第四册课文翻译

Unit 1 洗衣妇

艾萨克·巴什维克·辛格她是个小个子的妇人，上了年纪，满脸皱纹。她开始为我们洗衣服时已年过七旬。我们这条街上所有的老妇人都是驼着背，拄着拐杖走路的。然而这个洗衣妇，虽然又瘦又小，却具有世代当庄稼汉的祖辈所传下来的一股力气。母亲会把积了几个星期的一捆要洗的衣服一件一件数着交给她。随后她便提起那捆衣服，放到自己窄窄的的肩头上，扛着它走很长的一段路回家去。

大约两个星期后，她会把洗好的衣服送回来。我母亲从来没有对哪个洗衣妇如此满意过，然而，她要的工钱却不比别的洗衣妇要得多。她真是个千寻难觅的好帮工。母亲总是先把工钱准备好，因为老妇人住得太远，不能让她再跑一趟。

那时候，洗衣服可真不容易。老妇人住的地方没有自来水，得用水泵把水抽上来。还有晾衣服的活儿！衣服不能晾在外面，因为小偷会把衣服偷走。因此得把衣服拿上阁楼，晾在晾衣绳上。只有上帝知道老妇人每洗一次衣服得吃多少苦头！

她本可以在教堂门口行乞，或是进贫民和老年人收容所。然而在她身上，具有一份许多劳动人民所特有的对劳动的自豪与热爱。老妇人不想成为别人的累赘，因此她负起了自己的生活重担。

一天，老妇人来到我家，当时她已年近八旬。过去几个星期已积下了许多要洗的衣服。母亲拿给她一壶茶让她暖暖身子，还给了她一些面包。老妇人坐在厨房的一把椅子上，浑身直哆嗦，把手捂在茶壶上取暖。她的手指甲异常苍白。这双手诉说着人类的顽强，诉说着劳动的意志——不仅在体力允许的情况下，甚至在超出体力极限的情况下顽强坚持的那份劳动意志。目送老妇人扛着一大包衣服蹒跚而去，实在令人心酸。

通常，老妇人在两个星期或最多三个星期后，就会把衣服送回来。然而三个星期过去了，四个星期、五个星期过去了，却没有听到任何有关老妇人的消息。

对我们来说，洗衣妇没来简直就是一场灾难。我们需要那些洗好的衣服。我们甚至连老妇人的住址都不知道。看来她肯定是累垮了，死了。母亲宣称她曾有种预感：我们再也见不到我们的衣服了。我们很伤心，既为那些衣服，也为那老妇人——多年来她兢兢业业地为我们服务，和我们的关系已经变得很密切了。

一晃两个多月过去了。一天晚上，母亲正坐在灯下补缀一件衬衫，这时门开了，飘入一小团汽雾，随后进来的则是个硕大的包袱。包袱底下，正是那位步履踉跄的老妇人，她的脸像亚麻被单一样苍白。母亲发出一声近乎哽咽的叫喊，仿佛是具死尸走进屋里来了。我跑过去，帮老妇人卸下肩上的包袱。她这时愈发消瘦、佝偻。她一个清晰的字眼也吐不出来，只是用凹陷的嘴巴和苍白的双唇在咕哝着什么。

当老妇人有所恢复之后，她告诉我们说，她病了，病得很厉害。然而上帝还不想把这个可怜的灵魂召回自己的身边。她开始感觉好一些了，身子恢复过来了，而她一能再次站起来，便又开始洗衣妇了。不光是我们家的，还有另外好几家人的衣服。

“因为有这些衣服要洗，我没法安心躺在床上休息，”老妇人解释说。“这些要洗的衣服还不肯让我死呢。”

“有上帝的保护，你会活到120岁的，”我母亲说。

“但愿上帝不让这样的事情发生！活这么长有什么好处呢？活儿越来越难……我的力气也一天不如一天了……我可不想变成任何人的累赘！”老妇人含糊不清的说着，在胸前划了个十字，又抬眼望着苍天。领了工钱之后，她走了，临走时还答应几个星期后再来取一包新的要洗的衣服。

然而她再也没有回来过。上次送回来的那包衣服，是她在这个世界上所作的最后一次努力。她为一种坚强的意志所驱使：要把物品归还原主，要完成自己所承担的那份任务。

Unit2 我被骗了

佚名我在网上和人聊天已有三年多了，遇到过很多人。那些已经和生活中的真人见过面的人一致认为：“不能把你的后半生建立在一两个星期的感情基础上。”意思是说，不要和你的网上情人仅仅相恋一两个星期就搬进去与他/她同居并结婚。这么短的时间无法了解一个人。这倒是真的。我就是统计数字中一个活生生的例证。

因为我的故事很长，而且听起来也让人不舒服，我就长话短说。1997年1月，我在网上聊天室里碰到了一个男人——吉姆。我们似乎在一切方面都有共同点。于是，在我们把闲暇时间全部泡在网上聊天仅仅一个月后，我们便决定见面。机票买好了，见面的时间定在那年的5月。

时间过得真慢，见面的时间终于来了。我们在落基山脉脚下一个景色宜人的小镇上见了面。一起度过了极幸福的一个星期。他很有绅士风度，温柔又体贴。我们在一起的时间似乎证实了我们在网上相互感到的一切，因此我们决定把事情持续下去。回到家里以后，我辞掉工作，告诉家人我要离开。吉姆坚持的一点是，我在到达他的住所之前，必须和我的丈夫离婚。可是，在我离家前一周，他又打电话来坚持说，离婚手续必须在我离开之前办妥。这根本就办不到，因为离婚手续有时能拖上一年。于是，他说分居证明也行。我按他的要求做了该做的事，把东西装进汽车，离开了我的家人。

经过三天的行程，我来到了东海岸。吉姆请了几天假帮我安顿下来，带我参观这座城市。我将个人简历修改了一下，开始找工作。这时候，情况开始变了。吉姆不再像我们初次见面时那样温柔、体贴、充满爱心了，他变得多疑，动不动就指责人。他偷听我的电话谈话，乱翻我的私人用品。他对我说我们在一起的整个时间里，我一直在对他说谎，从一开始我就一直试图在欺骗他。

在网上他曾将自己描述成喜欢玩乐、爱冒险的人，可是下班回来，他只想躺在躺椅上看报。他几乎从来不愿出门做任何事情。在我把信用卡上的钱花得越来越多用来购买食物、下馆子、买衣服、支付汽油费及各种账单时，他却说起来仿佛是他在支付所有的费用。过了仅仅三个星期，一天夜里，我和他大吵了一场。我开始收拾我的行李，一板心思以为也希望他会阻止我，另一半心思却想尽早结束这一切。那天夜里，我还试图跟他谈谈我离开的事，可话说到一半他就睡着了。这也就此决定了我们关系的终结。第二天一早我就离开他回家了，走时他还在指责我，说我确确实实欺骗了他，伤害了他，一切都是我的错，他根本就不该相信我，等等。

回到家后，我打电话给所有我有欠款的公司，重新更换了我的地址。可我还是慢了一步，而那些已经寄到他家去的账单还需要支付。我给吉姆寄去了200美元，他也答应帮我支付，可后来我还是收到了滞纳金通知和讨债电话。原来是他拿了那笔钱自己花掉了。他说，是我欠他的，因为他为我付出了太多太多。我在来回路费、电话费和礼物上花了那么多钱——多达几千美元，他还要吞掉我那200美元？不过回想起来，他一直就是个爱财如命的人。

刚刚在家里稍稍平静下来，吉姆又想和我重归于好。他还在跟我玩这些头脑游戏，说我们的爱是真的，没有我他就活不下去等等。他甚至与我丈夫取得联系。对他说了非常刻毒的话。我再也无法忍受了，我叫他滚开，永远不要再来干扰我的生活。

我离开吉姆已经一年多了，可他还不时联系我。虽然他在网上又遇到一个人，而且我发现他还在对她玩同样的一些游戏——我也知道她和他臭味相投，我只希望他们玩游戏只限于他们两人之间，不要去干扰他人的生活。

请大家不要像我轻信他一样地轻信任何人。我相信在网上有很多好人，但吉姆只是个玩游戏的好手，一个毫无道德心的神经不正常的窃贼。他以为在这个世界上，他有充分的权利说谎和背叛，而在他毫无良心地说谎和背叛时，任何跟他那种令人恶心的思维方式不一致的

人都是错的。

我是个幸存者，但我期望不要再有人像我那样经历地狱般的磨难——付出了经济上的重大损失，和差一点失去家庭的代价。千万要小心。在作任何永久性的决定之前，先要弄清楚你是在跟谁打交道。

Unit 3 美的新领域

杰罗姆·魏德曼当我是个小伙子时，有一次应邀去一位有地位的纽约绅士家中参加宴会。饭后，女主人领着我们来到一个大厅，只见一大帮佣人正在把椅子排成长长的几排。最前面靠墙的是乐器。显然我正面临着一个室内乐之夜。

我叹了口气。我对音乐一窍不通；我实际上是个音盲。于是，我便做了被困时一贯做的事：我坐下，从里边塞住耳朵，将自己淹没在思想的海洋中。

过了一会儿，我意识到周围的人正在鼓掌，便认定可以安全地除去“耳塞”了。立刻我便听到右边传来一个温和的声音。“你喜欢巴赫吧？”那声音说。

我对巴赫就像对核物理一样一无所知。但我肯定知道世界上最著名的一张脸：我正坐在阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦旁边。

“我对巴赫一无所知，”我尴尬地说。“我从未听过他的任何音乐。”

爱因斯坦的脸上闪过诧异的神情。“你从未听过巴赫的作品？”他的口气听上去就像我刚才说的是我从来没有洗过澡一样。

“不是我不想喜欢巴赫，”我急忙回答。“只是我是个音盲，我从来没有认真听过任何人的音乐。”老人的脸上露出关切的神情。“请你跟我来好吗？”他说。

他站起身，抓住我的手臂，带我上了楼。他显然很熟悉这幢房子。他在楼上打开一间排满书的书房，拉着我走进去，然后关上了门。

“好，”他微笑着说。“请你告诉我，你对音乐有这种感觉已经有多久了。”

“我这辈子都是这样，”我说。“我希望您能回到楼下去听音乐，爱因斯坦博士。我不喜欢音乐，这无关紧要。”

他摇了摇头。“请告诉我，”他说。“有没有那种音乐是你真心喜欢的呢？”

“呃，”我回答，“我喜欢带歌词的歌曲。”

他微笑着点了点头，显然很高兴。“也许你可以给我举个例子？”

“呃，”我大胆的说，“几乎所有平·克劳斯贝唱的歌。”

他又点了点头。“很好！”他走到房间的一个角落，那儿正立着一台老式留声机，然后开始把唱片拉出来。我不安地注视着他。“啊！”他终于说。

他放上一张唱片，顷刻间书房里便回荡起平·克劳斯贝那从容舒展的歌声。听了三、四句之后，他停下留声机。“现在，请你把刚才听到的告诉我。”

最简单的回答似乎是把歌词唱出来。而我正是这样做的，唱的时候极力不走调。爱因斯坦脸上的表情就像日出一般灿烂。“你瞧！”当我唱完时，他欣喜地大声说道。“你确实是能欣赏音乐的！”

我争辩说，那是我喜欢的歌曲之一，听过几百遍了，所以它真的证明不了什么。“胡说！”

爱因斯坦说。“它证明了一切！你还记得你在学校里上的第一节算术课吗？假定，你第一次接触算术时，你的老师就让你做一道带分数的题目。你能做出来吗？”

“不能，当然不能。”

“一点没错！”爱因斯坦欣喜万分。“那是不可能的，而你的反应会是惊慌失措。你会对分数产生产生畏惧不想学的心理。结果，因为老师的这个错误，你可能终身都无法感受到分

数之美。但是，在你的第一天，没有老师会这样愚蠢。他会让你从基本的东西开始——然后，在你掌握了做最简单的题目的技巧时，他才会把你领向分数。”

“对音乐也是如此，”爱因斯坦拿起那张平·克劳斯贝的唱片。“这首简单、迷人的短小歌曲就像是加法。你已经掌握它了。现在我们接下去听点更复杂的。”他找出另一张唱片开始放。约翰·麦科马克金子般的嗓音充满了整个房间。几句之后，爱因斯坦放下唱片。

“好！”他说。“请你把这一段重唱一遍给我听。”我重唱了一遍，虽然很不自然，但准确程度却高得让我都惊讶了。

“好极了！”当我唱完时，爱因斯坦评论说。“太棒了！”

在麦科马克之后我们至少又听了十几位其他歌唱家的歌曲。这位我靠机缘有幸结识的伟人，完全被我们正在做的事情吸引住了，好像我是他唯一关心的人。这不由使我产生了一种无法摆脱的敬畏之情。

最后，我们听了没有歌词的音乐录音，爱因斯坦要我把它们重新哼唱出来。当我努力要达到某个高音时，爱因斯坦张开嘴巴，后仰起头，仿佛要帮我达到那似乎不可能达到的高度一样。显然我已经达到了足够的水平，因为他突然关掉留声机。“好了，年轻人，”他说。“我们现在可以听巴赫了！”

当我们回到客厅里我们的座位上时，演奏家者们正在调音准备演奏一首新的曲目。爱因斯坦微笑着，拍了拍我的膝盖以示鼓励。“就让你自己尽情地去听好了，”他低声说，“如此而已。”

音乐会结束时，我在其他人的掌声中加上了我真诚的掌声。当音乐家们鞠躬致意时，我们的女主人走到我们身边。“我真遗憾，爱因斯坦博士，你错过了那么多的演出。”

爱因斯坦和我急忙起身。“我也很遗憾，”他说。“不过，我和我这位年轻的朋友刚才做了人类所能做的最伟大的事。”

她看上去迷惑不解。“真的吗？那是什么？”

爱因斯坦微笑着，搭着我的肩膀，说了后来成为他的墓志铭的那九个字：“开辟又一片美的领域。”

Uint 4 不只是一份奖学金

斯蒂芬妮·布洛克

崇高的思想只能吸引沉思的心灵，但高尚的行为却能感染全人类。

——埃米利·P·比斯尔你可能已经听说过奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂了。她就是那位住在密西西比州。干了75年多洗衣女工，现已88岁高龄的老妇人。退休以后，她有一天去了银行，大为惊奇地发现她她每个月微薄的积蓄累计已经超过了15万美元。接着，让每个人都大为惊讶的是，她转过身来便把15万美元——几乎是所有的积蓄——都捐赠给了南密西西比大学，作为奖学金基金支持经济困难的美国黑人学生。她成为全国报纸的头条新闻人物。

你所没有听说的是奥希欧拉的礼物如何影响了我的一生。我19岁，是奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂奖学金的第一个受益人。

我是个学习专心的学生，一心想读南密西西比大学。但因入学考试成绩差一分，使我失去了获得常规奖学金的资格，而得到一份奖学金却是我能读大学的唯一途径。

一个星期天，我偶然在报纸上读到有关奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂和她慷慨捐赠的报道。我把文章拿给妈妈看了，我们俩都认为这样做可真了不起。

第二天，我去了经济援助办公室。他们告诉我说，仍然没有奖学金给我，但是如果有消息他们会打电话给我的。几天以后，我正奔出房门准备搭妈妈的车去上班，电话铃响了。我停住脚步，拿起听筒。在我听到妈妈按着喇叭催促我快点时，他们告诉我说我已经被选中成

为奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂奖学金的第一个受惠者。我真是欣喜若狂！我飞快地跑出去告诉妈妈。她只得自己再打电话到办公室，以确认这是真的。

我第一次遇见奥希欧拉是在一次记者招待会上——遇见她就像找到了亲人一样。奥修欧拉从没结过婚，也没有子女，所以我的家从此便成了她的家。我奶奶和她经常在电话上交谈，她们还一块儿出去办事。她也参加我们的家庭聚会。

有一次我们闲下来谈起冰淇淋。我们发现，奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂没有吃过几次冰淇淋。于是，我们一起挤进车子，驱车到了王后乳品店。在那里我们给奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂点了她的第一份香蕉圣代。现在，她常吃冰淇淋了。

奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂一生辛苦劳作，从清晨到日落用手洗衣服。我过去上学的时候，每天都路过她家门口。当然，那时候我并不知道那是她的家，但我的确注意到她家的草坪保养得很好，一切都很干净整洁。最近，我问她，怎么那时候我一次也没看见过她。她回答说：“我猜想我当时正在房子后面洗衣服吧。”

奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂现已退休，所以白天她大部分时间是坐在那儿读《圣经》。那是在她不出去领奖的时候！每次我去看她，她都有个新的奖。她甚至还去过白宫。她非常高兴和自豪，但却一点不自负。我们只得说服她去买一个盒式磁带录音机，这样她就可以把节目录下来，在电视上看到自己——她只是坐着，面带微笑。

奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂给我的远远不止是一份奖学金。她教育我要乐善好施。现在我知道世界上有好人做善事。她工作一生，馈赠他人，反过来她也激励了我在有能力的时候要回报他人。我终于计划要增加她的奖学金基金。

我想给奥希欧拉·麦卡蒂她一直想要的家，所以我认她做了我的另一个奶奶。她甚至就叫我孙女。等我从南密西西比大学毕业的时候，她将在听众席上坐在我妈妈和奶奶中间，那正是她的位子。

Unit 5 未来的空间

玛丽亚·哈登失去工作使我的生活发生了一些积极的变化，重温过去为未来打开了空间。

在我45岁时，我一向有条不紊的生活开始充满了变数。

在一家大的金融机构工作了22年后，我突然失去了工作。一次裁员行动和一次重大的银行合并导致了一百多名员工被裁，其中就有我。

我一度安全稳定的未来变得岌岌可危了。然而，我还是幸运者中的一员。我不是单亲家长，薪水也不是唯一的收入来源，但是正像其他前银行职员一样，我成了一名可以随意处理的雇员。

我的口号一向是“变化时好的，变化是进步”，但当它影响到我的生活时，我不得不将它改为“接受变化并充分利用它”。从一开始，我就决定不把这件事看作是一种不幸，而把它看作是一个好机会。我没有变得沮丧或愤恨，而是急切地期待新的、不同于以往的东西。

拥有积极的态度是我对未来的看法完全改变了。首先，我决定重回大学并毕业取得文凭，虽然这比我本应做的晚了几十年。在我这个年龄做这件事需要比较大的勇气。大学没有毕业从未影响到我在银行的职业生涯，但现在它却是我渴望实现的个人目标。我怀着些许不安和很大的决心在夜校报了名，成了一名成人大学生。

有一门课经常要求学生进行口头陈述。记得我当时曾想，如果事先知道这一要求，我肯定会选择另外一门课来获得足够的学分。我这人天性沉默寡言，在众人面前说话令我十分畏惧。当我站在其他和我有着共同目标的成人面前时，我的膝盖明显地在打颤，心跳也几乎都能听得见。我好不容易说出话来，勉强把陈述做完。第二次就容易多了，而不久，我就开

始有一点喜欢口头陈述了。那年晚些时候，我甚至为了完成一项英语作业主动采访了当地的一位记者，这使我的老师惊叹不已。我的信心倍增，突然觉得任何事情我都能完成了。

在此期间，我认识到无论在我们人生的道路上遇到什么坎坷，个人的成长是永远不会停止的。个人成长来自内心的需要，只有对它提出挑战才能让它显现出来。跳出自己的“舒适圈”去学习新的东西是完全可能的。重返学校的经历使我收获很大，其价值远远超过了一张学位证书。

为了完善自我心灵，我做的第二件事便是重新评价我的生活。我过去的生活中尽是些没完没了的、有时则是毫无意义的事情。现在，我不再为物质的东西和个人的荣誉而工作，而是把我的心和生活与我所爱的人紧紧地连在一起。

当然，事业有成是重要的，但它已不再是我生活的目标。如果我重返“激烈的竞争”，那就要按照我的条件去做，因为我把滋养灵魂视为最优先考虑的事。简化了生活后，我现在是在享受生活，而不是为了生计而生存。

结束银行的工作之后生活还在继续吗？当然在继续。

失去工作使我的生活发生了一些积极的变化，重温过去为未来打开了空间。当我细细琢磨我的口号“变化时好的，变化是进步”时，我认识到自己已经接受了变化，并正在充分利用它。

而且我只是刚刚开始，最精彩的还在后面。

Unit 6 如何在5分钟或更少的时间里把任何东西卖给任何人

约翰·H·约翰逊如果我对人们了解得够多，并且我有足够的时间，我就能把任何东西卖给任何人。

即便我没有足够的时间，我也能为将来的销售开启一扇门。

在我早年做推销员时，我通常只要求顾客或潜在的顾客给我5分钟。事实上，我一直以只要求两分钟而闻名。

有时，在5分钟里尼不可能讲完你要讲的内容，但如果你只要求5分钟，人们便更可能与你预约相见。如果你得到了这个机会，并且把你要讲的内容讲得很精彩，人们很可能会让你讲完，即使这要花上30分钟或是一个小时。另一方面，如果他们对你讲的内容毫无兴趣，那么一分钟也就足够了。

在早年，我通常要求5分钟时间，而花上15或20分钟的时间去作创造性的即兴发挥。我会在大约5分钟内完成我的陈述，然后便站起来好像我打算要走的样子。这通常会使顾客感到轻松，接着我会说：“我还有另外一点要说。”

接着，两三分钟后，我会说：“我现在真的要走了，但是我想确定你理解了这一点。”

当我领着公文包走过房门，就要把门关上之前，我会像电视侦探彼得·福尔克那样停下来，接着说：“我只想把这最后一点想法留给你。”

使这一5分钟常规屡屡见效的并不是顾客能看到的那5分钟，而是他看不到的几星期或几个月的准备。因为当这5分钟的时间开始计时起，我就比他大多数的家庭成员更了解他以及他的兴趣、情感、嗜好和愿望。

无论我有5分钟还是35分钟，我总是把我的陈述建立在三条经试验证明有效的规则的基础上：

1．在最初的两三秒就要用顾客居住或工作的地方的一个能打动他的事实或一个诉诸感情的陈述抓住顾客的注意力。

2．找到弱点。每个人都有某样东西会让他/她改变看法或说“是的”。这东西可能与他/她的职业生涯毫无关系。它可能是一个梦想、一个希望或是对某个人、某件事的一种承诺。

销售就是找到这一弱点并按下“是的”按钮。

3．找到并强调共同的基础。你跟顾客可能在许多事情上意见不一致。你可能喜欢杰西·杰克逊，而他/她可能不喜欢杰西·克逊。你去那儿的目的不是谈论你们之间的分歧。你去那儿的目的是强调那些把你们联系在一起的价值观、希望和抱负。成功的推销就是找到你和你的顾客能站在一起的共同基础，无论这个基础有多么狭小。

这在销售和生活中都是普遍适用的，尤其是在种族关系的领域里。黑人和白人都必须做出特殊的努力去强调一些把他们团结起来的东西。

这是否意味着你必须牺牲你的诚实正直呢？当然不是。我做销售已经47年了，我认为我不必损害自己的诚实和正直。在有些情况下，我曾屈尊忍辱以达到目的，但是我并不为此而道歉----我指的是屈尊忍辱以达到目的一事。

你不必为了销售而损害自己的诚实和正直。你只需找到并强调那些把你们联合在一起的东西而不是那些使你们产生分歧的东西。

凭借着这些不同的方法，凭借着坚持不懈、足智多谋和厚脸皮，我建立起虽狭小但却牢固的共同基础，给了我施展策略的空间。尽管我找到并按下了许多“是的”按钮，但是争取公平分担广告费用的斗争一直没停过，而且还会继续下去。

在广告业，像在政界一样，你并不比你上一次的计划或上一次的选举来得更好。无论你突破了多少利润，无论你赢得了多少次选举，你总还是要从零起点开始一次新的运动。你总面临着这样的任务：向新的听众证明你是多么优秀。

Unit 7 查尔斯·德鲁：血库创始人

屋子里一片寂静，死一般的寂静，查尔斯·德鲁想；紧接着他就试图摆脱这种想法。屋子里的这片寂静，走路时的蹑手蹑脚，说话时的低声细语----这一切正变得让人难以忍受----而在楼上，他的妹妹艾尔莎因患流感正卧病在床。

艾尔莎得病后不到一个星期就死了，全家人都悲痛欲绝。14岁的查尔斯·理查德·德鲁第一次认真地考虑了要把医学作为自己的终身职业。

在那之前，体育一直是他生活的动力。8岁时他就赢得了他的第一个运动比赛----一次游泳比赛----的胜利；自那以后，对他开放的每项运动他都参加。在马里兰州巴尔的摩市摩根学院教了两年体育后，他进了加拿大蒙特利尔市麦吉尔大学的医学院。

就读麦吉尔期间，他和英国籍导师约翰·贝蒂博士成了好朋友。有一天，贝蒂博士作了一个关于血液结构和血型的讲座。德鲁在导师的鼓励下，决定从事血液研究。

在得到纽约市哥伦比亚大学长老会医院提供的为期两年的外科学研究奖学金后，他的专题研究方向为测定如何能保存血液并用于输血。他发现，如果血液采集后立即以一定的温度冷冻，它就能保存两星期之久。他递交了一份在医院里建立血库的详细计划；院方投票通过了对一项为期四个月的实验的经费资助。项目启动时，工作人员纷纷献血。志愿者受到鼓励，所有血型都不存备用。此课题成了该医院的一项永久性的工作。

1940年，哥伦比亚大学授予德鲁理学博士学位。他的学位论文总结了他在哥大长老会医院的工作，题目为《储存入库的血液》。

德鲁博士的实验表明，保存期超过两个星期的血液即开始变质，而他便不会用它来进行输血。他发现不管什么血型的病人都能接受血浆。不久，一些急诊病人由于及时输入了血浆而获救。接着，德鲁博士又做了把水分从血浆中抽掉的实验，因为干血浆能保存长得多的时间，而且能运送到更远的地方去。需要时，干血浆晶体可以和水调和在一起，很像我们用饮料粉兑出软饮料来一样。

第二次世界大战之初，德鲁从前在麦吉尔时的导师贝蒂博士给他发了一份加急电报。电文说：“你能弄到5000支供输血用的干血浆吗？3至4周后再寄同样的数量。”

德鲁博士惊呆了。他知道全世界也没有那么多干血浆。但他从未犹豫。他立刻着手工作，组织了“为英国献血”的运动。不计其数的生命因此得救。

次年，美国红十字会请德鲁博士制定一个采血计划，以救助那些在战场受伤的美国士兵。此时德鲁博士面临着一个新的问题：有些美国人要求把采自黑人的血液单独保存，只用于黑人。当由此引起一场争论，记者们要求德鲁博士说句话时，他告诉他们：在实验室里看不出不同人种的血液有什么区别，没有必要那样做。

1943年，德鲁获得了斯普林安奖章，以表彰“在前一场战争中一个美国黑人取得的最崇高、最卓越的成就”。

1950年4月，德鲁博士与其他三位医生离开华盛顿去出席一个在亚拉巴马州塔斯基吉研究所召开的会议。他在北卡罗来纳州柏林顿附近翻了车，受伤严重，急需输血，在去医院的途中死去，时年45岁。

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.　读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格 化拟1anthropo ?人类 的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些

新概念英语第四册课文word版

—－可编辑修改，可打印—— 别找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育资料——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务—— 全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节 最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式

Lesson1 We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

The modern city 现代城市 In the organization of industrial life the in?uence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the arti?cial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants of?ces and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edi?ces and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. ?一理理的 代 ?人造的?生存?方式隺加规模 I 平庸的 ?一倒夺巨?大的?大厦南满拥塞without any idea of 完全忽视without giving any consideration to

新概念英语4-课文

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH (IV) (new version) 2 Lesson 1 Finding Fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only w ay that they can preserve their history is torecount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellersto another. These legends are useful because they can tell us somethin g aboutmigrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesianpeoples now living in th e Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these peopleexplain that some of them came from Indo nesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that ev en theirsagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient me n made tools of stone, especially flint, becausethis is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used woodand skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tool s oflong ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 3 Lesson 2 Spare that spider Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy somany insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the humanrace. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they woulddevour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protectionwe get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts wh o eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never dothe least harm to us or our bel ongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.One can t ell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legsand an insect never more th an six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, andhe estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a f ootball pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content wi th only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spi ders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the c ountry.T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listene Lesson 3 Matterhorn man Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them goodsport, and the more

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson10

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson10 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy? Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We've got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.' And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter

新概念英语第四册课文详解(L1-25)

Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 第一课发现化石人 by ROBIN PLACE from Finding fossil man 1-1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事，那里的人最先学会了书写。 【单词和短语】 read：此处为不及物动词，意为“读到，获悉”（to find out information from books，newspapers etc.），后接of或about，例如： He reads about the war. 他读到关于战争的消息。 Did you read of their accident in the newspapers? 你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么？ 5,000 years：五千年。另学习millennium，意为“一千年”，复数为millennia。5,000 years即为5 millennia。 the Near East：近东，指地中部沿岸地区，包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部，有时还包括巴尔干半岛。 1-2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. 【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。 【单词和短语】 even now：此处意为“甚至到现在”，例如： Even now he won’t believe me. 他甚至到现在还不相信我。 even now另有两解，一为“就在此刻”，例如：

新概念第四册课文[新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson43、44、45】]

新概念第四册课文[新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记 【Lesson43、44、45】] 【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。为了方便同学们的学习，大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮 助! First listen and then answer the following question. What does the "uniquely rational way" for us to municate with other intelligent beings in space depend on? We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a pla only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the plas in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer plas have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have plas like our own, and

新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文原文

新概念英语第四册第二十单元课文原文 Lesson 20 Snake poison 蛇毒How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery. Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today. It was not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get its food with very little effort, no more effort than one bite. And why only snakes ? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped; no running rights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits just a bite and no more effort needed. In fact it would be an assistance to all the carnivorae--though it would be a two-edged weapon -When they fought each other. But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard). One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes concocted poison of such extreme potency. In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place. It did not; some

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson41

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson41 【课文】First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin? Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training. The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side. When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two

新概念英语第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson46.doc

新概念英语第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson46 【课文】 Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tires, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over- punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them. If you are citing a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minted too late. Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration

新概念英语第四册课文：Lesson4

新概念英语第四册课文：Lesson4 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 How did Vera discover she had this gift of second sight? Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles. Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and

新概念英语第四册第三单元课文原文(句型翻译)

Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山区人Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed. 【句型名称】累进比较 【课文原句】Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. 【闯关练习】 The harder you work at your study, the better academic records you will have. 你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。 The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。 The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙碌，越感到高兴。 The happier you are about yourself and your life, the healthier you will be. 对自己、对生活越满意，就越健康。 The less effort you put into the work, the less you will achieve. 在工作中，你所付出的努力越少，