算机指的是硬件设施，多媒体计算机是多媒体信息系统得以应用的平台。 2．试归纳叙述多媒体关键特性以及这些特性之间的关系。 多媒体的关键特性主要包括信息载体的多样性、交互性和集成性这三个方面，这既是多媒体的主要特征，也是在多媒体研究中必须解决的主要问题。 信息载体的多样性是相对于计算机而言的，指的就是信息媒体的多样化，有人称之为信息多维化；多媒体的第二个关键特性是交互性，多媒体系统将向用户提供交互式使用、加工和控制信息的手段，为应用开辟更加广阔的领域，也为用户提供更加自然的信息存取手段；多媒体的集成性主要表现在两个方面，一是多媒体信息媒体的集成，二是处理这些媒体的设备与设施的集成。 信息载体的多样性是集成性的基础，没有多种信息媒体，也就无法进行多媒体信息的集成化处理；而处理多媒体的设备与设施的集成性是实现交互性的前提，没有系统、网络、软硬件设施的集成，就无法为用户交互式使用、加工和控制信息提供平台。 3．为什么说多媒体缩短了人类信息交流的路径？人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是什么？ 与以往的方法相比，计算机在数据处理方面有了很大的改善。计算机所提供的功能强大的数据组织和构造技术，如传统数据结构中的数组、向量、队列、堆栈、树和堆等，为动态地加工和处理数据提供了基础。高效的算法和高速的网络通信，大大地加强了用文字和数据表示概念的能力并加速了它的传递过程。但人类并不是仅仅依赖文本这一类单一的数据形式来传递所有的信息和接受概念的，图像、声音等多媒体信息都是人类获取和传递信息极为重要的渠道。图像的信息量最大，一幅画胜过千言万语，最直观、最能一目了然。而动态的影像视频和动画则更生动、更逼真、更接近客观世界的原型、更能反映事物的本质和内涵。声音和文字也是信息的重要媒体，综合应用不仅有利于接受，也有利于存储（记忆）和保留。这就意味着必须同时启动大脑的形象思维和逻辑思维，才能更好地获得更多更有用的信息。因此，通过多种感觉器官用多种信息媒体形式向人提供信息才算是更好的表达方法，它不仅加速和改善了理解，并且提高了信息接受的兴趣和注意力。多媒体正是利用各种信息媒体形式，集成地用声、图、文等来承载信息，也就是缩短信息传递的路径。 人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是为了高效的获取、传递以及使用信息。计算机的发展使得人类的信息处理手段得到加强，高速的计算能力扩展了对数据进行重复计算的能力，大规模的存储扩展了记忆信息的范围，高速通信网使得我们可以同远在异地他乡的同事、朋友、亲人甚至陌生人进行快速的信息交换。这些机器成为我们与他人进行交流的中介。 第2章媒体及媒体技术 1．为什么说媒体具有不同的抽象层次？对媒体的抽象层次和性质进行小结。 在获得媒体语义的过程中，抽象起着十分重要的作用，这种抽象是复杂的，而且与任务有关。通常包括若干抽象层，每一个抽象层都包含着与具体的任务和问题域有关的模型。从接近具体感官的信息表示层到接近符号的信息表示层，信息的抽象程度递增，而数据量则递减。语义就是在从感官数据到符号数据的抽象过程中逐步形成的。对不同媒体来说，媒体的语义是处于不同层次上的。抽象的程度不同，语义的重点也就不同。
药学专业英语简历
个人履历 教育背景: 2002-9---2006-02 在医学院药学系学习了所有药学专业的课程。 在医院中药房、西药房、住院药房、门诊药房、药库实习。熟 悉了医院工作环境和规章制度，及相关药事管理方面的工作。 在针剂，片剂和中药车间实习。熟悉了药品生产流程，质量控 制程序等相关方面的工作。使得在销售工作中对客户提出的相 关问题能够给出专业的答案。 2006-3---2006-6 在中药室学习。增加了对药品检验，鉴定等相关实验室知识。 并在此期间完成了毕业论文的设计，获得毕业答辩“优秀论 文”评定。 证书及技能 2004.9全国计算机等级三级证书 2005.12大学英语六级证书 能够熟练使用word,excel,PPT等各种办公软件，有良好的英语基础，但是口语欠佳，平时一直在努力学习spoken english 业务经验： 2007.5 在北京丰台区组织举行产品终端宣传会议 邀请终端药店，诊所及小医院共60多家参加，宣传公司的产品， 销售政策及未来市场规划，加强客户对公司品牌的认知以及对我公 司产品市场情况反馈。 2007.7在北京顺义区组织举行产品终端宣传订货会议 邀请终端药店，诊所及小医院共88家加，对公司各主要产品进行展 示，并举行了现场订货签单。进一步加强公司产品在北京地区的宣传 和推广。 2007.8 在石家庄和保定组织二级客户终端分销工作，进行了礼品促销；加
强了同二级客户的关系，加深了二级客户对我们的信任。 2007年，全年销量做到2700多万，居普药部门首位。 2008年，开始团队建设，负责北京，唐山，保定和石家庄区域团队协作。加强管理各区域业务员的二级客户分销工作，将分销工作做得更细致，更 深入。 2009．5，在北京平谷区组织举行产品终端宣传订货会议；6月在石家庄组织二级客户终端分销工作。 2010年—至今，依然负责北京及其周边地区的销售工作。 自我评价: ◆乐观、自信、积极向上 ◆很强的学习能力，能快速接受新事物 ◆较强的执行能力、沟通能力和良好的团队合作精神 求职意向：山西运城，西安或北京地区商务代表 Resume . Certifications and Skills 2004/09 National Computer Rank Examination Certificate. 3 2005/12 College English Test-6 2008/05-2008/07 The purchases/sales License of pharmaceuticals. Skillful in Microsoft Office(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc); Fluently in oral English and skillful in listening、reading、writing. Assignment experience
药学英语第五版第三单元
Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical Terms The molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they also interact with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecular logic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set of relationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules. If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer the remarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum of its inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force, but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture, nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself. All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple Compounds Most of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbon atoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a great variety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, and monosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides,
药学英语
《药学英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程教学目的与任务 开设药学英语旨在从培养高级应用型人才的目标出发，结合药学及相关专业学生毕业后的工作实际，力求为他们提供其未来工作岗位所需要的专业英语知识和技能。通过教学，提高学生借助辞典和其他工具书籍，阅读国外文献的能力，并为将来我国执业药师与国际接轨做准备。 二、理论教学的基本要求 学完该课程后，在知识、技能和能力上分别应达到的以下程度： 了解英文药学文献的写作特点和格式，学习如何分析和理解英语长句。英国药典和美国药典的背景知识和使用方法，了解FDA的职责和功能；理解各章节PartA部分课文意思及PartB部分药品说明书中的常见例句；掌握掌握药品说明书必须书写的10个项目及其常用词汇，能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀；能用所学知识书写简单的英语药品说明书。 三、实践教学的基本要求 本课程实践学时全部以课堂对话形式进行，无单独实验项目。 四、教学学时分配
五、教学内容 Unit1 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习，理解课文意思；掌握药品说明书的作用、项目；能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀。 教学重点：常用专业单词，如Pharmaceutical等的用法。 教学难点：文章翻译；常见的化学基团的英文词缀。 主要内容：PartAForeign Investment in Chinese Pharmaceutical Sector；PartB第1节药品名称；PartCChina—from self-sufficiency to World Leadership。 Unit 2 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握常用专业单词，如supervision等的用法；掌握描述药物性状的常见句型；掌握药物性状的常用表达方式。 教学重点：常见的药物性状。 教学难点：常见描述药物性状的单词或短语。 主要内容：PartAFDA: Policeman or Teacher；PartB第2节药物性状；PartC Data Required for Drug Approval。 Unit 3 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型，常用专业单词，如临床药理(Clinical Pharmacology)、药效(Potency)、毒性(Toxicity)等。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型。 教学难点：文章翻译。 主要内容：PartA Pharmacological Tablet；PartB第2节药物性状。 Unit 4 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。 教学难点：文章翻译。 主要内容：PartA Chemistry and Matter；PartB第4节适应症、第5节禁忌症。 Unit 5 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。常用专业单词，如常用表示剂量的术语平均剂量（average dose）、常用的剂量单位表示法、每次给药次数的表示方法：每隔…小时（every …hours）、每日三次（three times a day /daily)等。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。
药学英语第五版原文翻译 (2)(2020年7月整理).pdf
Introduction to Physiology Introduction Physiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases. The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on. Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。 尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的——如基因编码的复制——但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。鉴于此有必要将这门学科分成不同部分研究，如细菌生理学、植物生理学和动物生理学。 要研究一种动物如何活动，首先需要了解它的构成。要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。一个生物体的各部分起着什么作用可通过实验观察得知。尽管我们对志愿者进行了许多重要的生理调查，但是实验条件需要精确控制，所以我们当前大多生理知识还是源于对其它动物如青蛙，兔子，猫和狗等的研究。当我们明确大多数动物物种的特定生理过程存在共同之处时，相同的生理原理适用于人类也是合理的。通过这种方法，我们获得了大量的知识，从而让我们对人类生理学有了更深入的了解，为我们有效治疗许多疾病提供了一个坚实的基础。 机体的基本组成物质是细胞，细胞结合在一起形成组织。组织的基本类型有上皮组织，结缔组织，神经组织和肌组织，每类组织都有各自的特征。许多结缔组织中细胞量相对较少，但是有大量的细胞外基质。相比而言，光滑的肌组织由大量密密麻麻的肌细胞通过特定的细胞连接组成。各种器官如脑，心脏，肺，小肠和肝等由不同种类的组织聚集而成。这些器官是不同生理系统的组成部分。心脏和血管组成心血管系统；肺，器官，支气管，胸壁和膈肌组成呼吸系统；骨骼和骨骼肌组成骨骼肌系统；大脑，脊髓，自主神经和神经中枢以及
药学英语课后翻译
药学英语课后翻译 Organic Chemistry Translation 1.没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。 The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry. 2.既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说 就显得至关重要了。 Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician. 3.通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。 The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules. 4.幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry. 5.迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的 东西。 So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people. 6.人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞 生了有机化学 Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry. 7.煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤 和氧的全新物质。 When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen. 8.许多特定的化学反应之所以重要，是由于它们耗用或提供能量。 Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply. 9.在有机化学学习中，学生希望用他们熟悉的符号构成二维或三维空间的分子结构 式。 In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas. 10.从我们吃的食品、穿的衣服，到住的楼房，所有这些都在很大程度上被有机化学 更新了。 From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry. Herbal medicine Translation 1.植物王国曾是人类唯一的药房，但你今天走进现代药店，植物用药已是踪影难寻。 The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.
2012药学英语翻译
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine 1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found. 2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom. 3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us. 4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him. 5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship. 6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident. 7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased. 8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods. 9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years. 10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it. Unit 2 How does human body fight disease? People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion. Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells. Unit 3 Drug dependence Studies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directly
药学英语课文翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics 抗生素的另一面 Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics. 抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显着功绩。而它的缺点却被生产和销售抗生素的制药公司通过公关活动掩藏了。 In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of these remarkable drugs are much less widely known. And the lack of such knowledge can be bad, especially if it leads patients to pressure their doctors into prescribing antibiotics when such medication isn’t really needed, or leads them to switch doctors until they find one who is, so to speak, antibiotics-minded2. 相比而言，使用这些药物的危险性并不广为人知。对这种知识的缺乏将更糟糕，特别是当患者要求医生开处方用抗生素而事实并不需要，或患者频繁地更换医生直至找到一个同意开抗生素处方的医生。 Because the good side of the antibiotics story is so very well-known, there seems more point here to a review of some of the immediate and long-range problems that can come from today’s casual use of these drugs. It should be made clear in advance that calamities from the use of antibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts of the drugs administered. But the potential hazards, so little touched on generally, do need a clear statement. 因为抗生素的好的一面已广为人知，今天抗生素的滥用导致短期或长期问题。我们预先应该知道与抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它产生危害的例子是少见的。但是，尽管十分少见，需要对这种潜在的危险作一个清楚的说明。 The antibiotics are not, strictly speaking, exclusively prescription drugs. A number of them are permitted in such over-the-counter products as nasal sprays, lozenges, troches, creams, and ointments. Even if these products do no harm there is no point whatsoever in using them. If you have an infection
药学专业英语
广东药学院 精品课程、优质课程申报书 课程名称药学专业英语 课程性质□公共必修课□基础必修课 □专业主要课程□其它 申报类型□精品课程□优质课程 课程负责人曾爱华 所属二级学院药科学院（盖章） 所属教研室药学综合教研室 申报日期2009 年 5 月18 日 广东药学院教务处制
1.课程基本信息及指导思想
课程教育思想观念 《药学专业英语》课程是药学英语特色专业的一项重要专业课，是学生在学完公共英语之后的延续，其要旨在于帮助学生完成从基础英语到专业英语的过渡。 药学专业英语是一门英语与药学交叉的科目，在讲授专业英语课时，首先主要通过教师在课堂上用英语讲授，配以课堂讨论，并要求学生以英语发言，提高学生的英语听说能力；其次布置大量阅读材料让学生自学，通过教师的适当检查，或让学生在课堂上讲解，提高学生阅读专业英语书籍的能力；最后将部分专业阅读材料布置给学生做学习翻译的课外练习，在课堂上讨论学生作业中的错误和翻译技巧问题，提高学生翻译的技能。在教学过程中，注意培养学生独立思考和学习的能力，使学生在课程结束后，在实际工作中，能较流畅地阅读专业英语资料，为进一步的工作和科研奠定基础。 我们认为，在当今社会发展日新月异的情况下，在授课过程中我们力争做到面向每个学生，充分考虑学生的个性，充分发挥每一位学生的主动性和潜能，进而建立平等、和谐的师生关系。从教师的职责而言： （1）教师是学生学习的设计者与帮助者。 （2）教师应成为创新思维型、学者型教师。 （3）教师要与时俱进，终身学习。
为了提高教师本身的素质，我们认为： （1）积极参加教学研究活动是转变教师教育观念的最有效途径，鼓励教师参与教学研究，尤其是参与教学方法改革、课程改革等方面的研究。多参加教学课题的申报、实施和积累。 （2）观察学习。要求年轻教师积极参加听教学经验丰富老教师的授课，使教师能在学习别人良好经验的过程中更新自己的教育方式。观察学习是学习者通过有意识的观察和学习，并对自己观察到的内容进行消化和吸收，在此基础上加以创新。 （3）教学小组研讨会。 针对某一有代表性的教育、教学事件，教师之间可以展开小组讨论。教研室要积极进行教师教学集体备课。 说明：1、本申报书各项内容阐述时请注意以事实和数据为依据，各表格不够可加页。 2、申报精品课程必须有课程网站，未被评选为精品课程者自动参与优质课程评选。 2. 师资队伍
药学英语第五版原文翻译
IntroductiontoPhysiology Introduction Physiologyisthestudyofthefunctionsoflivingmatter.Itisconcernedwithhowanorganismperformsitsv ariedactivities:howitfeeds,howitmoves,howitadaptstochangingcircumstances,howitspawnsnewgenerati ons.Thesubjectisvastandembracesthewholeoflife.Thesuccessofphysiologyinexplaininghoworganismsp erformtheirdailytasksisbasedonthenotionthattheyareintricateandexquisitemachineswhoseoperationisgo vernedbythelawsofphysicsandchemistry. Althoughsomeprocessesaresimilaracrossthewholespectrumofbiology—thereplicationofthegenetic codefororexample—manyarespecifictoparticulargroupsoforganisms.Forthisreasonitisnecessarytodivid ethesubjectintovariouspartssuchasbacterialphysiology,plantphysiology,andanimalphysiology. Tostudyhowananimalworksitisfirstnecessarytoknowhowitisbuilt.Afullappreciationofthephysiolog yofanorganismmustthereforebebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Experimentscanthenbecarriedo uttoestablishhowparticularpartsperformtheirfunctions.Althoughtherehavebeenmanyimportantphysiolo gicalinvestigationsonhumanvolunteers,theneedforprecisecontrolovertheexperimentalconditionshasmea ntthatmuchofourpresentphysiologicalknowledgehasbeenderivedfromstudiesonotheranimalssuchasfrog s,rabbits,cats,anddogs.Whenitisclearthataspecificphysiologicalprocesshasacommonbasisinawidevariet yofanimalspecies,itisreasonabletoassumethatthesameprincipleswillapplytohumans.Theknowledgegain edfromthisapproachhasgivenusagreatinsightintohumanphysiologyandendoweduswithasolidfoundation fortheeffectivetreatmentofmanydiseases. Thebuildingblocksofthebodyarethecells,whicharegroupedtogethertoformtissues.Theprincipaltype softissueareepithelial,connective,nervous,andmuscular,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Manyconnective tissueshaverelativelyfewcellsbuthaveanextensiveextracellularmatrix.Incontrast,smoothmuscleconsists https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5b9562098.html,anssuchasthebrain,theh eart,thelungs,theintestines,andtheliverareformedbytheaggregationofdifferentkindsoftissues.Theorgans arethemselvespartsofdistinctphysiologicalsystems.Theheartandbloodvesselsformthecardiovascularsyst em;thelungs,trachea,andbronchitogetherwiththechestwallanddiaphragmformtherespiratorysystem;thes keletonandskeletalmusclesformthemusculoskeletalsystem;thebrain,spinalcord,autonomicnervesandgan glia,andperipheralsomaticnervesformthenervoussystem,andsoon. Cellsdifferwidelyinformandfunctionbuttheyallhavecertaincommoncharacteristics.Firstly,theyareb oundedbyalimitingmembrane,theplasmamembrane.Secondly,theyhavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemol eculestosmalleronestoliberateenergyfortheiractivities.Thirdly,atsomepointintheirlifehistory,theyposses sanucleuswhichcontainsgeneticinformationintheformofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA). Livingcellscontinuallytransformmaterials.Theybreakdownglucoseandfatstoprovideenergyforother activitiessuchasmotilityandthesynthesisofproteinsforgrowthandrepair.Thesechemicalchangesarecollect ivelycalledmetabolism.Thebreakdownoflargemoleculestosmalleronesiscalledcatabolismandthesynthes isoflargemoleculesfromsmalleronesanabolism. Inthecourseofevolution,cellsbegantodifferentiatetoservedifferentfunctions.Somedevelopedtheabil itytocontract(musclecells),otherstoconductelectricalsignals(nervecells).Afurthergroupdevelopedtheabi litytosecretedifferentsubstancessuchashormonesorenzymes.Duringembryologicaldevelopment,thispro cessofdifferentiationisre-enactedasmanydifferenttypesofcellareformedfromthefertilizedegg. Mosttissuescontainamixtureofcelltypes.Forexample,bloodconsistsofredcells,whitecells,andplatele ts.Redcellstransportoxygenaroundthebody.Thewhitecellsplayanimportantroleindefenseagainstinfection 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地