西安交大研究生英语写作试题

20090~2010学年第2学期

西安交通大学研究生《高级英语写作》期末考试试题

(B)

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考场所在院系考试日期

Part I:Summary writing(40points)

Read the following article carefully,and then write a summary in about200words.

The most commonly held perception regarding animal experimentation is that it is necessary for the development of vaccines,cures and treatments for human illness.Proponents ask the important question,what will happen to research on AIDS,heart disease,and cancer if animal experimentation is completely stopped?Will the progress in cures and treatments for these types of illnesses also come to a halt?

There is a growing movement of healthcare professionals including doctors,scientists,and educated members of the public who are opposed to non-human animal-based experimentation on specifically medical and scientific grounds.They argue that animal research is based on a false premise,that results obtained through animal experimentation can be applied to the human body.

Animals not only react differently than humans to different drugs,vaccines,and experiments, they also react differently from one another.Ignoring this difference has been and continues to be very costly to human health.

The most famous example of the dangers of animal testing is the Thalidomide tragedy of the 1960s and1970s.Thalidomide,which came out on the German market late in the1950s,had previously been safely tested on thousands of animals.It was marketed as a wonderful sedative for pregnant or breastfeeding mothers and it supposedly caused no harm to either mother or child. Despite this"safety testing",at least10,000children whose mothers had taken Thalidomide were born throughout the world with severe deformities

Clioquinol is another example of a drug that was safety tested in animals and had a severely negative impact on humans.This drug,manufactured in Japan in the1970s,was marketed as providing safe relief from diarrhea.Not only did Clioquinol not work in humans,it actually caused diarrhea.As a result of Clioquinol being administered to the public,some30,000cases of blindness and/or paralysis and thousands of deaths occurred.

Are these two examples just isolated cases?Even though pharmaceuticals are routinely tested on animals,the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that100,000people every

year are killed and more than2million are hospitalized as a result of prescription drugs used as prescribed.The British Medical Journal recently reported that4out of every10patients who take a prescribed drug can expect to suffer severe or noticeable side effects,while numerous clinical observers agree that the incidence of autogenesis(medically induced disease)is now so great that approximately1in every10hospital beds is occupied by a patient who has been made ill by their doctor.

What about all the important breakthroughs,as a result of animal research,that have aided human health?The animal research industry cites many examples of treatments or cures for illness that have been found using animals.They claim that if animal research is discontinued,it will be at the expense of human health and life.Industry groups,such as Americans for Medical Progress credit animal research with advances such as the development of the polio vaccine,anesthesia,and the discovery of insulin.But a close examination of medical history clearly disputes these claims.

"Giving cancer to laboratory animals has not and will not help us to understand the disease or to treat those persons suffering from it."

Dr.A.Sabin,1986,developer of the oral polio vaccine Dr.Jonas Salk and Dr.Albert Sabin,are credited with the development of a vaccine to combat poliomyelitis(polio).Yet in the medical industry itself there remains a dispute as to the means by which the development of the polio vaccine occurred and whether or not the vaccine even played a major role in stopping the virus.Dr.John Enders,Dr.Thomas H.Weller,and Dr. Frederick C.Robbins won the Nobel Prize in1954for proving for the first time that it was possible to grow poliovirus in laboratory cultures of non-nervous-system human tissue.This team stopped just short of creating the polio vaccine that would be released to the public.Around the time Enders,Weller,and Robbins won the Nobel Prize,Sabin and Salk began using monkey kidney cells to produce their polio vaccines despite the existence of better alternatives.It was unknown at the time that viruses commonly found in monkey kidney cells are now known to cause cancer in humans.

The claim that the polio vaccine was developed through the use of animal experimentation is misleading.Furthermore,as far as the benefits are concerned,there is ample evidence demonstrating the harmful effects the polio vaccine has had on human health.Deborah Blum,in her1984book,The Monkey Wars,wrote,"In the late1980s,scientists tracking the life histories of 59,000pregnant women all vaccinated with Salk polio vaccine found that their offspring had a thirteen times higher rate of brain tumors than those who did not receive the vaccine."(pg.229) Many historians believe that the decline in cases in polio,like many epidemics of the past,must be attributed to factors such as improved hygiene and not solely vaccination.

Surgical anesthesia was discovered in the mid nineteenth century when Crawford Williamson

Long observed the effects of ether on humans during"ether parties",a popular form of entertainment involving ether inhalation.Long observed that while etherized,people appeared impervious to pain.He transformed this observation into a more practical use in surgery.The discovery of anesthesia,like many other medical discoveries,came from the critical observation of humans.

"There are no alternatives to animal experimentation,for one can only talk of alternatives if these replace something of the same worth;and there is nothing quite as useless,misleading and harmful as animal experimentation."

-Prof.Pietro Croce,M.D.

At one time,due to the animal research based conclusions of Claude Bernard,diabetes was believed to be cause by liver damage.However,Thomas Crawley,in1788established the relationship between pancreatic damage and diabetes by performing autopsies on diabetic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5c14411294.html,ter on,Dr.M.Barron came to the conclusion that damage to the Islets of Langerhams causes diabetes in humans after studying the human pancreas.He concluded that insulin could be derived from an extract of the Islets of Langerhans.Then in1920,Frederick Banting,using this knowledge,created the first extract that contained insulin.Animal research is not aiding the fight against cancer.In fact,it is diverting resources from effective research and from the most obvious solution which is prevention.According to the National Cancer Institute,80%of all cancers are preventable.Clinical observation and epidemiological studies have shown us that high fat diets, smoking,environmental pollutants,and other lifestyle factors are the main causes of cancer.

"Indeed,while conflicting animal tests have often delayed and hampered advances on the war on cancer,they have never produced a single substantial advance either in the prevention or treatment of human cancer."

-Dr.Irwin Bros,director of Roswell Park Memorial Moneim A.Fadali,M.D.,in his book,Animal Experimentation:A Harvest of Shame,reports: "Despite screening over half a million compounds as anti-cancer agents on laboratory animals between1970-1985,only80compounds moved into clinical trials on humans.Of these,a mere24had any anti-cancer activity and only12appeared to have a'substantial clinical role.' Actually,these so-called'new'active agents were not so new:they are analogs of chemotherapeutic agents already known to work in humans."(pg.25)

With billions of dollars,countless animals,and well over30years spent on the war on cancer, concrete results should have been seen if animal research was actually working.On the contrary, the incidence of cancer continues to rise.A March22,2004article in Fortune Magazine,"Why We're Losing the War on Cancer",explains that animal-based cancer research is failing because "The models of cancer stink."

1.Animals are not good models for human cancer for2fundamental reasons:Animals and

humans do not get the same diseases.As a result,animal research focuses on artificially inducing symptoms of human cancer and attempting to treat those symptoms.

2.Experimental drugs and treatments that have been found effective on animal models will

not necessarily work in people.

The progress that has been made in the study of AIDS has come from human clinical investigation and in vitro(cell and tissue culture)research.Animal models continue to be used even though they do not develop the human AIDS virus.The development of life saving protease inhibitors was delayed by misleading monkey data.Referring to efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine,leading AIDS researcher Dr.Mark Feinberg stated:"What good does it do you to test something in a monkey?You find five or six years from now that it works in the monkey,and then you test it in humans and you realize that humans behave totally differently from monkeys,so you've wasted five years".

Clearly,if we are going to make medical progress,a new approach is needed.Human medicine can no longer be based on veterinary medicine.It is fraudulent and dangerous to apply data from one species to another.There are endless examples of the differences between humans and non-human animals.

1.PCP is a sedative for chimps

2.Penicillin kills cats and guinea pigs but has saved many human lives.

3.Arsenic is not poisonous to rats,mice,or sheep.

4.Morphine is a sedative for humans but is a stimulant for cats,goats,and horses.

5.Digitalis while dangerously raising blood pressure in dogs continues to save countless

cardiac patients by lowering heart rate.

The National Institutes of Health alone pours well over five billion dollars annually into superfluous animal experimentation.Abolishing animal research will mean these resources could be redirected into prevention and the types of research which actually have a chance of advancing human medicine and human health.

Part II:Essay writing(60points)

In the article in Part I,some scientists have argued against animal testing.Now please write an essay about400words to refute it.You may brainstorm the draft by jotting down a list of the author’s points.And then choose the most controversial points to focus on and use proper logical pattern you have learnt to develop your argumentation.You need to include the hook,thesis restatement,topic sentences,supporting sentences,and concluding sentences in your article.

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B. 国家所有制 C. 多种经济形式 D. 生产资料公有制 标准答案：D 9. 资本主义经济危机的实质是（）、 A. 生产绝对过剩 B. 生产相对不足 C. 生产相对过剩 D. 资本主义基本矛盾 标准答案：C 10. 国家垄断资本主义的实质是（）、 A. 国家政权同私人垄断资本相结合 B. 国家直接掌握垄断资本 C. 国有资本和私人资本在企业内、外部的结合 D. 私人垄断资本利用国家机器来为其服务的手段 标准答案：D 11. G-W…W`-G`是（）、 A. 货币资本循环公式 B. 生产资本循环公式 C. 商品资本循环公式 D. 流通资本循环公式 标准答案：A 12. 垄断资本主义阶段，资本主义对外经济关系的一个重要经济特征是（）、 A. 商品输出 B. 原料输出 C. 资本输出 D. 劳动力输出 标准答案：C 13. 社会主义按劳分配的对象是（）、 A. 生产资料 B. 个人消费品 C. 社会总产品 D. 生存资料 标准答案：B 14. 垄断资本主义阶段，价值规律发挥作用的形式是（）、 A. 商品价格围绕价值上下波动 B. 商品价格采取垄断价格形式 C. 商品价格围绕生产价格上下波动 D. 价值规律已经不再起作用 标准答案：B 15. 职能资本家使用借贷资本所获得的平均利润可以分割为（）、 A. 利息和企业利润 B. 产业利润和商业利润 C. 利息和超额利润

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考研英语写作精彩高频词句 钱希 这些都是从今年3月到现在微博更新的考研写作素材（从后往前整理的），全部粘贴下来居然有这么多，先放上来，供各位同学参考，不止适用于考研，最后会归类整理到自己正在编写的书中。其实，积少成多，如果你今年三月就跟着Shirley老师来准备作文，是不是到现在应该是得心应手，驾轻就熟了呢？ ＜考研英语大作文--创新＞It is universally acknowledged that innovation plays an irreplaceable role in boosting growth of individuals as well as enterprises. Without this quality, one can do nothing but imitate and duplicate others. By no means will they acquire originality and become successful. The trend of copycat product is a case in point. The spirit of innovation should be massively advocated by various media and responsible educators especially among the youngsters. ＜考研英语写作一大作文--诚信＞主要包括商业，人际交往和学术，有些素材都是前期讲过的。不法商人lawbreaking merchants 唯利是图profit-oriented 不择手段by hook or crook 政策性缺陷policy bug 损害消费者利益spoil consumers' interest 阻碍经济发展hinder/impede economic development Only when the authorities concerned issue counter laws and regulations, can the vicious trend of incredibility be curbed and can the citizens feel sense of security, which is regarded as an essential need for human beings. Some businessmen resort to every trick to make profits, which contributes to the emergence of fake and inferior products. Therefore, the interest of consumers has been undermined. Lack of credibility may lead to failure in every aspect and level. As to an individual, he may lose friends and partners. As to a company, it may lose customers and employees. As to a nation, it may lose attraction and respect. Credibility precedes a lot of virtues in the sphere of business. Reaping profits at the expense of others is unacceptable, which is bound to cause failure. ＜考研英语大作文--道德＞见义勇为never hesitate to do what is right 予人玫瑰，手有余香rose to others, scent left in hand. 传统美德time-honored virtue 帮助弱势群体offer aid to the underprivileged 慈善事业cause of charity 义工voluntary work见死不救stand aside when

西安交通大学大学英语二在线作业答案

西安交通大学大学英语二 在线作业答案 High quality manuscripts are welcome to download

一、单选题（共 25 道试题，共 50 分。）V 1. — Hello, may I t a l k t o t h e h e a d m a s t e r n o w—______________. A. Sorry, he is busy at the moment B. No, you can’t C. Sorry, you can’t D. I don’t know 正确答案：A 满分：2 分 2. We are interested in the weather because it ______ us so directly — what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel. A. benefits B. affects C. affects D. effects 正确答案：B 满分：2 分 3. The g overnment official explained that there’s no point _______ about the cultural gap in that city. A. to worry B. with them worrying C. in worrying D. worry 正确答案：B 满分：2 分

4. The police are________ the two missing children. A. looking out B. looking after C. looking for D. looking on 正确答案：C 满分：2 分 5. If he _______such a good chance, he would have planned to learn more. A. was giving B. had given C. had been given D. was to give 正确答案：C 满分：2 分 6. —What a beautiful dress you’re wearing!— __________________. A. No, thanks B. Thank you C. Yes, it is D. Sorry, it isn’t 正确答案：B 满分：2 分 7. — What can I do for you, madam — __________________. A. I want a kilo of apples

西安交通大学课程考试侵权行为法作业考核试题图文稿

西安交通大学课程考试侵权行为法作业考核试 题 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

一、单选题（共 30 道试题，共 60 分。） V 1. 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，医疗机构及其医务人员有过错的，由（）承担赔偿责任。 A. 医务人员 B. 医疗机构 C. 医疗机构负责人 D. 医务人员和医疗机构 满分：2 分 2. 受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，（） A. 受害人自行承担责任 B. 行为人承担责任 C. 可以根据实际情况，由双方分担损失 D. 由受害人和行为人平均承担责任 满分：2 分 3. 劳务派遣期间，被派遣的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由（）承担侵权责任；劳务派遣单位有过错的，承担相应的补充责任。 A. 劳务派遣单位 B. 被派遣的工作人员 C. 当地人民政府 D. 接受劳务派遣的用工单位

满分：2 分 4. 侵害他人财产的，财产损失按照（）的市场价格或者其他方式计算。 A. 提出请求时 B. 判决生效时 C. 损失发生时 D. 财产生成时 满分：2 分 5. 请求赔偿精神损害必须是造成他人（）。 A. 严重精神损害 B. 一般精神损害 C. 精神损害 D. 身体残疾 满分：2 分 6. 因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况，不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见时，经谁批准可以立即实施相应的医疗措施（） A. 经治医生批准 B. 所在临床科室的主任批准 C. 医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准 D. 医疗机构职工代表大会批准 满分：2 分 7. 药品不合格导致患者损害时，患者可以向谁索赔（）

研究生学术英语作文

Evaluation of the Effect of AIDS Health Education on College Students in Nanjing Fang Kun 152899;Wang Chongxu 152895; Song Yue 152894; Deng Lin 152898; Chen Chen 152922; LvRongrong 152921 ; Cheng Xiaoqing 152903

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this research is to know college students’ knowledge, attitude and behavior about AIDS in Jiangsu province, so we can evaluate the effect of AIDS intervention to provide evidence for AIDS public education more effectively in the future. Methods: We educated college students of six pilot universities by playing the videos and sending health education prescription as the main way of risk warning education. We selected students from each college randomly as evaluation object, the questionnaire mainly included students’ basic information, AIDS related knowledge and sexual health.Descriptive analysiswas conducted to analysis s tudents’ basic situation and the sexual health conditions,chi-square test was used to analysis the difference of the education on HIV/AIDS related knowledge, awareness and attitude. Results: After education, the awareness level of the basic knowledge of AIDS in all students increased from 69.05% to 82.15%(Χ2=147.335,P<0.001), but the level of awareness of the students varied from school to school, and there is a big space for improvement in each school; Introduction of the programme witnessed a dramatic change in the students’ attitudes towards AIDS. For instance, the answers of“students’attitudes towards the importance of teaching AIDS related education in schools,someone suspected of being infected with the AIDS/HIV virus will immediately do the antibody detection test or not and the willingness to use condom during the sexual encounter” ha ve proportionally increased in the positive direction. Conclusion: The evaluation results show that the pilot educational activities have made significant effect. Although promotion of AIDS education in the colleges has proven to be fruitful, beneficial and worthy enough but some part of the education still needs to be improved and strengthened. Key words: College students; AIDS; Intervention; Effects

创新_考研英语作文

创新_考研英语作文 With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, invention or innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Our government, with no exception, regard it as “ the soul of our nation.” What, however, can we benefit from it? First of all, invention or innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in invention, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be avaible through invention. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on invention today. Recognizing its importance is only the fist step to advocate invetion or innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. For one thing, our authority should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, can “the soul of our nation” be fully embodied and our nation have a brighter future. 三大类考研英语作文模板 第一类：图表作文 第一段: （３句话） 曲线图、柱形图、表格图： 1. 图表内容：What is illustrated above shows usclearly that dramatic changes have taken place with regard to主题性名词. 2. 总体变化：According to the figures given inthe diagram(图)/table(表), the past xx years have witnessed thissteady rise/decrease. 3. 具体数据：In the year of xxxx, there was/were（描述首年的数量，比如there were 7,000people using cell phones）.However, by the year of xxxx, the number has attained/dropped to xxxx. 若有饼图，加（一般不会单独考，以附加形式出现）： As shown in the pie, the number of (主题性名词(阴影部分)，如：seniorcitizens) has reached xxx, which accounts for xx% of 主题性名词（大饼），如：Chinesepopulation). 第二段：可以写影响或者原因，二者选一： 影响： So far as I’m concerned, I believe thatsuch phenomenon will give rise to a series of consequences. First and foremost,it will exert a far-reaching / negative impact on 名词, 如：livingenvironment ; A casein point is that 简单句型（如：we have only one earth. 这点是例子，(英语作文)可写可不写）; Besides, it may bring about aconsiderable change/damage to_名词,如: environmentdegradation .One more point that can’t be ignored is that简单句型. 原因：

西安交通大学研究生综合英语(II)期末考试考试(b)

2005?2006学年第1学期 西安交通大学研究生综合英语（II）期末考试试题（b）

who pushes her stude nts to excel far bey ond their own expectati ons. A. in spirati onal B. educati onal C. excessive D. in sta ntan eous 15. Some researchers feel that certa in people have n ervous systems particularly _____ to hot, dry win ds. They are what we call weather sen sitive people. A. subjective B. subord in ate C. liable D. vuln erable 16. Hurrica nes are killer win ds, and their _____ power lies in the physical damage they can do. A. cumulative B. destructive C. turbule nt D. prevale nt 17. In some coun tries, stude nts are expected to be quiet and _____ in the classroom. A. skeptical B. faithful C. obedie nt D. subsidiary 18. In spite of the ______ e cono mic forecasts, manu facturi ng output has rise n slightly. A. gloomy B. miserable C. shadowy D. obscure 19. Body paint or face paint is used mostly by men in preliterate societies in order to attract good health or to _______ d isease. A. set aside B. ward off C. shrug off D. give away 20. The intern atio nal situati on has bee n grow ing ____ difficult for the last few years. A. i nvariably B. presumably C. i ncreasi ngly D. dominan tly 21. He ______power and became the king of the country upon the death of his father. A. presumed B. resumed C. con sumed D. assumed 22. My concerns are not on religious grounds or on the basis of a perceived ____________ ethical prin ciple. A. i ntrin sic B. exotic C. extol D. i nalie nable 23. Gen eral Joh nson and his soldiers were accused of _____ t reatme nt of pris oners of war. A. mild B. brutal C. fortu nate D. tran quil 24. These uses cannot be ______ now; nor are they likely to be in the n ear future. A. justified B. champi oned C. con cealed D. confined 25. Her misery brought her to the ______ of tears. A. van dalism B. verge C. vigorous D. zealous 26. His constant attempts to ______ his colleagues ' achievement eventually cause his dismissal. A. withdraw B. diminish C. restra in D. confine 27. That situation made her _____ down a friend j6b s ffer and strike out on her own. A. lie B. hold C. turn D. keep 28. It is time to ______ this barbarous custom. A. do away with B. take away C. get away with D. put away 29. Betwee n the hours of his _____ pursuit of kno wledge, I feel there is many a pause that refreshes." like a cool drink after a long distanee travel. A. arduous B. warm-hearted C. absurd D. ambivale nt 30. Everyth ing he said was _____ by what happe ned later. A. obta ined B. maintained C. verified D. displayed 31. The young woma n _____ w ith an ordinary bank clerk because her pare nts would no t let them marry. A. embittered B. eloped C. en deavored D. estra nged 32. She refused to be ______ w ith her youn ger brother who has no manners at all. A. recon ciled B. receded C. reprima nded D. rudime nt 33. The populati on in this little tow n is______ Chin ese. A. com monly B. regularly C. predo minan tly D. popularly 34. If profits should _______ i n any field of product ion, the result ing in crease in output would