英汉对比翻译

Unit1

Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet.

一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外，大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老，实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。

If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed.

如果稍微冒点险，进到森林不远处，你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘，春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。

Under . law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive

a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories.

根据美国法律，所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证，除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由，是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。

“I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to communicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production.

“我相信，图兰多在北京上演，将进一步说明，无论歌剧还是电影，艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流，分享情感的最佳媒介”，图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。

I spent three or four hours on two short chapters ––savoring each

paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building

a detailed mental picture of the scene.

书中的短短两章，我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落，我都仔细品玩，一唱三叹；对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词，我都流连徘徊、依依不舍；书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画，一览无余。

Unit2

午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个房子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。

After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away.

外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像，而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家，后来，又得病瘫痪在床，家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼，天资聪颖，从小就学习成绩优异。所以，外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上，节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。

Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best.

The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood, so she stinted herself in order to provide him with an education.

这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把它们的果实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而生羡慕的心。它只把果子埋在地底，等到成熟，才容人把它挖出来。你们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它才能知道。

Unlike nice-looking apples, peaches, and pomegranates, which hang their fruit on branches and win people’s admiration with their brilliant colors, tiny little peanuts bury themselves underground and remain unearthed u ntil they’re ripe. When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground, you can never immediately tell whether or not it bears any nuts until you touch them.

Unit3

1.九岁时，母亲死去。父亲也就变了样。偶尔打碎了一个杯子，他就要骂

到使人发抖的程度。后来，就连父亲的眼睛也转了弯，每从他的身边走过，我就像自己的身上生了针刺一样：他斜视着你，他那高傲的眼光从鼻梁经过嘴角而往下流着。（萧红《永久的憧憬和追求》）

When I was nine Mother died and Father became even worse. If you accidentally broke a small thing like a cup, he would throw such things as to make you shiver all over. His eyes would cast sideways glance. Whenever

I passed by him, he would eye me sideways with an arrogant look streaming

down the bridge of his nose and off the corner of the mouth, making you feel as if pricked on needles.

2. The view, especially in early summer, is so pleasing that it’s

a pity they can’t enjoy it. Wild roses blooming on fieldstone fences, fields

white with daisies, that soft languorous air turning the mountains pastel blue out toward the West.

那儿的景色非常怡人，尤其是在初夏时节。石栅篱上的野蔷薇竞相开放，田野被雏菊染成一片白色，微醺的和风给群山抹上淡淡的蓝色，一直向西边延伸而去。先辈们无法欣赏这些美景，真是一桩憾事。

3. Some parents simply cannot stand letting their baby cry until

he or she learns to fall asleep on their own, or when the baby awakens in the middle of the night. Most experts’ advice suggests this is shortsighted.

有些家长根本无法忍受婴儿自己学会入睡之前的啼哭，或是半夜里婴儿醒来时的啼哭。大多数专家的意见表明这是一种短见。

Unit4

I was up the next morning before the October sunrise, and away

through the wild and the woodland. The rising of the sun was noble in the cold and warmth of it; peeping down the spread of light, he raised his shoulder heavily over the edge of gray mountain and wavering length of upland. Beneath

his gaze the dew-fogs dipped and crept to the hollow places, then stole away the line and column, holding skirts and clinging subtly at the sheltering corners where rock hung over grass-land, while the brave lines of hills came forth, one beyond other gliding.

第二天凌晨，在十月的太阳升起之前，我已经动身，并穿过旷野和丛林。

十月的清晨乍暖还寒，日出的景象是很壮观的。透过一片晨曦，朝日从朦胧的山岗和起伏连绵的高低边际，沉重地抬起肩头。在它的逼视下，蒙蒙的雾气向下沉降，落到洼地里去，接着化成一丝丝一缕缕，悄然离去，而在草地之上悬崖之下的那些隐蔽角落里，雾气却还在引裾徘徊，而群山的雄姿却接二连三地涌现。

I take heart from the fact that, the enemy, which boasts that it

can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.

敌人吹嘘能在一两个小时内占领战略要地，却受到了顽强的抵抗，现在连外围地区都没有占领，这让我深受鼓舞。

Unit5

Nineteenth-century life had dealt the ten-year-old London lad a bad hand. While his father languished in debtor‘s jail, painful pangs of hunger gnawed at his stomach. To feed himself, the boy took a job pasting labels on blacking bottles in a grim, rat-infested warehouse. He slept in a dismal attic room with two other street urchins, while secretly dreaming of becoming a writer. With only four years of schooling, he had little confidence in his ability. To avoid the jeering laughter he expected, he sneaked out in the dead of night to mail his first manuscript.

(by Willy McNamara)

19世纪的伦敦，有个命运多舛的10岁男孩。父亲还不起债被关进监狱备受煎熬，他自己常常饿得肚子阵阵发痛。为了糊口，他找到一份工作，在阴森森，老鼠出没的一家仓库里给黑色鞋油瓶子上贴标签。晚上他和其他两个流浪儿在一间凄凉的阁楼里过夜，可是他却一个人默默地梦想成为作家。他只上过4年学，对自己的能力并没有多少信心。为避免可能遭到别人耻笑，夜深人静时他悄悄溜出去寄他的第一篇文稿。

(见陈文伯《译艺：英汉双向笔译》第152页，稍有改动)

Unit6

（四）、英汉互译中的语态转换（翻译练习）

英语民族注重客体思维，往往以客观、冷静的表达方式叙述事物，多采用被动式；汉语民族注重主体思维，强调“悟性”，重视“事在人为”和个人感受，在语言的使用上多用主动式。因此，在英汉互译时，要根据英汉语各自不同的特征进行相应的语态和句式的转换，也称换态译法，或语态变换法。

（四）、英汉互译中的语态转换（翻译练习）

英语民族注重客体思维，往往以客观、冷静的表达方式叙述事物，多采用被动式；汉语民族注重主体思维，强调“悟性”，重视“事在人为”和个人感受，在语言的使用上多用主动式。因此，在英汉互译时，要根据英汉语各自不同的特征进行相应的语态和句式的转换，

也称换态译法，或语态变换法。

1、今天邀请大家来开座谈会，目的是要和大家就高等院校的专业设置交换意见。

You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on specialties in colleges and universities.

点评：当施事者无需言明时，汉语可用通称“大家”，以保持句子的主动形式。在汉译英时，应考虑英语的行文规范，变汉语的主动结构为英语的被动结构。

2、如果资本主义制度在港台得不到保障，那里的繁荣与稳定就不能维持，和平解决问题也就不可能了。

If the capitalist system is not guaranteed in Hong Kong and Taiwan, prosperity and stability there cannot be maintained and a peaceful settlement will become impossible.

点评：汉语原文采用当然被动式（“得不到保障”，“不能维持”），英译时应转换为被动形式。

3、During the war years before the Liberation lots of children were saved by Comrade Sung Chingling and the China Welfare Institute led by her.

在解放前的战争年代宋庆龄同志和她所领导的中国福利会拯救了很多儿童。

点评：英语的被动式在汉译时根据汉语的句式要求转换为相应的主动式：“所.......的”（所领导的）和英语句子的主语“儿童”变为汉语句子的动宾结构“拯救儿童”。

4、Crowding down to the water are rows of low houses, dirty and dark, inhabited by countless thousands of poor folk, whose days are spent in unending toil and the struggle to keep alive.

沿河挤满了一排排又暗又脏的矮房子，不计其数的穷苦百姓居住在这里，他们经年累月永无休止地辛苦干活，挣扎着活下去。

点评：时态转换法和拆译法的应用。

5、Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only a few of secondary importance remain to be discussed.

大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下几个次要问题有待讨论。

点评：施事不需要说出时，汉语可采用无主句或主语省略句来保持主动形式以使译文自然顺畅。

Unit9

1、We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives （so） that nation might live. （Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address）

我们今天到此集会，是为了将这一战场的一部分奉献给那些为国捐躯的烈士们，作为他们最后的安息之地。

点评：句中林肯总统用的“final resting place”（安息之地）是“坟场、墓地”的委婉语，“gave their lives”（捐躯）是”牺牲、战死、阵亡“的委婉语，这两个委婉语饱含着林肯对阵亡将士的崇高敬意和深情缅怀。

2、”On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep——but forever. “

（Friederich Engels, Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx）

3月14日下午两点三刻，最伟大的思想家停止了思想。让他一个人留在房里总共不过

两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了——但已经是永远地睡着了。

点评：句中”ceased to think“和”gone to sleep—but forever“都是表示”died （死亡）“一词的委婉语。恩格斯用这两个委婉语，充分表达了对马克思无比热爱、崇敬和深切怀念的战友深情。

3、……迟了一会，宝玉才把梦中之事细说与袭人听。说到云雨私情，羞得袭人掩面伏身而笑。（《红楼梦》）

“It’s a long story,” answered Pao-yu, then told her his dream in full, concluding with his ini tiation by Discenchantment into the “sport of cloud and rain.” His-jen, hearing this, covered her face and doubled up in a fit of giggles.

点评：”云雨“一词出自《高唐赋》，传说楚怀王曾游高唐，梦与巫山神女相会，神女临去时说自己”旦为朝云，暮为行雨“，后世用于喻指男女合欢之爱。云、雨乃自然之物，云变雨，雨中水分蒸发后又变云，云雨相联，”云雨“一词喻指男欢女爱之事，其喻体形象婉曲含蓄，但联系自然贴切。

英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)

英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一

语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等

英汉语言对比与翻译练习

英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

英汉对比研究读书报告

英汉对比研究读书报告

摘要：英语和汉语的对比，通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解，把语言和文化结合起来，对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解，清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知，要想学好外语，对其特点的了解是必须的，而要了解其特点，最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。Speaking of English and Chinese comparison，the language of the two rhetorical devices, translation skills, thinking mode and so on,they combine language with culture. As we all know, in order to learn a foreign language, it is necessary to understand its characteristics, and to understand its characteristics, the best way is to compare with the mother tongue. There are many factors influencing the way of thinking. Learning English, especially translation, not overnight, it needs to understand the study and practice, more often, understanding between English and Chinese and Western cultures, different thinking on the back is necessary, because learning a foreign language is the way of thinking and learning. 关键词：思维方式语法特征修辞手段翻译技巧逻辑思维抽象思维英语注重形合，且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系，所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合，形成复合句或长句；相反，由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化，无拖沓，所以在英译汉时也应当注意，常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用，了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如，英语通常为物做主语，而汉语则为人，所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的，如在写作的时候，西方人喜欢引用专家学者，尤其是有科学依据的观点，而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的，概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响，形成了中国人的悟性，重人文，轻科学，而西方则讲求逻辑思维，以判断推理为主，提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。The way of thinking,Performance method, rhetorical device,translation skill,logical thinking,abstract thinking, Pay attention to the logical relationship of interlocking, So the translation often join conjunctions and extension and combination of the sentence on the contrary, the Chinese sentence structure is simplified, without procrastination, so in English Chinese translation should also be noted that the English sentence often needs to be decomposed and detached and reassembled. English articles for the length of sentence interlaced, understanding of the characteristics of the usual translation and writing is also helpful. Cultural differences also need to be noted,

英汉对比翻译word.doc

Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外，大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老，实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险，进到森林不远处，你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘，春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律，所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证，除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由，是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信，图兰多在北京上演，将进一步说明，无论歌剧还是电影，艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流，分享情感的最佳媒介”，图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章，我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落，我都仔细品玩，一唱三叹； 对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词，我都流连徘徊、依依不舍；书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画，一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个房子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像，而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家，后来，又得病瘫痪在床，家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼，天资聪颖，从小就学习成绩优异。所以，外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上，节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,

实用英汉对比与翻译

第二章英汉句式结构对比与翻译 一. 英文句式结构 基本上为主谓结构,可以扩展为5种: 主+谓、主+谓+宾、主+谓+宾+宾补、主+谓+宾+间宾+直宾、主+系+表。汉语中有部分句子与上述英文句子是对应的。 二. 中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构。（可分为主动和被动） （二）主题—评述句 1. 很多汉语句子是“话题性”很强的句子，即句子的前面是一个话题，后面是对话题的评述或陈述、描述。 如：他处境很危险；楼上住着个女工。 2. 其中话题跟后面的动词只是对这个话题所作的说明,不一定表示主语所指称的实体的行动或性质,或者后面根本就没有动词。 3. 结论：将此类句子翻译成英文时，需进行句式结构的调整，在整个句中找到可以在英文中作主语的词，然后再根据主语选择合适的动词，如果找不到主语，就需要添加主语，或将句子中动作的承受着作主语，变为英文的被动语态。 4. 主题—评述句可归纳为如下几种： ⑴动作承受者作话题。如：那件事我已经办好了。 ⑵双话题。如：我头疼。 ⑶动词或动词短语作话题。如：加入世贸组织利大于弊。 ⑷从句作话题。如：张三明天去美国，我觉得很奇怪。 ⑸地点作话题。如：桌上搁着一碗饭。 ⑹时间作话题。如：今天风和日暖。 （三）无主句 1.即“非主语句”，一种是没有主语的，叫无主句，还有一种是由一个词构成的，叫独词句，如：火！注意！这种句 子可以直译。 2.一般来说，无主句主要用于以下几种情况： ⑴表达客观、科学、公正的语气。汉语的一些科技材料或法律条文中往往使用无主句，目的是使表达的内容更科学、公正。这种情况下，无主句要以为英文的主谓结构时，一般都转化为被动语态，也就是使用原文的宾语做主语，因为被动语态不强调动作的发出者，可以比较准确地表达原文的语用效果。 如：要制造飞机，就要考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. ⑵表达不满又不失礼貌地语气。汉语中无主句多用来表达一种微妙的情感，在不强调施事者的情况下，表达自己的观点，不满等。在英语中，遇到同样的情况，一般较为广泛地使用被动语态。这样说话人可以避免对自己所说的话负责，听话人也不会感到说话人在把自己的主观意志强加给自己。所以，此类无主句可以译为英语的被动句。有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Why are these troubles always left to me? 有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：学这一套，不如去学照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff. ⑶省略第一人称主语“我”或“我们”。有时候为了直接表达自己的观点，说话人刻意省去了“我”或“我们”。这些无主句往往出现在较为正式的场合或正式的书面报告中，翻译成英文时可根据集体情况添加主语“我”或“我们”，最好不要将其转译为英语的被动语态。 如：希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。I hope that all the problems will be readily solved.

英汉语言对比与翻译2

幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影（×） ●淫秽电影（√） ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子（×） ●绿头苍蝇（√） ●greenfly 绿苍蝇（×） ●蚜虫（√） ●common criminal 普通罪犯（×） ●臭名昭著的罪犯（√） ●common informer 一般的告密者（×） ●职业告密者（√） 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动（×） ●（监禁）苦役（√） ●free love 自由恋爱（×） ●（无婚约的）自由性爱（√） ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩（×） ●宠儿（√） ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维（×） ●天马行空式的（√） 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准

1. 支谦与《法句经序》（229年） “天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语，名物不同，传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难，即语言不同，语境不同，名物不同，翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本，三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦，有五失本也。 一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也。 二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者，经委悉，至于叹咏，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。 四者，胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。 五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是： ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的，汉译时改从汉语语法，容易失本； ●二、佛经文字质朴，而汉人喜欢文采，为适合汉语读者，译文作了润饰，容易失本； ●三、佛经的论述，往往不厌其烦，颂文更是翻三覆四，翻译时删繁就简，容易失本； 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”（长行之后，另加的偈颂复述）类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”（总结），

英汉语言对比与翻译作业

英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。（萨克雷）

英汉对比与翻译

华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 完成时间 2013.05.31 课程名称 英汉对比与翻译 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 注：本科生须在规定期限内完成课程论文，并用A4页面打印，加此封面装订成册后，送交评审教师。教师应及时评定成绩，并至迟在下学期开学后两周内将此课程论文及成绩报告单一并交本单位本科生教学秘书存档。 姓 名 郭培斌 学 号 2010210596 成 绩 评卷人

English-Chinese Contrast and Translation I. Introduction I have learned the “Comparison of English and Translation:An Introduction ” for a semester and I would like to talk about some of my own understanding of this course here . II. Native Language Transfer in first language learning : Interference or Facilitation ? Some people may ask what is language transfer . Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . (Od-lin , 1989 : 27 ) We could divided translate into two part : Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer . By awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate first language learning . 2.1 Negative Transfer To sum up , there are probably three causes would form negative transfer . Firstly , analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue makes us study Chinese-style English easier . Secondly , Confusion comes from scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages . Thirdly , we always unconscious falling back on the mother tongue since customary . For a few example : 2.1.1 The writer likes writing at light (night) . The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute . 2.1.2 He only eat two meal a day . Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese . 2.1.3 Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population . The noun renkou , the Chinese equivalent of “population ”can have a numerical pre-modifier . 2.1 4 He suggested me to accept this offer . The verb jianyi , the Chinese equivalent of “suggest ” can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese . 2.1.5 --Your English is wonderful . --No , no . My English is still poor . The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous . We could turn negative transfer into positive by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner’s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy . III. Contrast and Translation : Enlightenment on translation from the contrast

英汉对比与翻译作业答案

The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段： 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一：开车他没有经验。 译文二：他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？ 译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二：婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三：我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一：Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二：Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三：Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话，多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二：We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二：German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二： It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着，扶了洪教头，羞颜满面，自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意：请大家在做作业之前，仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” （Static vs. Dynamic）两章内容。

英汉语言系统对比与翻译

英汉语言系统对比与翻译 一、被动与主动 （一）英语多用被动式原因 1、施事的原因。 2、句法的要求。 （1）为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。 （2）为了使句子平衡。 （3）修辞的考虑。 （4）文体的需要。 （二）汉英多主动式原因 1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 2、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。 3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。 4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。 5、当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。 （1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”) （2）“为……所”式。 （3）“是……的”式。 （4）“……的是” （5）“……加以／予以”式。 二、物称与人称（Impersonal vs Personal ） （一）、英语常用非人称，主语汉语常用人称主语 1、用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语。 2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外还广泛用作填补词expletive。 （二）英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法：汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic) 1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之一 2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代 3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代 4、名词优势引起的介词优势 5、动词的弱化 6、形容词副词对动词的替代 7、动词连用是汉语的常态 8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 9、汉语句子中的动词可重复重叠

70-英汉语言对比与翻译

中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修 一、课程介绍 1. 课程描述 要想学好翻译，最有效的办法莫过于充分了解两种语言之间的相同之处和不同之处。著名语言学家吕叔湘曾指出：“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会”。只有对英汉两种语言之间的差异有了深刻的体会，才能培养出语言之间的转换意识，翻译也才能够顺利进行。可以说，双语认知能力与差异观念、语言对比与转换意识构成了翻译能力的基本要素。一切翻译理论、方法和技巧均建基于此。英汉两种语言在词法、句法、语篇和文体层面迥然有别，英语是综合语，可以充分利用形态变化、虚词、复句等表情达意，而汉语属于分析语，在表达同样意思时，主要借助语序、短句、散句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列句，按照时间顺序或事理顺序，逐层叙述。在句法层面，英汉两种语言在主谓结构、局部与整体、形合与意合等方面不尽相同；语篇层面， - 7 -

英汉两种语言在时间性和空间性、连贯与衔接等方面均有差异。本课程将从英汉语之间的显著差异切入，探究两种语言之间的转换机制与转换方法。 The most effective way of mastering translation is to fully understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the source language and the target language. Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist once remarked: “I firmly believe that the most useful way for Chinese students is to make them be aware of the differences between English and Chinese on every category including lexicon, semantics, grammar, and sentence structure. Only by this way can they have a deeper understanding”. This remark holds truth. A deep understanding of the differences between English and Chinese ensures a sense of shift and successful translation. We can safely conclude that the bilingual cognition between the source language and the target language, the sense of comparison and shift constitute the basic elements of translation competence. All translation theories, strategies and techniques are based upon them. There are huge differences on morphology, syntax, discourse and stylistics between English and Chinese. English belongs to synthetic language, conveying meaning by means of formal devices, function words and complex sentences while Chinese, an analytic language, conveys meaning chronologically and logically through word order, short sentence, loose sentence, contracted sentence, ellipsis sentence and coordinate sentence. At the syntactic level, English and Chinese differs in subject-verb structure, ways of expressing partiality and wholeness, and ways of connection. At the discoursal level, the two languages differ in temporality and spatiality, cohesion and coherence. The course will start from the most obvious differences between English and Chinese, exploring the shifting mechanism and methods. - 7 -