修订版研究生英语阅读A

Unit One A Young Boy’s Ambition References for you:

1.burn to do sth. 燃起做。。。的火热希望

2．suffer to do sth. 极其渴望做。。。

suffer sth./doing sth. 遭受。。。的折磨

3.now and then: occasionally; from time to time; now and again

4.in one’s turn 轮流地

5.be glorious with expectancy 由于充满期待而显得光辉灿烂

6.picture sth. to myself 在心中描绘。。。

7.in the sunshine (of)

8.the splint-bottomed chair 翘起来的木条椅面的椅子

9.tilted: sloping 倾斜的

10.shingle-shavings 削木瓦的碎片

11.sow: grown female pig a litter of 一窝(new born animals)

12.loafing: wasting time

13.do a (good) business 做生意――（课文中）痛痛快快地啃着。。。

14.on the slope of

15.stone-paved 石头铺的

16.in the shadow of

17.wood flats 平底木船

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,e-wide tide 一英里宽的洪流

19.the river-glimpse 河上景色视线

20.turn…into…: change…into…

21.withal: in addition

22.a film of 一层

23.pour out a human contribution 涌出一股人流

24.fasten one’s eyes upon: stare at

25.rather a handsome sight

26.fancy-topped 顶上悦目的（别致的）。。。

27.pilot-house 驾驶室

28.paddle-boxes 明轮壳（罩）

29.imposing: making a strong impression

30.a husbanded grandeur 所费无几的庄严气派

husbanded(v.): use sparingly 节俭使用

31.pitch pine 多脂松木

32.be run far out远远地伸出

33.port bow 船首前面四十五度内

34.a coil of rope 一卷（一盘）绳子

35.the pent steam憋压住的蒸汽

pent: repressed

36.gauge-cocks 试水位旋塞，活嘴

37.be at rest: stop; not move

38.take in: receive (work)

39.at one: in agreement

40.a justice of the peace (Abbr. JP) 保安官，治安法官

41.the desire to do

42.keep doing 不停地做。。。

43.cabin-boy 船舱服务生

44.stage-plank 踏板

45.by and by: later on 不久

46.turn up: appear

47.apprentice engineer 见习机匠striker 锤手

48.shake the bottom out of 全盘推翻了。。。

49.Sunday-school (related to religion) 主日学校

50.the reverse 反之，相反

51.be exalted to: be promoted to

52.on the inside guard 在靠岸的护栏上面

53.be laid up: stay for a longer time

54.swell 膨胀――（课文里）出风头

55.nobody could help doing sth.: everybody couldn’t help doing sth. 忍不住做。。。

56.be used to (prep.) 习惯于。。。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,mon people

58.speak of

59.“labboard” side “左舷”

60.refer casually to 信口提起。。。，随口谈到。。。

61.take a turn on: turn on

62.lie about 胡扯

63.be persons of consideration 受重视之人

64.the day of one’s glory was over now 某人的光荣时代已成过去

65.“cub”-engineer 机匠“崽子”

66.ignorant 无知的――（课文中）不中用的

67.cut out: defeat

68.battered up: beaten out of shape 浑身带伤

69.be open to sth. 易受。。。的伤害或攻击

lay oneself open to sth. 使自己易受。。。伤害或攻击

70.mud-clerks 排泥手

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,y packed together like sardines 像沙丁鱼似的挤在一起停靠着

72.inquire for: ask to see

Unit Nine The Most Important Day in My Life

References for you:

1.be filled with: be full of

2.consider: think of

3.contrast: difference

4.something unusual

5.be about to do: just going to do sth.

6.hold (line 7, para.2): be full of

eg: What does the future hold for us? 未来带给我们的会是什么?

7. a deep languor: a deep low spirit 极度消沉

8.succeed (line8,para2): take the place of 取代, 继任

succeed in sth./in doing sth.(line5,para 5)

success (n.) successor 继承者in succession of: a series of

9.have no way of knowing sth.: do not know sth.

no way: not at all 不行,决不

10.the wordless cry 无声的呼喊

11.shine on sb.

12.very: exactly; right 恰恰

13.stretch out one’s hand: hold out one’s hand 伸出手

14.catch up with

keep up with

15.hold close in the arms of one’s

16.reveal sth. to sb.

17.lead sb. into…

18.not…until…

19.play with

20.a little while: for a short time

21.be interested in

22.be flushed with: (face) become red because of excitement and pride

23.childish 幼稚的(贬), 儿童的

childlike 天真无邪的

24.in this/that way

25.rag doll: doll made with pieces of old cloth

eg: dressed in rags 穿着破烂

26.apply to: a. concern; be relevant to

eg: What I have said does not apply to you.

b. make practical use of sth.

eg: The results of the research can be applied to new development in technology.

apply (to sb.) for sth. 申请

27.have a tussle over

28.persist in

29.for the time (being): temporarily

30.be impatient at

31.dash: throw violently

32.be delighted: be greatly pleased

be delighted at sth./to do sth./that…

33.neither…nor…

34.still: adj. quiet adv. quietly

35.a sense of satisfaction

36.with pleasure: pleasantly

37.be covered with

38.draw water: get water from the well or spout

39.set sth. free

40.be eager to do

41.On/Upon + doing sth.: Immediately after…

42.feel/make one’s way to

43.pick up

44.a great/good many + c.n.

45.were to make: were going to make

46.Aaron’s rod: 艾伦的魔杖（圣经旧约）It implied “power”. Aaron: Moses’s brother 摩西

的哥哥

47.at the close of: at the end of

48.long for: desire eagerly

Unit Two What the Internet Cannot Do? References for you:

1.for the exchange of thought

2.on the arrival of

3.telegraph cable 通讯电缆

4.the cure for

5.supposedly: according to what is supposed 据说可以；大概

6.make a fine living 收入不菲

7.be around：exist

8.prophet：person who predict

9.digital communications 数字化通讯

10.ethnic hatred and national break-ups 种族仇恨和国家分裂

11.be expected to end wars

12.be vulnerable to do

13.it is the turn of sth. 轮到……

14.intervene (Line 4, para.4): interfere so as to prevent sth.

15.energy consumption 能源消耗electricity consumption (line 4, para. 7) 电耗

16.think-tank: group that provides solutions to problems 智囊团

17.based largely on

18.have sth. delivered = have sth. done

19.significant quantities of energy 大量的能源

20.electrical power 电力

21.annual incomes

22.from afar (line5, para.10): from a distance

23.energy efficiency 能源使用率

24.be closer to

25.at the other end of

26.have a dramatic impact on

27.link……to……

28.transform…… to……

29.be connected to

30.failing: weakness; shortcoming

Unit Three Oceans of Sand References for you:

1.more than: not only

eg: We must consider more than the beginning of the motion.

我们必须考虑的不只是运动的开始阶段。

2.find out

3.manage to do

try to do (para.10, line 1)

4.apparently: clearly seen

5.think of

6.at the Equator

7.sink down: go down; fall

8.high ground: plateau 高地，高原

9.in the shade 在阴处

10.bad enough adj./adv. + enough

11.end in

12.tremendous: very great; enormous; powerful

13.lie in

14.leave…for…

15.adapt to(prep.)

16.root system 根系，根须

17.protect sb. against/from sth./doing sth.

18.shelter from

19.at dawn/dusk

20.warn sb. of sth.

21.venture: dare to do

22.avoid doing

23.hind(adj.): at the back hind legs 后腿

24.survive on/live on

25.the Sam people 散族the Australian Aborigines 澳大利亚土著人

26.on the edges of

27.flocks of sheep

a flock of (sheep/birds)

a herd of (cattle/deer/elephants)

a swarm of (ants/bees)

a school of (fish/whales)

a pack of (wolves/hounds/lies)

28.on the move

29.the end result 归根结底

30.aid agencies 援助机构

31.readily: without difficulty; easily

32.soak into: enter into; penetrate into

33.lines of

Unit Four Three Kinds of Fatigue References for you:

1.bring sth. to sb.

2.in this era of

3.have reason to do

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,plain(vi.) (to sb.) of/about sth.

5.bale: pack in 捆

6.scrub: clean by rubbing hard 用力擦洗

7.be related to

8.more…than…与其说。。。不如说。。。

9.under-exertion 过少的活动

10.be prescribed as: be advised as

11.cure (n.) for

12.to the point: to the extent

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,ctic acid 乳酸

14.sap: weaken

15.in a bath of 在。。。的沐浴之中

16.give a chance to do sth.

17.muscle fuel 肌肉机能

18.a warning sign

19.something more serious

20.be likely to do

21.take…as…

22.a signal to do sth.

23.be/feel drained of: lose sth. gradually

24.have a physical checkup

25.as a result of

26.there’s nothing wrong with sb.

27.by far + 形容词比较级或最高级

Exception: better by far

28.a defense mechanism 保护（防御）机制

29.prevent sb. from doing

30.safety valve 安全阀

31.be/feel trapped in

32.be busy doing

33.a great deal

34.on one’s own: by oneself

35.deal with: handle

36.washed-out: exhausting

37.at best

38.with abuse

39.life-disrupting: upset

40.blood sugar

41.depend on

42.be sure to do

43.a stead supply of

44.be worse than nothing: be the worst

45.brief(adj.): temporary boost(n.): pushing 精神抖擞

46.(be) contrary to

47.rather than

48.conditioning: making strong

49.increase one’s ability to do sth.

50.more of a work load

51.well-recognized 人们公认的

52.fashion: manner

53.be dragged down 拖垮

54.at the end of

55.decline: a. become less b. refuse politely

56.aim(v.) for/at

57.insomnia: inability to sleep 失眠

58.know oneself 自知之明

59.schedule(v.): arrange, plan

on/behind schedule(n.)

60.at one’s peak: at one’s best

61.at a record pace: at a fastest pace

62.meet one’s demands/expectations meet: satisfy

63.additional: extra accordingly: according to it 相应地

64.take breaks/take a break: have a rest

65.now and again: occasionally; from time to time

66.on one’s break

67.a brisk walk 轻快地散步brisk: active; lively

68.apply to

69.revitalize: put new life into…

70.enable sb. to do

71.upon/on + n.: rightly after; as soon as

Unit Five Bringing Up Children References:

1.It is generally accepted that…: People believe in general that…

2.be closely related to(prep.)

3.provide sth. for sb.

provide sb. with sth.

4.child rearing: child upbringing

5.vary from… to…: change from… to…

6.in general

7.tend to do

8.over a long time

9.result in: lead to

10.depend not only on… but also on…

11.wide differences 巨大差异

12.be based on

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,pare… with…

14.rigid(Para.5,Line2): strict; firm

15.make decisions

16.solve problems

17.speech defeats 语言缺陷

18.backwardness: falling behind

19.in the more general sense 从更广义上讲

20.give in to sth.

21.avoid doing

22.the need to do

23.go on to do

24.up to

25.underline(Para7, Line 5): be the basis of

26.in difficulties with sth.

27.accustom sb. to(prep.)

be accustomed to: be used to

28.beyond one’s natural learning rate 超常发展

29.set up: cause; lead to

30.at any stage

31.be forced to do

be encouraged to do

32.lose one’s natural zest for sth.

lose one’s desire to do

33.co-operation 合作co-: together with

eg: co-worker: colleague co-author 合著者co-exist 共存34.be strict in sth./with sb.

be severe over sth./with sb.

35.impose: press

36.to some extent: to some degree

Unit Six How Service Experiences Affect Students 1.currently: now; presently

confront(v.): face

mission: special task

well-informed: knowledgeable

civically engaged 社会意识强的

2.citizenship development 公民意识培养

3.be known as

4.connect…with…

5.make sth. quite different from

6.involve doing

7.more than simply: not simply

8.send…into…

9.relate…to…

10.give sb. an opportunity to do sth.

11.abstract theory

12.drug education 戒毒教育

13.civic responsibility 公民责任感

14.academic attainment 学业成就

15.indicate(Para5,Line2): state in brief

16.twice as many … as…

17.the following-up questionnaire 跟踪调查问卷

18.for the near future

19.in the coming fall “fall” means autumn

20.be likely to do

21.participate in

22.objection to(prep.)

23.the under-/post-graduate years

24.effect on sth.

25.the net benefit net------gross

26.in the case of

27.grade point 积分点

28.discipline(para.7, line3): subject

29.preparation for

30.aspiration for

31.interpersonal(para.8, line4) 人与人相互间的；与人交往的

32.favor(v.): support

33.reveal itself in…显示在。。。

34.relevance…to…

35.exhibit/show greater increases in sth. than…

exhibit/show slight decreases in sth.

36.as a matter of fact

37.self-rated: self-evaluated

Unit Eight How Trees Are Killing Our Rivers References for you:

1.acid rain

2.cause a drop in

3.water quality

4.flow though

5.alter: change

6.cause a (considerable) decline in

7.upland waters 上游水域

8.make an assessment

9.the impact … on…

10.year-round (adj.) 一年到头的；整年的

11.drain: flow though

12.have sth. done

13.cut down

14.grow right to 长到…

15.support: breed 养着，维持

16.a few varieties of

a variety of

17. formerly: in the earlier times

18. good populations of: a great amount of

19 average daily water temperatures 日平均气温

20. compare with

21. the totally forested stream 森林覆盖的河流

22. the pattern was reversed 则反之

23. up to: as far as

24. closely spaced: densely planted

25. be effective at doing sth.

26. be susceptible to (prep.)

27. be based on

28. the substantial changes 巨变

29. fertilise 使受精

eg: fertilised eggs 受精卵

eg: fertilised flowers 使花受粉

30. be combined with

31. (be) similar … to…

32. forecast/predict for

33. be unlikely to do

34. be quick to do

35. point out

36. variable (n.) 变量，变数

37. bring about

38. put sth. close to

39. altitude 海拔

Unit Ten How to Build a Body Part

1.stem cells 干细胞

2.figure out

3.look forward to(prep.)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,an-donor shortages 器官捐献者缺乏

5.tissue-rejection 组织排斥反应

6.transplant patients 器官移植病人

7.obstacle: barrier

8.firmly worded 措词严厉的

9.controversy: prolonged argument

10.make clever use of

11.chest wall 胸腔壁

12.chest cavity 胸腔

13.bladder cells 膀胱细胞

14.be implanted in: be fixed or put in

15.manage to do

16.given(prep.): A. assuming; as long as B. considering

17.dissolve: disappear

18.infectious-disease specialist 传染病专家

19.blood vessels 血管

20.anesthesiologist 麻醉学家

21.inject…into…

22.a piece of coral(u.n.)

23.digit: finger or toe

24.resemble: be similar to

25.be seeded with/seed…with…(line8, para.8)

26.assemble: put…together

27.veins and arteries 静脉和动脉

28.present(v.): show; reveal

29.expand and contract 伸缩

30.add…to…

31.closely packed lining cells 紧密包在一起的内层细胞lining 里子，衬里

32.weight training 举重训练

33.growth-prompting 促生长的

34.drawback: disadvantage

35.justify: prove…reasonable

36.be much closer to

37.fruition: realization of hopes

38.be ready for

39.what of…?: what about…

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Lesson 1 II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese. 1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. 因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。 2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion. 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界里，主要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播，这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3.By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat. 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做是很安全的，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么大的威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如庞大的交流网络、发达的文字与传媒体系以及强大的文化教育设施。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. 这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。

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1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确

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4. lifted/back pocket 5. a front window/hand her over 6. wrong/bolts 7. has stolen Unit 4 part one Escape Artists Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.publishing/overseen 2.procrastinator/affected https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5d15721574.html,ziness/desire/consistently/delay 4.funishes/reinforcing/subscribe 5.mismatch/sophisticated 6.solution/deploying/management Unit 5 part one For Big Bruno, a Man We Can Look Up to Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.hard work/pay off 2.Big Bruno/strong in stature/a gentle spirit 3.most patient/slow to get angry/a heart of gold

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Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。

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Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has

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Lesson 1 因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语，康沃尔语，诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。 所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。

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