英国文学史及选读复习资料整理

Old English Period

The 17th Century

A Brief Introduction of the 17th century

?The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie

?James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny

?Charles I: 1625-1649

?Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658

?Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration

?James II：1685-1688

?William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”

?The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689

John Donne

代表作：The Flea

Metaphysical Poetry

Holy Sonnet 10

Song

A Valediction:

Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀

John Milton

?the early phase of reading and lyric writing

?the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it

?the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writing

Paradise Lost

--- the great epic

Paradise Regained；Samson Agonistes

John Bunyan

The Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）

The 18th-century Literature

The Rise of English Novels

The historical background

Comparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.

The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.

England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.

With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.

The rise of the English novel.

代表作：

Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe

Jonathan Swift

The Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》

The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》

The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》

A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》

Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》

Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》

Satirical features

?Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）

?The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and their

institutions of England.

?The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.

?The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing and

speculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.

?The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.

Henry Fielding

Tom Johnson

Social significance

The writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggle

The 18th-century Literature (II)

The Age of Enlightenment in England

The rapid development of social life

?On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.

?On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.

?On the religious scene, deism came into existence

代表

Thomas Gray

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

● a masterpiece of lyric

●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,

whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning

●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB

●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative

●Style: neoclassic

---vivid visual painting,

---musical/rhythmic,

---controlled and restrained,

---polished language

Section 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem

●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. When

the “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.

●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in face

of death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could

●ever bring anything back to life.

Section 4

●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial to

the growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.

Section 5

●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason to

forget these farmers.

Section 6

●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. A

villager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.

Section 7

●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks the

passers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.

●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadness

Oliver Goldsmith’s

《The Vicar of Wakefield》

?Pre-Romantic Poems (I)

William Blake

The Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick Rose

Robert Burns

?1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;

?2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs

?3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne

Burns’s position and his features

? A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland

?Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.

?His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery

of the old song traditions.

?His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentiment

Burns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of Romanticism

The Romantic Period (I)

?“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人

William Wordsworth

Samuel Coleridge

Robert Southey

?William Wordsworth

?Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

Comments on Wordsworth

Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.

?George Gordon Byron

?Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan

?What is Byronic hero?

?Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.

?Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.

?Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions ?Byronic heroes

?heroic of noble birth

?passionate

?rebellious

?individual

?Summery

?This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external ?The theme

?This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.

?Rhetorics

?Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.

?He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.

? A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.

?Rhyme and meter

?The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. ?Percy Bysshe Shelley

?Comments on Shelley

? 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.

? 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.

? 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.

4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.

5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the

revolutionary romanticism in England.

6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.

7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.

Ode to the West Wind

Stanza 1

It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).

Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem

Stanza 2

I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing

storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).

It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome of

a vast tom

b (ll. 24-25).

Stanza 3

It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).

The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).

Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.

Stanza 4

It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.

The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.

The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.

He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).

Stanza 5

?It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem

“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).

?The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.

?John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romantic

movement

?Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a Nightingale

Walter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel

Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；Persuasion

Critical Realism Victorian Period

Features of Dickens’s novels

?Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.

Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society

?Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.

The story of some major novels

?Oliver Twist

?David Copperfield

?Great Expectation

? A Tale of Two Cities

William Makepeace Thackeray

Vanity Fair

?The Bront? sisters

?Charlotte

?Jane eyre (1847)

?Shirley (1849)

?Villette (1853)

?The professor (1857)

?Emily

?Wuthering Heights (1847)

?Anne

?Agnes Grey (1847)

?The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》

Alfred Lord Tennyson

?the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850

?The Princes (1847),

?In Memoriam (1850),

?Maud (1855),

?Enoch Arden (1864),

?The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert Browning

My Last Duchess a dramatic monologue

The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature

◆Under the Greenwood Tree

◆Far from the Madding Crowd

◆The Return of the Native

◆The Mayor of Casterbridge

◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles

◆Jude the Obscure

Oscar Wilde

?The Picture of Dorian Gray

?Lady Windermere’s Fan

? A Woman of No Importance

?An Ideal Husband

?The Importance of Being Earnest

?Salome

?The Happy Prince and Other Tales

George Bernard Shaw

? a prolific writer;

?winning Nobel Prize in 1925

Mrs. Warren’s profession

D. H. Lawrence

?Novels

?Sons and Lovers

?The Rainbow

?Women in Love

?Lady Chatterley's Lover

?Novellas

?St Mawr

?The Virgin and the Gypsy

?The Escaped Cock

“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby

附

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。（王佐良先生译）

教师资格考试-语文学科知识与教学能力考点归纳3-模块一-现代汉语(一)

模块一-现代汉语（一）语文学科知识 考点精讲 二、汉字 1.形近字——以音辨形 适用于一些字形相近但读音不同的形近字。例如： 2.同音字——以义辨形 ①适用于音同音近形异字。 例如：各行其是——各行其事 不计其数——不记其数 ②适用于音同音近形近字。 例如：报仇——抱怨 飞驰——松弛 烦躁——干燥

3.成语——根据结构、来源、含义辨析字形。 对于并列结构或者互文手法的词语，可根据词的结构辨析 字形。 例如：惹是生非——惹事生非 名门望族——名门旺族 真题精讲 【例2018年上-真题】阅读下面的学生习作，完成以下题目。 读书·实践·收获 ①我曾为一段曼妙的钢琴曲所触动。那优雅的旋律深深地吸引重源普我，让我下决心投入了钢琴的学习。可未尝试多久我便发现，自己所演奏出的不过只是一个个拼凑而成的断音，尽管旋律可谓说耳，却始终无法打动人心。 ②抱着这样的烦恼，我翻开了《贝多芬传》。在书中，我仿佛看见了那个身影一贝多芬，身患重病却堅强地在琴前创作的身影。他的命运无疑是多舛的，可他却没有曲服，坚决而肯定地说道：“我要扼住命运的咽喉!”失聪并未阻止他在音乐路上的前行，他坚强地战胜病魔，作出了一篇又一篇經典的乐章。读到这儿，我的耳畔又一次响起了《命运交响曲》的旋律。此刻，这旋律是多么振撼激荡，比我之前所听过的每一次都要更加猛烈，每一个音符都重重地捶击在我的心头。我看到了与命运搏斗的贝多芬，与这旋律所结合，于我而言更加震动。不觉间，我早已泪流满面。 ③我才恍然大悟，原来这便是我所要实现的能打动人心的旋律。我不仅学习了乐理，还懂得了要使音符充满情感，音乐才能更加饱满。 ④在书中，我得到了这样的收获。音乐不仅是音律的结合，更包含了演奏者对乐曲的理解。每一个演奏者对音乐的看法都不同，奏出的旋律的内涵也不同，是演奏者赋子了旋律第二次新生，让音乐有了灵魂。正因人对旋律的表达与理解产生了共鸣，旋律才能称之为真正的音乐，才能够触动人的内心。这便是书所教给我的道理。 问题： 17.请从第②段找出两个错别字，从第③段找出处病句， 分别改正。（8分） 18.请指出该习作的一个缺点，并是出具体的改进建议。 网校答案： 17.错别字：“曲服”改为“屈服”；”振撼"改为“震撼"。 病句：我才恍然大悟，原来这便是我所要实现的能打动人心的旋律。 改为：我才恍然大悟，原来这便是我想要学会的能打动人心的旋律。 【例2018年下-真题】阅读下面的学生习作，完成以下题目。 阅读，真好 ①有人喜欢唱歌，有人喜欢网游，有人喜欢吃吃喝喝。而我喜欢阅读。 ②喜欢一个人的时候坐在书房里静静地看书，看天南海北的故事，和书中人物尽情交流。 ③阅读，它有一种吸引力，让我放松，让我快乐，让我坚强。

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

现代汉语考点总结黄伯荣廖序东教材

三、现代汉语的主要特点 现代汉语的特点是根据比较，归纳总结出来的，比较的对象有： 历时比较：同古代汉语、近代汉语比较 共时比较：同世界其他民族语言比较 （一）语音特点 1，每1音节都有声调（声、韵、调是汉语音节3要素，其中声调是音节必不可少的组成部分） 2，没有复辅音（辅音以清辅音为主，浊辅音只有m， l，r，n；而英语和古代汉语有） 3，元音占优势（任一音节必有韵母，任一韵母必有一个或一个以上的元音） 4，没有入声（古代汉语和近代汉语有，入声在现代汉语中归并在平、上、去三个声调中，但一些方言中仍保留入声声调） （二）词汇特点 1，以单音节词根和根词为主； 2，双音节词占优势（汉语多采用词根复合构词法创造新词，双音节词具有音节对称和谐的美感） 3，多音节词语中四字格为主（与双音节词占优势有关，也与汉语偶数节律习惯有关） （三）语法特点 1，词形没有形态变化 2，复合词为主 3，量词丰富 4，存在兼类词（如动词兼名词等） 5，句法与词法的一致性（如：水土流失、提高等；该特点对汉语学习和使用提供了方便，但易出现词和短语划界限不清问题） 6，语序和虚词是主要语法手段（用相同词，语序不同意思不同，如：我要学—要我学；使用介词不同，意思不同，如：我把他打了—我被他打了） （四）语用不同 1，现代汉语具有意会性（求简明、达意，不一定求句子结构完整） 2，依靠语境相处歧义（如：咬死了猎人的狗） （五）修辞特点 1，采用汉字构形特点（琴瑟琵琶八大王王王在上） 2，音节结构整齐（双声、叠韵、压韵、对偶等修辞格式都具有音节结构整齐的特点） 3，具有民族文化特色（歇后语、成语等） （六）信息处理特点 1，汉字属于大字符集（与拼音文字比，字型技术和标准化方面困难） 2，存在词语切分问题 3，存在词性标注问题 4，大陆、台湾的统一和规范（外用借词同源异形，常用词语也有区别） 二语音 一、汉语语音概说 （一）基本概念 1，音素最小的语音单位，是从音色的角度划分出来的。一个音节如果按音色的不同进一步划分，就会得到一个个最小的各有特色的单位，这就是音素。（如“老”可以划分出l， a ，o三个音素）音素可以分为：辅音和元音。 2，音节语音结构的基本单位，人的听觉自然感到的最小语音片段；每发一个音节时，发音器官的肌肉，特别是喉部肌肉都明显的紧张一下，每次肌肉的紧张度增而复减，就形成一个音节；一般来说一个汉字就代表一个音节。（也有例外，：“天儿” tianr） 三词汇 一、汉语词汇概说 （一）什么是词汇：语言里所有的词和固定用语的总汇。 （二）词汇单位： 1，语素 1.1 定义：语素是语言中最小的音义结合体 1.2 语素类型： （1）按音节分：单音节语素——双音节语素——多音节语素 （2）按构词能力分： A ：自由语素能独立成词 （特例有：了、吗、吧不能语其他语素组合成词） B：半自由语素不能独立成词，只能与其他语素自由组合，位置不固定如伟大、宏伟 C：不自由语素，不能独立成词，与别的语素组合成词时位置固定，如阿姨、第一、人们、记者 2，词 2.1 定义：最小的能够独立运用的语言单位 2.2 语素、字与词的关系： （1）一个字代表一个词，同时代表一个语素，如山、水 （2）两个以上的字表示一个词，其中的字各代表一个语素，如人民、建设、建设者等 （3）词由2个以上字表示，但各个字没意思，只表示一个音节，各自不代表语素，如：巧克力、玻璃 （4）一个字代表不同词，如：米饭厘米中的米，这样的字代表不同语素。（有同形同音，同形异音如：重，不同的读法也代表不同语素） （5）不同的字表示同一词，如展转——辗转 3，固定词组 3.1 专名 (1)专门词语,如国名中华人民共和国 ,机关名北京大学 ; (2)术语,如法律术语：地方性法规医学术语：病理切片行业语; (3)行业语,如摄影用语曝光量, 防红眼. 3.2 熟语：也叫固定结构，固定词组包括成语、谚语、歇后语、惯用语等，是汉语词汇的组成部分，构造比词复杂，一般是短语或句子结构，但格式和构成成分比较固定，意义往往有整体性，一般也作语言建筑材料使用。 二、汉语词的构造 （一）单音词和复音词（按音节划分）

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

现代汉语考点

现代汉语 1. 比喻就是打比方，是用本质不同又有相似点的事物描绘事物或说明道理的辞格，也叫“譬 喻”。 a.功能：使深奥的道理浅显化，帮人加深体味；使抽象的事物具体化，叫人便于接受； 使概括的东西形象化，给人鲜明印象。 b.类型：明喻、暗喻、借喻。 c.比喻的灵活用法：没有喻词的比喻；程度不等的比喻（强喻）；否定方式的比喻（反喻）。 d.运用比喻要注意的问题：喻体必须常见、易懂；比喻要贴切；要注意思想感情；要区 意区分比喻和非比喻；运用比喻不一定拘泥于三种基本类型，要灵活多样使 用（倒喻、互喻、博喻、曲喻等）。 2. 比拟：根据想象把物当做人写或把人当做物写，或把甲物当做乙物来写。 a.基本类型：拟人和拟物。 b.运用比拟注意的问题：必须是自己真情实感的流露，而感情又必须符合所描写的环境、 气氛；用来比拟的人和物在性格、形态、动作等方面应该有相似和相近之点。【以上两者有某些相似点，都是两事物相比。比喻重在“喻”，一主一从；比拟重在“拟”，甲乙两物彼此交融，浑然一体。】 3. 借代：不直说某人或某事物的名称，借同密切相关的名称去替代。 【借喻和借代有相似之处。借喻是喻中有代，借代是代而不喻；借喻侧重“相似性”，借代侧重“相关性”；借喻往往可以改为明喻或暗喻，借代则不能。】 4. 拈连：利用上下文的联系，把用于甲事物的词语巧妙地用于乙事物。又叫“顺拈”。 拈连要注意的问题：要贴切自然；要注意甲乙事物在语义上必须有内在联系。 5. 夸张：故意言过其实，对客观的人、事物作扩大或缩小或超前的描述。 目的：深刻表现出作者对事物的鲜明感情态度，从而引起共鸣；通过对事物的形象渲染，可以引起人们丰富的想象，有利于突出事物的本质和特征。 6. 双关：利用语音或语义条件，有意使语句同时关顾表面和内里两种意思，言在此而意在 彼。分为谐音双关和语义双关。 【借喻是以喻体代本体，说的是喻体，要表达的是本体事物，是比喻和被比喻的关系，目的在于使抽象深奥的事物表达得具体、生动、简洁；语义双关表达的是两种意思， 借一个词语或句子的意义关顾两个事物，表里意思不一，目的在于收到含蓄委婉、 幽默风趣的效果。】 7. 仿词：根据表达的需要，更换现成词语中的某个语素，临时仿造出新的词语。分音仿和 义仿。 8. 反语：故意使用与本来意思相反的词语和句子来表达本意。也叫“倒反；反话”。 9. 婉曲：有意不直接说明某事物，而是借用一些与某事物相应的同义语句婉转曲折地表达 出来，也叫“婉转”。 【婉曲注重在故意回避某种说法，要说的话不直接说出来；双关着重有意影射某人某事，起到一箭双雕的作用。婉曲是闪烁其词，用委婉的方式暗示出来，表现为意在言外， 需要人们从言语的外面去理解；双关把话都说完，同时关顾表里两层意思，言在 此而意在彼。】 辞格的综合运用（连用、兼用、套用）

现代汉语上知识点总结

现代汉语上知识点总结 导读：1、古代中国人写诗歌都要求押韵。“韵”包括一个字音的主要元音和韵尾。凡是主要元音和韵尾相同的,就是同韵的字。把同韵的字放在一定的位置就叫押韵。 2、汉字字音有四声,这四声是:平、上、去、入。它们和现代汉语的四种声调不尽相同。 3、中国最早的字典是《尔雅》。《尔雅》的字是按意义分类的,全书共十九章。 4、中国按字的形体及偏旁编排的第一部字典是《说文解字》,《说文解字》是研究中国文字学的主要参考书。后代研究此书的人很多,最著名有清人段玉裁的《说文解字注》。 5、《方言》是中国第一部记录方言的书,作者是西汉的杨雄。全书将汉字分为540个部首,共分析了九千多个汉字。 6、汉字由繁变简的四个主要途径:“代”、“换”、“省”、“承”。 7、汉语的书面形式,在相当长的`一个历史时期中有“文言文”和“白话文”之分,1919年“五四”运动以后,白话文取得了正式书面语资格。 8、中国的共同语,在中国大陆称“普通话”,在台湾称“国语”,在新加坡等一些国家的华人社区称“华语”。三种称说,名称不同,实质相同。 9、1958年2月11日《汉语拼音方案》正式公布,它包括字母表、

声母表、韵母表、声调符号和隔音符号五个部分。 10、汉语普通话的音节一般有声母、韵母和声调三个要素。一个音节最多可以有四个音素,最少一个。如zhuāng(庄);ā(阿)。 11、成语是一种具有书面语色彩的固定短语,意义具有稳定性, 结构具有凝固性。大多数成语由四个字组成,如:废寝忘食、愚公移山、亡羊补牢、一干二净。 12、惯用语是指人们口语中短小定型的习惯用语。惯用语的主要特征是简明生动、通俗有趣。如:走后门、天晓得、巴不得、三七二十一。 13、由两个或两个以上单句构成的,有完整意义和一定语调的句子叫复句,它所包含的单句叫分句。分句与分句之间有一定的联系, 这种联系是通过一定的语法手段(语序和关联词)来表示的。如:只有在特殊的情况下,才可以改变咱们的计划。 14、按照分句之间的关系,可以把复句分为联合复句和偏正复句两大类型。联合复句是由两个或两个以上的分句平等地连接起来的,分句之间的关系是并列的,分不出主次。如:他一边喝茶,一边看电视。偏正复句是由偏句和正句构成的,正句是全句的主要意义所在,偏句 从种种关系上去说明、限制正句。如:风太大,所以比赛改期了。 15、在联合复句中,分句与分句之间有各种不同的关系,常见的有并列关系、承接关系、递进关系、选择关系四种。如: 阿里汉字不仅写得快,而且写得很工整。(递进关系) 这是卧

现代汉语下册考点

第一节语法概说 一、语法和语法体系 语法：是语言单位的结构规律。 语法含义：一个指语法结构规律本身；另一个指语法学。 语法学：是研究、描写语法规律的科学，是对客观存在着的语法系统的认识和说明。 语法学分词法和句法两个部分：词法的研究围包括词类和各类词的构成、词形变化（形态）。句法的研究围是短语、句子的结构规律和类型。语法体系也有两个含义：一个含义是语法系统，即客观存在的语法事实、语法规律的系统性；另一个含义是语法学体系，指语法学说的系统性。 二、语法的性质 三、语法单位和句法成分 1、语法单位:语法单位是能够表达一定语法意义的语言单位。 2、语法单位的分类：语素、词、短语、句子。 （1）语素是语言中最小的音义结合的构词单位，是语言的备用单位。（2）词是最小的能够独立运用的语言的单位，是构成短语和句子的备用单位。 （3）短语是语义上和语法上都能搭配而没有句调的一组词，是造句的备用单位。 （4）句子是具有一个句调、能够表达一个相对完整的意思的语言的单位。

句法成分：主语是谓语述的对象，谓语是述主语的。动语是支配、关涉后面的宾语成分。宾语是动作所支配、所关涉的对象。定语是名词性短语里中心语前面的修饰语。状语是谓词（动词、形容词）性短语里中心语前面的修饰语。补语是动词、形容词性短语里中心语后面的补充成分。 第二节词类概说 词类:语言学上所说的词类，只指词的语法分类，即为了弄清词的语法功能和用法、说明语句的组织规律而对词分的类。 划分词类的作用：语法研究的需要,教学和运用语言的需要,自然语言处理的需要 划分词类的依据：词的语法功能、形态和意义。 形态标准：分为构形形态，例如重叠和构词形态，例如词缀。 1.句法功能标准： (1)词与词的组合能力。实词与另一类实词的组合能力；虚词依附实词 和短语的能力。 (2)充当句子成分的能力 依据句法功能标准,首先将词分为实词和虚词两类:能够充当句子成分、有词汇意义和语法意义的词是实词;不能够充当句子成分、只语法意义的词是虚词。 二、实词：名、动、形、数、量、代、副、拟声 （一）名词 1.名词：名词是表示人或事物，时间，处所，方位的词。

英国文学史及选读2017期末复习名词解释中英

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(黄版)现代汉语上下册考点梳理

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