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研究生学术综合英语帝单元单词

研究生学术综合英语帝单元单词
研究生学术综合英语帝单元单词

1, sector ['sekt?]

n. 部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺

vt. 把…分成扇形

2, breed [bri:d]

vi. 繁殖;饲养;产生

vt. 繁殖;饲养;养育,教育;引起

n. 品种;种类,类型

3, fragile ['fr?d?ail]

adj. 脆的;易碎的

4, byproduct ['bai,pr?d?kt]

n. 副产品

5, misappropriation ['mis?'pr?upri'ei??n] n. 侵吞;滥用

6, kickback ['k ikb?k]

n. 回扣,佣金;强烈反应;退回赃物

7, legitimacy [li'd?itim?si]

n. 合法;合理;正统

8, content ['k?ntent]

n. 内容,目录;满足;容量

adj. 满意的

vt. 使满足

9, systemic [si'stemik, -'sti:-]

adj. 系统的;全身的;体系的

10, cynicism ['sini,siz?m]

n. 玩世不恭,愤世嫉俗;犬儒主义;冷嘲热讽

11, enact [i'n?kt]

vt. 颁布;制定法律;扮演

12, prohibiting

v. 禁止(prohibit的ing形式)

13, bribery ['braib?ri]

n. [法] 贿赂;受贿;行贿

14, extortion [ik'st?:??n]

n. 勒索;敲诈;强夺;被勒索的财物

15, promulgate ['pr?m?lɡeit, pr?u'm?l-]

vt. 公布;传播;发表

16, cooperation [k?u,?p?'rei??n]

n. 合作,协作;[劳经] 协力

17, corporation [,k?:p?'rei??n]

n. 公司;法人(团体);社团;大腹便便;市政当局18, implement ['implim?nt, 'impliment]

vt. 实施,执行;实现,使生效

n. 工具,器具;手段

19, advocacy ['?dv?k?si]

n. 主张;拥护;辩护

20, underlying [,?nd?'laii?]

adj. 潜在的;根本的;在下面的;优先的

v. 放在…的下面;为…的基础;优先于(underlie的ing形式)21, rhetoric ['ret?rik]

n. 修辞,修辞学;华丽的词藻

adj. 花言巧语的

22, recognition [,rek?g'ni??n]

n. 识别;承认,认出;重视;赞誉;公认

23, demonstrably ['dem?nstr?bli]

adv. 可论证地;明确地

24, deleterious [,deli'ti?ri?s]

adj. 有毒的,有害的

25, consequence ['k?nsi,kw?ns]

n. 结果;重要性;推论

26, pundit ['p?ndit]

n. 博学者;梵文学者

27, efficient [i'fi??nt]

adj. 有效率的;有能力的;生效的

28, corrective [k?'rektiv]

adj. 矫正的;惩治的

n. 矫正物;改善法

29, inevitable [in'evit?bl]

adj. 必然的,不可避免的

30, intractable [in'tr?kt?bl]

adj. 棘手的;难治的;倔强的;不听话的

31, distort [dis't?:t]

vt. 扭曲;使失真;曲解

vi. 扭曲;变形

32, undermine [,?nd?'main]

vt. 破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基

33, rule [ru:l]

vi. 统治;管辖;裁定

n. 统治;规则

vt. 统治;规定;管理;裁决;支配

34, corrode [k?'r?ud]

vt. 侵蚀;损害

vi. 受腐蚀;起腐蚀作用

35, integrity [in'teɡr?ti]

n. 完整;正直;诚实;廉正

36, barrier ['b?ri?]

n. 障碍物,屏障;界线

vt. 把…关入栅栏

37, kleptocracy [klep't?kr?si]

n. 盗贼统治

38, quantify ['kw?ntifai]

vt. 量化;为…定量;确定数量

vi. 量化;定量

39, estimate ['estimeit]

vi. 估计,估价

n. 估计,估价;判断,看法

vt. 估计,估量;判断,评价

40, trillion ['trilj?n]

n. [数] 万亿

adj. 万亿的

num. [数] 万亿

41, bribes

赃物

42, bribe [braib]

vt. 贿赂,收买

vi. 行贿

n. 贿赂

43, embezzlement [im'bezlm?nt]

n. 侵占;挪用;盗用

44, annually ['?nju?li]

adv. 每年;一年一次

45, committee [k?'miti]

n. 委员会

46, scheme [ski:m]

n. 计划;组合;体制;诡计

vi. 搞阴谋;拟订计划

vt. 计划;策划

47, drumbeat ['dr?mbi:t]

n. 鼓声;打鼓声

48, scandal ['sk?nd?l]

n. 丑闻;流言蜚语;诽谤;公愤

49, credibility [,kredi'bil?ti]

n. 可信性;确实性

50, momentum [m?u'ment?m]

n. 势头;[物] 动量;动力;冲力

51, critical ['kritik?l]

adj. 鉴定的;[核] 临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的52, broad [br?:d]

adj. 宽的,辽阔的;显著的;大概的

n. 宽阔部分

adv. 宽阔地

53, lengthy ['le?θi]

adj. 漫长的,冗长的;啰唆的

54, discretionary [dis'kre??n?ri]

adj. 任意的;自由决定的

55, authority [?:'θ?r?ti]

n. 权威;权力;当局

56, petty ['peti]

adj. 琐碎的;小气的;小规模的

57, dynamic [dai'n?mik]

adj. 动态的;动力的;动力学的;有活力的

n. 动态;动力

58, fund

fund: 基金 | 资金 | 现款

59, host [h?ust]

n. [计] 主机;主人;主持人;许多

vt. 主持;当主人招待

vi. 群集;做主人

60, tackle ['t?kl]

n. 滑车;装备;用具;扭倒

vt. 处理;抓住;固定;与…交涉

vi. 扭倒;拦截抢球

61, priority [prai'?r?ti]

n. 优先;优先权;[数] 优先次序;优先考虑的事62, pursue [p?'sju:, -'su:]

vt. 继续;从事;追赶;纠缠

vi. 追赶;继续进行

63, misconduct [,mis'k?nd?kt, ,misk?n'd?kt] n. 不端行为;处理不当

vt. 处理不当;行为不检

64, investigate [in'vestiɡeit]

v. 调查;研究

65, prosecute ['pr?sikju:t]

vt. 检举;贯彻;从事;依法进行

vi. 起诉;告发;作检察官

66, legislation [,led?is'lei??n]

n. 立法;法律

67, administrative [?d'ministr?tiv]

adj. 管理的,行政的

68, regulation [,reɡju'lei??n]

n. 管理;规则;校准

adj. 规定的;平常的

69, choke [t??uk]

vt. 呛;使窒息;阻塞;抑制;扑灭

vi. 窒息;阻塞;说不出话来

n. 窒息;噎;[动力] 阻气门

70, practice ['pr?ktis]

n. 实践;练习;惯例

vi. 练习;实习;实行

vt. 练习;实习;实行

71, ombudsmen ['?mbudzm?n, ?m'budzm?n]

n. 监察员;民政专员

72, whistleblower

告发者;检举者

73, transparent [tr?ns'p?r?nt, -'pε?-, tr?nz-, trɑ:n-] adj. 透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的

74, procurement [pr?u'kju?m?nt]

n. 采购;获得,取得

75, accounting [?'kaunti?]

n. 会计,会计学;帐单

v. 解释(account的ing形式);叙述

76, auditing ['?:diti?]

n. 审计;[审计] 查帐

v. 审计;查账(audit的现在分词)

77, requirement [ri'kwai?m?nt]

n. 要求;必要条件;必需品

78, entity ['ent?ti]

n. 实体;存在;本质

79, reform [ri'f?:m]

n. 改革,改良;改正

vt. 改革,革新;重新组成

vi. 重组;改过

adj. 改革的;改革教会的

80, institution [,insti'tju:??n]

n. 制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗

81, institutional [,insti'tju:??n?l]

adj. 制度的;制度上的;学会的

82, design [di'zain]

vt. 设计;计划;构思

n. 设计;图案

vi. 设计

83, compliance [k?m'plai?ns]

n. 顺从,服从;承诺

84, beneficiary [,beni'fi??ri]

n. [金融] 受益人,受惠者;封臣

adj. 拥有封地的;受圣俸的

85, inimical [i'nimik?l]

adj. 敌意的;有害的

86, repugnant [ri'p?ɡn?nt]

adj. 讨厌的;矛盾的;敌对的

87, accountable [?'kaunt?bl]

adj. 有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的

88, durable ['dju?r?bl]

adj. 耐用的,持久的

n. 耐用品

89, dimension [di'men??n, dai-]

n. [数] 维;尺寸;次元;容积

vt. 标出尺寸

adj. 规格的

90, norm [n?:m]

n. 规范,基准;定额,分配之工作量91, financial [fai'n?n??l]

adj. 金融的;财政的,财务的

92, discipline ['disiplin]

n. 学科;纪律;训练;惩罚

vt. 训练,训导;惩戒

93, operational [,?p?'rei??n?l] adj. 操作的;运作的

94, perspective [p?'spektiv]

n. 观点;远景;透视图

adj. 透视的

95, oppose [?'p?uz]

vt. 反对;对抗,抗争

vi. 反对

96, conditioning [k?n'di??ni?]

n. 调节;条件作用;整修

v. 以…为条件(condition的ing形式)97, loan [l?un]

n. 贷款;借款

vi. 借出

vt. 借;借给

98, grant [ɡrɑ:nt, ɡr?nt]

vt. 授予;允许;承认

vi. 同意

n. 拨款;[法] 授予物

99, commitment [k?'mitm?nt]

n. 承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身100, ultimately ['?ltim?tli]

adv. 最后;根本;基本上

101, morally ['m?r?li, 'm?:-] adv. 道德上;有道德地;确实地

102, welfare ['welfε?]

n. 福利;幸福;福利事业;安宁

adj. 福利的;接受社会救济的

103, estrange [i'streind?]

vt. 使疏远;离间

104, plague [pleiɡ]

n. 瘟疫;灾祸;麻烦;讨厌的人

vt. 折磨;使苦恼;使得灾祸

105, starvation [stɑ:'vei??n]

n. 饿死;挨饿;绝食

106, assumption [?'s?mp??n]

n. 假定;设想;担任;采取

107, influential [,influ'en??l]

adj. 有影响的;有势力的

108, dramatic [dr?'m?tik,-k?l]

adj. 戏剧的;引人注目的;激动人心的

109, infant ['inf?nt]

n. 婴儿;幼儿;未成年人

adj. 婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的110, mortality [m?:'t?l?ti]

n. 死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运111, replacement [ri'pleism?nt]

n. 更换;复位;代替者;补充兵员

112, outnumber [,aut'n?mb?]

vt. 数目超过;比…多

113, sponsor ['sp?ns?]

n. 赞助者;主办者;保证人

vt. 赞助;发起

114, procreate ['pr?ukrieit]

vi. 生育(子女);产生

vt. 生殖

115, incentive [in'sentiv]

n. 动机;刺激

adj. 激励的;刺激的

116, explicitly [ik'splisitli]

adv. 明确地;明白地

117, pronatalist [pr?u'neit?list]

adj. 鼓励提高人口出生率的;多生育主义者的n. 主张提高人口出生率的人;多生育主义者118, otherwise ['?e?waiz]

adv. 否则;另外;在其他方面

adj. 另外的;其他方面的

119, imperial [im'pi?ri?l]

adj. 帝国的;皇帝的;至高无上的;威严的n. 纸张尺寸;特等品

120, parenthood ['pε?r?nt,hud]

n. 亲子关系;父母身分

121, dictator [dik'teit?, 'dikteit?] n. 独裁者;命令者

122, multiply ['m?ltiplai]

vt. 乘;使增加;使繁殖;使相乘

vi. 乘;繁殖;增加

adv. 多样地;复合地

adj. 多层的;多样的

123, fertility [f?'tiliti]

n. 多产;肥沃;[农经] 生产力;丰饶

124, recur [ri'k?:]

vi. 复发;重现;采用;再来;循环;递归

125, tendency ['tend?nsi]

n. 倾向,趋势;癖好

126, civilization [,sivilai'zei??n, -li'z-] n. 文明;文化

127, reproduction [,ri:pr?'d?k??n]

n. 繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品

128, primordial [prai'm?:dj?l]

adj. 原始的;根本的;原生的

129, coerce [k?u'?:s]

vt. 强制,迫使

130, genital ['d?enitl]

adj. 生殖的;生殖器的

n. 生殖器;外阴部

131, mutilation [,mju:ti'lei??n]

n. 毁损;残缺;切断

132, abortion [?'b?:??n]

n. 流产,小产;流产的胎儿

133, infanticide [in'f?ntisaid]

n. 杀婴,杀婴者;杀婴犯;杀婴罪

134, econ

abbr. 经济(economic );经济模式(economics )135, military ['milit?ri]

adj. 军事的;军人的;适于战争的

n. 军队;军人

136, conquest ['k??kwest]

n. 征服,战胜;战利品

137, granary ['ɡr?n?ri]

n. 谷仓,粮仓;盛产粮食的地区

138, raid [reid]

n. 袭击;突袭;搜捕;抢劫

vi. 对…进行突然袭击

vt. 袭击,突袭

139, rape [reip]

n. 强奸,掠夺;[园艺] 油菜;葡萄渣

vt. 强奸;掠夺,抢夺

vi. 犯强奸罪

140, domestication [d?u,mestikei??n]

n. 驯养;教化

141, surplus ['s?:pl?s, -pl?s]

n. 剩余;[贸易] 顺差;盈余;过剩

adj. 剩余的;过剩的

142, pyramid ['pir?mid]

n. 金字塔;角锥体

vi. 渐增;上涨;成金字塔状

vt. 使…渐增;使…上涨;使…成金字塔状

143, fateful ['feitful]

adj. 重大的;决定性的;宿命的

144, abundance [?'b?nd?ns]

n. 充裕,丰富

145, demographic [,dem?'ɡr?fik,-k?l]

adj. 人口统计学的;人口学的

146, menace ['men?s]

n. 威胁;恐吓

vi. 恐吓;进行威胁

vt. 威胁;恐吓

147, tribe [traib]

n. 部落;族;宗族;一伙

148, warrior ['w?ri?, 'w?:-]

n. 战士,勇士;鼓吹战争的人

149, fierce [fi?s]

adj. 凶猛的;猛烈的;暴躁的

150, valiant ['v?lj?nt]

adj. 英勇的,勇敢的

n. 勇士;勇敢的人

151, prevail [pri'veil, pri:-]

vi. 盛行,流行;战胜,获胜

152, pouring ['p?:ri?]

v. 倾泻;倾诉(pour的ing形式)

n. [冶] 浇注;传布

153, loot [lu:t]

n. 战利品;抢劫;掠夺品

vt. 抢劫,洗劫;强夺

vi. 洗劫,掠夺;抢劫

154, colony ['k?l?ni]

n. 殖民地;移民队

155, dreary ['dri?ri]

adj. 沉闷的,枯燥的

156, chore [t??:]

n. 家庭杂务;日常的零星事务;讨厌的或累人的工作

157, dearth [d?:θ]

n. 缺乏;饥馑;粮食不足

158, general ['d?en?r?l]

adj. 一般的,普通的;综合的;大体的

n. 一般;将军,上将;常规

159, decay [di'kei]

vi. 衰退,[核] 衰减;腐烂,腐朽

n. 衰退,[核] 衰减;腐烂,腐朽

vt. 使腐烂,使腐败;使衰退,使衰落

160, lament [l?'ment]

n. 挽歌;恸哭;悲痛之情

vi. 哀悼;悲叹;悔恨

vt. 哀悼;痛惜

161, perverted [p?'v?:tid]

adj. 歪曲的;不正当的;性变态的

v. 使入歧途(pervert的过去分词)

162, pas sion ['p???n]

n. 激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒

163, idle ['aidl]

adj. 闲置的;懒惰的;停顿的

vi. 无所事事;虚度;空转

vt. 虚度;使空转

164, drones

n. 雄蜂;(英)懒汉;遥控飞机(drone的复数形式)

v. 混(日子);懒散地打发时间(drone的三单形式);闲散度日(drone的三单形式)165, hegemonic [,heɡi'm?nik, hed?i-]

adj. 霸权的;支配的

166, collaps

n. 塌陷

167, overrun [,?uv?'r?n, '?uv?r?n]

n. 泛滥成灾;超出限度

vt. 泛滥;超过;蹂躏

vi. 泛滥;蔓延

168, obnoxious [?b'n?k??s]

adj. 讨厌的;可憎的;不愉快的

169, enlightened [in'lait?nd]

adj. 开明的;文明的;进步的;被启发的

v. 启迪(enlighten的过去式)

研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)

Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

学术综合英语1~5单元单词及重要词组总结(包含易考单词)

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staggering惊人的 unprecedented史无前例的 entail要求 mediocre二流的平庸的,劣质的elaborate复杂的 effluent工业废水 disruption有限,限定,限度 traverse穿行 magnitude程度 particulate微粒,颗粒 *consensus一致意见 concentration浓度 *liability不利因素 *menace威胁 *portend预示 pathogen病原体 *striking显著地 augment增加 emergence出现 *intractable难处理的 *massive巨大的 central重要的 *devastating毁灭性的 *aggravate恶化,加重,是恼火 *plausible貌似可信的 *entail使需要,承担 *triple三倍的 *intractable不听话的 *pose造成,形成 *staggering蹒跚 *emergence出现 *resurgence复活,再现,再起 *contribute to导致,引起,为。。。做贡献*center on集中于 *on a par with等同于 *pin down准确界定,确定 *detract from贬低 kindle点燃 revere尊敬

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第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中,语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言,我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实,语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是:语言并不是简单地反映事实,而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具,对于他们来说,如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者,你应该意识到话语的意义,并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言,使其表达清楚,趣味横生,恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样,准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前,千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语,一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前,一定要不断地问自己:“我究竟想说些什么?我究竟想表达什么样的意思?”因此,对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说,必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误,听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此,演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语,这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解;演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语;并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻,哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象,那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较,不过有些是相同的:它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻,它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起,暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感:排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起;重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语;头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同;对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起,通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时,恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格,而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分,那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上,熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说,通常有三种论据材料:事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中,你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候,你可以罗列好几个简明的例子,借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些,但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形,这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果,例子应该生动活泼,丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释,这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息,听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是:演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌,并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造,因此,对于演说者来说,一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴,并且要确保统计方法正确,数据来源可靠。?

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Presenting a speech (做演讲) Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. [Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,传承文化。事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途,这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者,必须知道词语的具体含义,也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose wor ds that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定,请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候,要不断地问自己:“我到底要说什么?我到底想表达什么意思?”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words (that are known to the average person and require no specialized background); by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点,就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语;多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇;还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery,or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things (that are essentially different yet have something in common); it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来!比喻,这种能产生文字图像的修辞,可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言,分为明喻和隐喻。明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较,一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较,不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。

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如果要给当代关于克隆的争论找出一个守护圣徒的话,安迪·沃荷当之无愧。沃荷不仅认为每个人都有15分钟的成名时刻,例如律师、哲学家、神学家以及在伊恩·维尔穆特成功克隆多利羊后,发现他们自身特长成为有线电视台夜间道德评论节目热捧对象的生物伦理学家;沃荷同时将“克隆”也就是同一现象的重复复制推向了大众文化的中心。除了复制玛丽莲·梦露图片和金宝汤图案以外,人类现在克隆了羊。遗憾的是,主导目前克隆争论的正是沃荷夸大其词的能力,而不是他的智慧和另类观点。 如果我们用评判一篇有说服力的哲学或法律分析的标准去武断地评判评论员文章、受欢迎的脱口秀和夜间广播节目,那会有失公允。但大众媒体应该更多地将有思想的公共讨论引向关于人类和非人类动物克隆的法律、道德、政治、医学和科学角度。 《自然》杂志公布了伊恩·维尔穆特从一只成年羊乳细胞中成功克隆出多利羊的消息后,我和我在哈斯汀斯研究中心的同事们一样,接受了几家媒体采访。虽然采访前我向一家洛杉矶电台广播员清楚地表明我不是一个神学家,也不代表任何宗教组织,但录音时我还是被出乎意料地问到上帝如何看待克隆以及克隆是否“违背自然创造”。可以想像,广播员不希望讨论宗教伦理学家如何就克隆道德性问题进行早期公开演说。相反,他只是想让我对此有一个剧烈的回应,然后无神论者、不可知论者以及各式各样的宗教信徒就会蜂拥地打电话到广播电台。 除了不停地给公众灌注夸张的惊呼声和文字版本以外,媒体们一致将焦点放在涉及克隆人的问题上,却几乎一点也不关注克隆非人类动物所带来的道德影响。我们当然要讨论克隆人的伦理性,但克隆非人类动物已经发生并值得引起人们思考其伦理性问题。 虽然我怀疑我们能否为克隆动物找到具有说服力的论证,但不应该忽视实际上进行这样的论证与仅仅假设非人类克隆总是没有问题的这两者之间的区别。很显然,人类很多时候已经把非人类动物视为商品,比如作为食物来源。但如果克隆动物的目的是为了把它们作为“医药工厂”原料,用来制造胰岛素和其它物质,治疗人类疾病,就应该引起我们思考这种态度应该延伸多远的问题。人类使用其它物种应该遵循什么样的道德义务?给人类带来的潜在医用价值是否大于鼓励人们把非人类动物视为工具并用来满足人类目标所产生的危险性?这些问题应该成为公众关于克隆讨论的一部分。考虑到一些人对于使用陷阱捕捉野生动物的关注,对于饲养动物生活环境的关注以及在医药研究中使用和对待动物问题的关注,我觉得这方面公众信息的不足比较令人费解。 媒体对于克隆问题疯狂聚焦,这其中最重要的问题是简单地假设人类只不过是他们基因的产物,这种观点通常被称为“基因本质主义”。电视主持人和电台广播员提出是否有可能组建一支全部由迈克尔·乔丹克隆人组成的篮球队。而哲学家、神学家和其他专家已经郑重对此重申回应说,人类行为毫无疑问与基因成分有关,但是包括子宫环境、家庭动态、社会环境、营养和其它个人历史在内的一系列因素在个人发展过程中也发挥重要作用。因此,从一个出色运动员DNA中产生的克隆人也有可能对体育不敢兴趣。 这条更为复杂的信息已经引起了更多媒体关注,我们仍然继续听到描述富人有天可能复制出他们自己,或者拥有换致命疾病小孩的父母可以创造出小孩复体之类的故事。纽约大学科学社会学家多罗西·内尔金所指的“像天命一样的DNA”似乎还在给大众媒体带来震撼。 更重要的是,克隆问题反应出大众媒体希望通过暗示科学“进步”不可停止来培育人们对于技术和科学决定论的态度。当然,许多科学家也赞成这些看法,并且时常拒绝承担 他们参与可能导致人类灾害有关研究的道义责任。但是科学家不应该仅仅只做他们的研究,而把道德论证留给他人去做。他们应该参与公众关于一些科学项目是否有害以及是否应该继续进行的讨论,因为这些项目会带来不合理的、非人性化的影响。许多核物理学家公开批评核武器就是一个很好的例证,他们在限制

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作文 1. Recent years, with the development of our economic, the gap of urban-rural development has reduced to some extent. However, some disparities still exist. Compared with city dwellers, rural residents are used to filling up and eating much meat. City dwellers pay more attention to the balance of nutrition. In the way of dressing, people living in urban city often pursue brands, fashion and colors. On contrary, people who live in country dress just for dress. On education, we can easily find that urban students own better and richer hardware and software resource. Besides, they can get in touch with various knowledge and cultures. Rural students, most of them, get textbook knowledge only coming from teachers. However,Cities are a hub for industrialization. There are more factories and businesses, making the areas more polluted. Additionally, the increased population in cities makes the ground more likely to be marred by litter and heavy use.Generally, the convenience of cities makes them costlier.City living may reduce the need for a car,live in smaller living spaces, In contrast, the upkeep of larger country homes may require more natural resources. These are just a few differences between them. We should make great efforts to reduce the gap and make a contribution to rural development. Then China will become strengthened. 2. Last year, I traveled to shan xi province with my friend. As we all know the most distinguishing cate in shan xi is flour-made dishes. Y et, among them, I’am most impressed with glass dumplings. Generally speaking, a glass dumpling is three or four times the size of a common dumpling. From its transparent skin, we can clearly see what stuff is filled. Its skin often is made with naked oats and starch. As for stuffing, it depends on your taste. If you like vegetables, you can add in tomatoes, carrots,chives,black fungus and some spice. If you like meat, OK, you can add in meat. After steaming about 30minutes, the delicious dish is fine which has various ways of eating, for example, dipping broth, dipping vinegar or having it directly. Have a bite and you will find it flexible chewy. Glass dumplings are not only toothsome, but are healthy on account of containing DF. Eating more grain roughage can promote balanced nutrition. So I like glass dumplings best! 3. In modern times, people have more and more kinds of entertainments. It’s not enough to take simple and common activities. Dangerous sports and other dangerous activities are popular with people, like bungee jumping, climbing snow bergs, etc. But why do people like these items? I think being under severe stress is a main reason. Only in these ways can they relax themselves, abreacting mood and take their mind off their work for the moment. In addition, there are some people liking exploring, and they are eager to be close to nature. Doing these items will increase their knowledge, richening life experience, expanding their horizons and open mind. Surly, a part of youths just seek excitement and danger, believing that nothing can stop them and life should be colorful.

研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译

Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy 51. Which of the following is true about Olson?关于Olson,以下哪项是正确的 He taught economics at the University of Maryland.他在马里兰大学教授经济学。52. Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?以下哪项代表奥尔森的观点? Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building. 保护个人财产权可以促进财富的积累。 53. What does Olson think about mass production?奥尔森如何看待批量生产? It's property intensive.这是财产密集型 54. What is the basis for the banking system?银行体系的基础是什么? A contract system that can be enforced.可以强制执行的合同系统。 55. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries? 奥尔森认为,第三世界国家经济欠佳的原因是什么? Lack of secure individual property rights.缺乏安全的个人财产权。 56. What is the other economists' opinion about the poor economies of the Third World? 其他经济学家对第三世界的贫困经济有何看法? A free market is not let to determine the prices and quantities of goods. 自由市场不允许确定商品的价格和数量。 Where one stage of child development has been left out, 57. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children()所有治疗儿童发育困难的原则(重述以前的经历) offers recapture of earlier experiences 58. The child in the nursery()托儿所里的孩子 doesn’t initially sleep and wake at regular intervals.最初没有定期睡眠和唤醒 59. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills()鼓励孩子学习新技能should be balanced between two extremes应该在两个极端之间取得平衡 60. Jigsaw puzzles are()拼图游戏是 suitable exercises for parent-child co operation亲子合作的适当练习 61. Parental controls and discipline()家长控制和纪律 serve a dual purpose服务于双重目的 62. According to the passage, why is learning together a fruitful source of relationship? 根据这段话,为什么一起学习是一个富有成果的关系来源 Because children and their parents share learning.因为孩子和他们的父母共享学习。 Artist Sam Easterson's“Animal, vegetable" video project offers a bizarre 63. Easterson's cameras on animals will keep on working()伊斯特森的动物摄影机将继续工作 as long as they are still in their positions只要他们仍然在自己的位置上 64. Easterson has presented the world seen by animals and plants mainly to()Easterson向人们展示了动植物所看到的世界(鼓励人们保护动植物) encourage people to protect animals and plants

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