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科技英语翻译480句

科技英语翻译480句
科技英语翻译480句

一、时间(1-80)

1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot.

当把导线快速地(通过)来回弯曲折断时,部分功就转换成热,所以导线变热.

2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide.

当月亮的位置改变时,引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了.

3. The water vapor will change from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temperature is reached.

当露点温度达到时,水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分.

4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state.

当用户要求一组资源时,必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态.

5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number.

当合同程序段的用户数目增加时,查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加.

6. The air pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near.

随着台风的临近,气压开始下降.

7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle.

当它们在就绪队列中等待时,输入/输出装置则空闲着.

8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion.

当这些波向外扩散时,它们也在按波长分开,这一过程叫频散.

9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit.

当我们一接通线路,电流马上就开始出现.

10. Meteorology entered a period of rapid advance about the time the Bjerknes' cyclone model appeared.

大约在Bjerknes的气旋模型问世前后,气象学进入了一个迅速发展的时期.

11. While in the form of radiation, the energy may travel a tremendous distance before being absorbed or changed back into heat.

当能量以辐射能形式存在时,可以在经过很长距离后,才被吸收或转化为热.

12. When moving over land, a typhoon is gradually decreased in severity.

当台风在陆地上移动时,其猛烈性逐渐减弱.

13. It is only when particles are close enough to exert relatively large forces on one another that they are able to set each other into this type of vibration.

只有当粒子紧密到能够相互施加较大的力时,它们才能使彼此产生这样的振动.

14.Only when its melting-point temperature is reached does iron start to pass into a liquid.

只有当熔点温度达到时,铁才开始变成液体.

15. Only if the component vectors are on a straight line will the length of the vector for the sum be equal to the sum of the lengths of these components or to their difference.

只有当几个分矢量在一直线上,那么表示其和的矢量长度才会等于这些分量的长度和或它们的差.

16. Whenever occasion arises intensive observations are to be done to get the information on the fine structure of the atmospheric event.

每当必要时,应该进行加密观测以便获得这一大气事件的细微结构的资料.

17. Whenever a wave moves out from a source in uniform medium, it travels in straight lines.

每当(凡是)波从均匀介质中的波源移出时,它都呈现直线传播.

18. Each time the current changes directions, a period of no current, known as slack water, intervenes.

每当潮流改变方向时,中间都有一段叫做平潮的无潮流阶段.

19.As a rule, the temperature in the troposphere decreases steadily with increasing altitude until the tropopause is reached.

通常对流层温度直到对流层顶都是随高度增加而不断地减小的.

20. The jet stream was not fully recognized as a meteorological entity until 1949.

直到1949年急流才作为一种气象实体现象为人们充分认识到.

21. The seeds did not start germinating until late March because of a long spell of drought.

由于一段很长时间的干旱直到3月下旬这些种子才开始发芽.

22. Not until August 1974 did the expeditionary observations begin.

直到1974年8月考察(探险)活动才开始.

23. A piece of metal left in the sun rises in temperature until it loses heat at the same rate at while it absorbs heat.

一片放在阳光下的金属,其温度要上升到它吸收热量和失去热量的速率相等时才停止.

24. In the simplest case, we start the requested I/O and wait until it is complete before returning control to the user program.

在最简单的情况下,我们启动一个I/O请求,且一直等到它实现再(才)使控制器返回到用户程序.

25. The weather remained the same until after June.

那种天气一直维持到6月以后.

26. By the time winter begins, coastal waters are thoroughly mixed, with virtually no temperature or salinity differences between surface and bottom waters.

到冬季快要开始的时候,沿岸的海水已经彻底混合,表层和底层的水几乎没有什么温度差和盐度差了.

27. If there is a page fault, all the old values are written back into memory before the trap occurs.

如果有页面错误,则在自陷中断产生之前,所有原来的数值都要写回存储器.

28.Such observations must be processed before we can utilize them.

在我们能应用这些观测资料之前,它们必须进行处理.

29. But thirty years were to elapse before suitable instruments were available to allow a detailed and systematic investigation.

但是竟然过了30年才出现了适用的仪器让我们对之进行细微的系统的考察.

30. It was a few years before a breakthrough was made in this field.

过了几年在这一领域才有了突破.

31. Small objects such as dust particles and water droplets fall only small distances before losing most of their acceleration.

向尘埃和小水滴这种小物体只下降很短距离就失去它们的大部分加速度。

32. Ship may have to wait for days before finding a time when incoming waves and tidal currents are right, permitting them to enter the harbor with safety.

船只必须等待多日才能等到合适的波和潮流,从而使得它们能安全地进港。

33. After the concept of temperature became understood, there were many years of scientific development before the read nature of hest was established.

在人们理解了温度的概念以后,又经过多年的科学研究确定了热的真正性质。

34. Even after air masses move far from their original breeding ground source, they may still be recognized by their characteristics.

即使在气团远离其原来的生成源地以后,它们仍然可根据其属性而被识别出来。

35. Since the computer came into being science and technology have made great advances.

自计算机问世以来,科学技术已取得巨大进展。

36. Cold fog dispersal has been an operational success in the U.S. since 1963.

美国自1963年以来,冷雾消散在实际操作上一直是成功的。

37. Fog dispersal research has since followed the line.

自那时以来消雾研究一直遵循这个方向。

38. It is only since the 1980s that much attention has been given to the phenomenon.

只是从80年代以来,人们才很重视这一现象。

39. As soon as the tropopause is reached, temperature stops decreasing with height.

一达到对流层,温度就停止随高度上升。

40. The study of electricity had hardly begun when Franklin, in 1752, conducted his dangerous kite experiment in a thunderstorm, founding the science of atmospheric electricity.

电学研究刚一开始,富兰克林就于1752年在雷暴云中进行了危险的风筝试验,从而奠定了大气电学的基础。

41. The data had no sooner been charted than analysis was started.

资料刚在图上填完,分析就开始了。

42. Sprinkling creates water particles in the air that reduce outgoing radiation, but plant temperature declines immediately on cessation of the operation.

喷洒在空气中产生小水滴,它们使射出辐射减小,但是喷洒一停止,植物本身温度立刻下降。

43. Upon reaching this level, temperature no longer increases with altitude.

一达到这个高度,气温就不再随高度上升。

44. Once the cold water enters the flack, the vapor pressure falls quickly.

一旦冷水进入长颈瓶,水气压就迅速下降。

45. Once common functions are written in assembly language they could then be copied into a new program without having to be written again.

一旦用汇编语言来编写公用程序,它们就不必重新书写而可被复制到新的程序中去。

46. In our experiment, heavy rain was received shortly after the plots were (had been) drilled.

在我们的试验中,这几块地条播后不久就下了大雨。

47. It was found that on light clays, no-till planting may begin 1—2dayss sooner after rain than conventional planting.

人们发现在淡色粘土地里,雨后免耕栽种可比常规栽种早一两天。

48. Even in such a system, gross statistical divergence of two nearly identical initial states will occur, sometimes in a week.

即使在这样一个系统中,近乎相同的两初始状态有时在一周后在总体统计上也会发生差异。

49. As far back as 1920s attention was directed towards the problem.

早在20年代,人们就注意这一问题了。

50. First comes a gradual change in water level, the forerunner, a few hours ahead of the storm’s arrival.

首先出现水位的逐渐变化,这是风暴到达前几小时的先兆。

51. Prior to the 1960s knowledge of the atmosphere above about 30 km was based largely on inferences from ground-based observations.

在60年代以前,人们关于30公里左右以上的高空大气知识主要是根据地基观测推断得到的。

52. Even today, specific forecasts are only made for the period of 3 to 5 days in advance.

即使今天也只能对未来3—5天的天气作出具体的预报。

53. The 500-hPa height field shows a well-developed blocking high over the Gulf of Alaska, which lasts another seven days.

500百帕高度场表明,在阿拉斯加海湾上空有一发展得很好的阻塞高压,后来它又持续了7天

54. Such averages are usually taken over a period of time, such as an hour,

a day, a month, or a year.

这种平均值通常是对一段时间如1小时,1天,1月,1年所取的。

55. The experiment was conducted in the summer of 1977.

该试验于1977年夏进行。

56. In early spring when temperature is too low to favor the growth and development of the plants so that they have to remain in the greenhouse.

在早春此时气温很低,不利于这些植物的生长发育,因此它们还必须留在温室中。

57. During periods of light winds or reduced river flow coastal current often become so weak as to be barely discernible.

在淡淡轻风或河道流量减小时,海岸流变得很弱,几乎看不出来。

58. During the 19th century, the theories of tidal and acoustic gravity oscillations were subjects of great interest.

在19世纪,潮汐振荡和声重力振荡的理论曾经是饶有兴趣的课题。

59. How often observations are made, and how widely they are spaced, depend on the scale of the atmospheric events about which information is desired.

隔多久进行一次观测,这些测值(代表台站)相距多远取决于所要取得资料的大气事件的尺度。

60. Periods of precipitation are referred to as the “active” monsoon, and the lulls in between are called monsoon “break”.

有降水发生的时期叫做季风活跃期,而它们之间的静息期叫做季风中断。

61. Such currents may form, disappear, or change flow direction within

a matter of hours or days.

这样一些洋流的形成、消失或改变流向可能发生在大约几小时或几天内。

62. The weather will be hot and dry from now on till the end of August for this region.

这一地区天气从现在到8月底将是炎热干燥的。

63. Spring tides occur every two weeks, usually within a few days of the new and full moon.

春潮每间隔1周出现1次,通常出现在离开新月和满月几天之内。

64. These vortices developed within 30 minutes or so of each other.

这些涡旋的产生彼此相隔半小时左右。

65. In a time-sharing system, it is very important that each user get a share of the CPU at regular intervals.

在分时系统中,重要的是每一用户每隔(固定)一段时间可使用中心处理装置。

66. These stations may report weather intervals of an hour or even less to warn of approaching weather dangers.

这些台站可以1小时或不到1小时报告1次天气以警告(人们注意)危险天气的临近。

67. Plants were measured for height of the tallest leaf at monthly intervals from May to September.

从5月到9月每月测量植物最高叶的高度1次

68. The dataset consists of twice daily 500-hPa height analyses from the U.S. National Meteorological Center for the 20 winters 1962/1963 through 1981/1982.

所用资料集为美国国家气象中心关于1962/1963到1981/1982期间20个冬季的一天两次的500百帕高度场分析资料。

69. The observation was made at 0630 local time, February 15, 1984.

该观测于1984年2月15日地方时6:30进行的。

70. The project will be completed by mid-December.

这个项目要到12月中才能完成。

71. There appears small high in the west on day 10.

第十天在其西部出现了一个小高压。

72. The observation was carried out one month less two days.

观测进行时期为一个月差两天。

73. In the meantime the sky is turning clear.

与此同时,天空开始晴朗起来。

74. It rains more often than not during this season.

在这个季节经常有雨。

75. These circulation anomalies have long been recognized.

这些环流异常早就为人们所认识。

76. This plot will be prepared sometime next month.

这块地将在下个月某个时候整治。

77. It takes 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 and a fraction of a second for the earth to complete one rotation.

地球完成一次自转需要23小时56分钟4秒多。

78. For the 24—hour period following 1300 February 14, air temperature dropped 4.6℃.

在2月14日13时以后的24小时,气温下降了4。6℃。

79. The past decade has been a rapid expansion of our empirical knowledge of the observed circulation anomalies.

过去的10年曾是关于观测获得的环流异常现象的经验知识的大丰收的10年。

80. The day of the onset of blocking is defined as day zero, and the time is then measured relative to this day zero, thus, day -2 represents the time of two day prior to the onset; day +2 two days subsequent.

阻塞开始之日定为零日,其它日子相对于这一天而确定。这样-2天表示在阻塞开始之前两天,+2天表示在阻塞开始后两天。

二、空间(81-120)

81. The research involves atmospheric conditions at few levels above the ground.

此项研究涉及地面之上若干层次的大气状态。

82. Individual jet maxima are frequently found at the tips of deep low-pressure troughs.

某些急流其最大风速中心常发现位于深低压槽的底端。

83. Another high-vale center is at the eastern fringe of the plateau.

另一高值中心在高原东边缘上。

84. Weather is determined by the simultaneous occurrence of several meteorological elements at a geographical locality or over broad areas of the earth.

天气是由在某一地理位置或者地球表面上广袤地区同时出现的若干气象要素的综合作用所决定的。

85. Reportedly, 1986 No.3 typhoon is being generated over the western North Pacific.

据报道,1986年3号台风在西北太平洋生成。

86. Standard temperature observations are made in thermometer shelters about 5 feet above the ground.

标准气温测定是在离地面5英尺左右的百叶箱中进行的。

87. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, followed by the ionosphere and capped by the exosphere.

在对流层上是平流层,接着是电离层,最上层是外逸层。

88. Meteorologists have divided the atmosphere into various shells or layers, laid one atop the other.

气象学家把大气分成不同的层,它们依次相叠。

89. The boundary on the cold air side is often ill-defined, especially near the surface.

冷空气一侧的边界常常十分模糊,特别是在地表附近。

90. The cispacific(cis 在…这边) SST(海水表面温度) was a little higher than before.

太平洋这侧的海面温度比以前稍高一些。

91. Close to the ground, wind speed increases quickly with height.

靠近地面,风速随高度迅速增大。

92. The maximum wind speed is centered around 35oN, 120oE

最大风速中心位于35oN,120oE

93. A few contributions have appeared on this subject at home and abroad.

这一课题已有一些论文在国内外发表了。

94. Meteorological science and technology have grown to the extent that behaviors of the atmosphere could be monitored on a global basis.

气象科学和技术已发展到可在全球范围内监测大气特性。

95. For the first few thousand feet above sea level the rate of pressure decrease is in the neighborhood of 1 inch of pressure for each 900 to 1000 ft.

在离海面几千英尺高度上(在拔海高度数千英尺以下)气压递减率大约是每900到1000英尺高度下降1英寸汞柱左右。

96. In this case, steady precipitation may extend over a long distance ahead of the front.

在这种情形下,稳定性降水可在锋前向前延伸很长一段距离。

97. It is known that local weather can be affected within a few days by meteorological conditions thousands of miles away (from here).

大家知道当地天气在几天内可以受到(离此)几千英里以外的气象条件的影响。

98. These temporary observation posts were all within 10 km of the city.

这些临时测点均位于离城10公里以内。

99. Buoys are developed 20 miles off the coast.

在离海岸200英里的海中布设浮标站网。

100. The maximum is about 400 hPa(百帕) in a 3 km distance from the center toward the south.

最大值在离开此中心向南3公里处的400百帕左右高度上

101. Strong westerlies, at times, have been observed near the tropopause over Recife(累西非), Brasil, approximately 9o from the equator.

强大的西风气流有时曾在离赤道大约9个纬度的巴西Recife上空的对流层顶附近观测到过。

102. The trade wind cell is, on the average, confined to 30 degrees poleward of the equator.

平均来说,信风圈限于离赤道(向极地方向)30度的纬度带里。

103. At this stage sea-level westerlies are strong and zonal in character and they lie poleward of their normal position.

在这一阶段海平面上西风气流很强且属纬向性的,它较正常位置偏向极地(北半球上偏北或南半球偏南)。

104. The figure shows that the maximum precipitation occurred to the east of Indonesia.

此图表面最大降水出现在印尼之东。

105. For a time, surface and subsurface current are in opposite directions; flow is seaward at the surface and landward near the bottom.

在一个时期,表层和次表层的水流方向相反;表层水流向外海方向流动,靠近底层的水流则向陆地方向流动。

106. For example, the artificial modification of rain at New York City may suggest a seeding activity just a few miles upwind of the metropolis.

比如说,对纽约市进行人工降雨可能意味着在该市上风不过几英里处进行一次撒播作业。

107. in the first stage the jet stream lies well to the north and it takes a general west-east direction.

在第一阶段急流远在其北且一般为由西向东的方向。

108. The analyzed low-pressure center at the surface was located 8 km east of the mesocyclone.

所分析的地面低压中心位于中(尺度)气旋之东约8公里处。

109. In all experiments there is at 300 km of sea to the west and 100 km of sea to the east.

在这些试验中,西面离海至少300公里,东面离海至少100公里。

110. The moon moves from a position 28.5o north of the equator to as much south of it.

月亮从赤道以北28.5o的位置运行到赤道以南28.5o的位置。

111. Within this area is a double minimum in pressure with one center collocated with the vorticity maximum and the other about 3 km farther north.

在这一区域内有一对最小气压中心,一个与最大涡度中心相重合,另一个则在更向北3公里左右处。

112. The monitoring station is just across the river from the power plant.

监测站与位于河对岸的发电厂正对峙(隔河相对)。

113. For research purpose, network with stations speed only 1/10 to 1 miles apsrt have been maintained for limited period in small areas.

为了研究需要,在短时间内在小范围一直保持台站间彼此相距仅0.1到1英里的台站网。

114. During the experiment, moisture was measured twice a day at 20-cm intervals between 0 and 80 cm of the soil.

在试验中一天两次对0—80cm土壤层每20cm处进行湿度测定。

115. Following the treatment, cotton seeds were planted by hand in the third week of June 1983, at 75-cm row spacing with three rows of plants per plot.

在进行这种处理后,在1983年6月第三周把棉花种子用手种上,行距为75cm,每块地种三行。

116. Slopes orientated differently receive direct solar radiation in different amounts.

朝向不同的山坡接收到的直接太阳辐射量是不同的。

117. On the diagram, propagation is manifested as a coherent line of cloudiness sloping in one direction or another.

在这张图上,传播表现为向某一方向倾斜的相互密合的云带的形成。

118. From just the entrance, in the southern part of the bay, up to a second slack water area, about midway up the bay, tidal currents are ebbing.

在海湾的南部,从紧靠入口处内侧直到第二平潮区,其间距离大约是到海湾的一半,潮流正在回落。

119. The anomalously warm water can exist for a long distance along the equator at least as far west as Canton Island (172oW, 3oS).

异常温暖的海水可沿赤道向西长距离延伸,至少可到坎吨岛(172oW, 3oS)。120. The easternmost longitude of the 35℃ isotherm is 140o E

35℃的等温线的最东经度是140o E。

三、原因、结果(121-160)

121. The ‘wave’ properties of macroscopic matter are not apparent because the wavelength is undetectably small.

宏观物质的波动特性不明显,因为其波长很短,难以被察觉。

122. The book remains at rest or, in physical terminology, in static equilibrium not because there are no forces acting on it but because the forces which do act on it annul one another.

此书处于静止,或者用物理术语来讲处于静力平衡,并不是因为没有力作用在它上面,而是因为作用其上的力彼此互相抵消。

123. As no machine ever runs without some friction, overcoming the force wastes work.

因为没有一台机器可以无摩擦地运转,所以克服摩擦力只是白费功夫。

124. Since the operator had more experience with mounting tape than a programmer, setup time was reduced.

鉴于操作员比程序员有更多的安装磁盘的经验,所以(由操作员进行的)安装时间就减少了。

125. As friction is always present, it naturally causes losses in all types of machines, since because of friction; part of useful mechanical energy is lost in the form of useless heat.

由于摩擦总是存在,所以很自然,部分有用的机械能会因摩擦以无用的热的形式失去,所以摩擦使所有的机器均产生(能量)损失。

126. Since a magnetic field associated with the current in a coil, any change in that current alters the magnetic field around it.

因为磁场与线圈内的电流有关,所以电流的任何变化都会引起它周围磁场的变化。

127. In summer people feel sticky in that relative humidity is quite high.

夏季人们感到皮肤粘乎乎的是因为相对湿度很高。

128. The output power can never equal the input power, for there are always losses.

输出功率决不可能等于输入功率因为总有损耗。

129. Theoretically at least we should be able to copy these mechanisms found in nature, for all biological organisms are in part actually electrical systems.

至少在理论上我们应该能够模仿在自然界发现的这些机制,因为在所有生物组织中有一部分实际上是电系统。

130 Because of the high cost of these early computers, idle time was undesirable.

由于这些早期计算机价格高昂,所以(出现)闲置时间是人们所不期望的。

131. The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy, or energy of motion.

物体由于运动而具有的能量叫动能。

132. In the cloudless night ground temperature decreases on account of the heat lost to the space.

在无云夜间地面温度由于其热量散失到空间而下降。

133. The high yields overall are attributed mainly to good seedbed structure and a manual precision seeding.

总的来说,这些高产量主要是由于适宜的苗床结构和精细的手工播种。

134. In view of the importance of the plateau to the weather and climate over broad areas, a scientific investigation was carried out a few years ago.

鉴于这一高原对广大地区的天气和气候的重要性所以在数年前曾进行过一次科学考察。

135 The decrease in intensity due to absorption is called damping and a wave whose intensity decreases for this reason is called a damped wave.

由于被吸收而强度减低叫做阻尼,而由于这一原因其强度减小的波叫做阻尼波。

136. Cooling is readily interpreted as due to the fact that work is done against the attractive forces between molecules.

冷却很容易被解释为是由于为了克服分子之间引力而做功的结果。

137. The pressure increase out of control was at the bottom of the explosion.

失去控制的气压增长是这一爆炸的根本原因。

138. Too small spacing among the plant stands is causative of the crop failure.

植株间间隔太小是作物歉收的原因。

139. It is because the ground loses heat to the air.

这是因为地表把热量输送给空气的缘故。

140. It was not that the deficiency in fertilizer was responsible for the crop failure.

不是因为肥料不足才造成作物歉收的。

141. The farming was done intensively for no other reason than a bumper crop.

正是为了丰收的缘故,耕作才作得十分精细。

142. By reason that the machine did not run properly, the operator had to stop it for checking.

由于机器不能正常运行,操作人员只得停车检查。

143. For reason given above the scheme should be redesigned.

鉴于上述原因,此方案应重新设计。

144. Seeing that there is often poor visibility, the site chosen as an airport is not appropriate.

鉴于这里能见度经常欠佳,所以选为机场是不适当的。

145. The crop did not grow well what with species and what with non-uniform top application of fertilizer, according to an agronomist.

这片庄稼长得不好据一位农学家看一方面是由于品种,另一方面是由于追肥不匀。

146. Frozen at around -35℃, mercury is no t used in thermometers where extremely low temperature may be expected.

由于水银在-35℃左右时发生冰冻,所以在极端低温可能出现的地区它不用于制作温度计。

147. Reportedly the yield per acre has been 30% increased insomuch as modern agricultural technologies are practiced in this hilly region.

根据报道由于现代农业技术在那丘陵地区的实行,每亩产量已增加30%。

148. Vast stretches of oceans appeal to us much the rather because their profundity is difficult of access.

辽阔的海洋因其深奥难以理解才更引起我们的浓厚兴趣。

149. Tidal currents cause mixing between layer, so that the waters become only moderately stratified.

潮流可引起各层海水之间发生混合,所以水体只能有一种适度的分层。

150. As a result, much of the energy is lost to air.

结果其中大部分能量散失于空气中。

151. Conditions of rotation and heat transfer in the earth’s atmosphere are such that irregular waves of the characteristics described above will form.

地球大气(随地球)的自转和在其中的热输送状况结果导致具有以上所描述的特征的不规则波的形成。

152. Our normalization is such that the curves in Fig. 3 can be regarded as probability distributions.

我们的标准化处理使得图3中的曲线可以被看作概率分布曲线。

153. The dynamic response to the heating imbalance is such as to converge heat into the upper troposphere of the desert regions.

对这一加热不平衡的动力学响应结果导致热在这沙漠地带的对流层上部辐合。

154. Wind increased sharply with the result that evaporation went up remarkably.

风明显增大结果蒸发明显增强。

155. Release of the heat of fusion is believed to alter the pressure gradient in such a way as to diminish the destructive winds near the storm center.

人们认为融解热的释放可以改变气压梯度,结果减小风暴中心附近的破坏性风力。

156. The rotated principal components express the variability in the data in terms of geographically local components in a manner that the results appear to be consistent with our dynamical perception of atmospheric variability.

旋转主分量使用各局地地区的分量来表示资料在数值的变率,因而所得到的结果看来与我们关于大气变化的动力学概念一致。

157. The roughly 365-day year is the result of the earth traveling around the sun in one period.

365天左右的1年是地球围绕太阳转动一个周期的结果。

158. If lines, called isanomals, are drawn on a world, joining places of equal thermal anomaly, an isanomalous map is the result.

如果在一世界图上把有相同温度异常的地点以等异常(等距平)线画出来,结果就得到一张气温异常图。

159. If put together and heated to 25℃ at constant press ure, these substances will result in a new compound.

如果把这些物质放在一起并在常压下加热到25℃,则结果会产生一种新的化合物。

160. Heating makes the molecules of a material move faster, increasing the rate of evaporation.

加热使物质中分子运动加快,从而加速蒸发率。

四、条件(161-200)

161. To the extent that it is real, the interaction with the lower boundary seems a good candidate to explain the high persistence of the system.

如果这一结果可靠的话,那么这一系统与下边界的相互作用似乎可看作解释它长时间继续存在的可靠原因。

162. Two fronts will exist if we have three air masses, a coal, a warm, and a cold, moving from west to east one after another.

如果我们让三个气团(一冷,一暖又一冷的)依次由西向东运动,则会出现两个锋。

163. If the input file exists, then we must create a new output file.

如果该输入文件存在,那么我们必须开辟一个新的输出文件。

164. (According to the weather report, the typhoon will pass over the region)If so, the drought will be relieved.

(根据天气报告称,此次台风将经过这个地区)如果是这样,旱象将得到缓和。

165. If the moon were, for instance, over the site of Miami, there would be a tidal bulge there and also on near the west coast of Australia.

例如,假如月亮在迈阿密测点的上空,那里就会出现海潮的隆升,而在澳大利亚西海岸附近的海面也会出现隆升。

166.If the earth’s axis did not tilt, there would be no seasonal change on it.

如果地轴不倾斜,地球上就没有季节变化。

167. Were there no such superior laws, physics would be impossible as an exact science over any sufficiently long period.

如果没有这些颠扑不破的定律,物理学就不可能在任何足够长的岁月作为一门精确的科学而存在。

168. If this situation should occur, the frame would become unusable.

如果出现这种情况,框架就成为无用的了。

169. Should the current be cut, the coil would return to its original position.

如果电流切断,线圈就返回到原来位置。

170. Had Franklin known what we know about lightning in those days, he probably would not have undertaken such a dangerous experiment.

如果富兰克林当时与今天我们关于闪电知识的认识一样,他可能不会进行那种危险的(风筝)试验了。

171. If we had not taken necessary precautions, the typhoon would have inflicted heavier damages.

如果当时不采取必要预防措施,台风就会造成更加严重的损害。

172. If it were not for the modern equipment, such experiments would not be performed.

如果没有这些现代化设备,这些实验就不能进行。

173. With the equipment the experiment would be readily conducted.

如果有了这些设备,试验就会顺利进行。

174. Water vapor is lighter, which would otherwise not rise into air.

水汽(比空气)较轻,否则它不会升到空中。

175. Since this frame of reference-the earth –is rotating, motions that would be straight in a stationary frame of reference appear curved to the observer on earth.

由于参照系—地球—是旋转的,所以在静止参照系中应是呈直线运动,在地球上的观测者看来就成为曲线运动。

176. This is clearly not the case, if it were true, prediction of the tides could have been done for centuries.

很清楚,情况并非如此。假如真是这样,潮汐预报可能已发布几个世纪了(事实并非如此)。

实用科技英语翻译-期末考试复习题

2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)(2个题) 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy(确切性): accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy(单义性): one sense for one word C .systematization(系统性):the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct(语言的正确性): in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness(简明性): concise and easy to remember F. motivation(理据性): just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.

科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料

Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理

小议科技英语翻译技巧

小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有变化,常用前置性陈述,即在句中将主要信息尽量前置,通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是:清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末,科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下: 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,

科技英语中专业术语的翻译

科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译:根据科技术语的含义,将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说,意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法,它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下: ①firewall ........ :防火墙 ②data mining .......... :数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ....................... :自动程序控制 2.形译:英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词,或保留原来的字母,这就叫形译。例子如下: I .-.bar ... 工字钢、工字条;O .-.ring .... 环形圈;twist .....-.drill .....麻花钻;X .-.Ray ...X 光;α.-.brass ..... α黄铜[1] 3.音译:根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等,在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下: gene .... 基因;quark ..... 夸克;Pentium ....... 奔腾 celluloid ......... 赛璐璐;nylon ..... 尼龙 Hertz .....(Hz )赫兹(频率单位);lumen .....流明(光通量单位) 4.缩写词:英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重,这类词如果译成汉语,就显得拖沓冗长,因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下: CPU ...:.C .entral Processing Unit ....................(中央处理器) ASCII .....:.American S .........tandard ....... C .ode ... for ... I .nformation .......... I .nterchange .......... (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ...:.A .synchronous ........... T .ransfer ....... M .ode ... (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下: WTO ...(国际贸易组织);UNESCO ......(联合国教科文组织);WHO ...(世界卫生组织);IOC ... (国际奥委会)

科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.

翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法

科技英语翻译练习

一.句子翻译练习;英译汉 1. It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. 严禁乱拆,以免损坏该设备的零件。 2.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die. 由于生理上的局限, 一切生物总是要死亡的。 3. The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 4.Gene piracy is not new. 窃取基因不是新鲜事。 5.All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。 6. Failure to fix these symbols in mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical subjects they take up. 由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。 7. This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part, or the use of a more expensive metal. 成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。 8. A chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird. 鸡是研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。 9. The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate. 电子从负的锌极流向正的铜极。 10. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load. 船装了货吃水更深,其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。 11.Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly, are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. 不能行走的机器人能学会做工,并能孜孜不倦地工作,今天在世界各地的工厂里得到了使用。 12.The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是, 机械力代替了人力。 13.Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province, helping farmers to do their work in a more scientific way. 该省已普遍成立了农技推广中心,帮助农民以更加科学的方法种田。 14.When two bodies oscillate at the same frequency, they are said to be in resonance. 当两个物体以相同的频率震动时, 我们说它们处于共振状态。 15.Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125℃and is held there for at least 15 minutes. 使温度很快从室温升到125℃, 并至少保持15分钟。 16.After sealing the header is cleaned and then the leads are clipped to the desired length. 封焊后把管座清洗干净,然后把引线剪到所需长度。 17.The damage caused by acid rain can be alleviated by adding lime to lakes, rivers and streams and/or their catchments' areas. 往湖泊、河流和溪流及(或)它们的集水区中撒石灰,可以减轻酸雨所造成的损害。

华北电力大学科技英语翻译汇总题库

2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中,因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时,而不是几秒钟,燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. (如果)把蓄电池放在干燥的地方,就不会漏电。 这种句式中,祈使句表示条件,and后面的句子表示结果,可译为“如果……,就……”,或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化,将它向外拉牵,扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句(或后续分句),即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词,用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦,会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点,最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界,是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼,太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰,而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句:由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰a world;介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句,修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste;关系副词where 引导的定语从句,也修饰a sterile mountainous waste;so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。

科技英语翻译

十个必须收藏的SCI论文翻译技巧 ? ?| ?浏览:8 ?| ?更新:2014-10-25 00:11 ?| ?标签:翻译 要使译文显得比较流畅和专业,就必须懂得技巧,专家整理收集了一些技巧,以供大家学习,下面为大家介绍必须收藏的十大技巧,英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的技巧作指导。常用的技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。 方法/步骤 1. 1 1.增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式, 在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如:(1)What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语) 2. 2 2. 省译法:这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语 思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)

3. 3 3转换法:指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。Our institute is co-a dministrated by the States Education Commission and the municip al government. (名词转动词) 4. 4 4.拆句法和合并法:这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people a re justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译) 5. 5 5.正译法和反译法:这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。在美国,人人都能买到枪。In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) 6. 6

科技英语中专业术语的翻译

科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译:根据科技术语的含义,将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单 个词语来说,意译也就是直译。意译法时最常用的翻译方法,它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例如: ①firewall 防火墙 ②data mining 数据挖掘 ③automatic program control 自动程序控制 2. 音译:根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术 语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等,在翻译时都可采用音译法。例如: ·gene 基因;quark 夸克;Pentium 奔腾 ·celluloid 赛璐璐;nylon 尼龙、 ·Hertz (Hz) 赫兹(频率单位);lumen 流明(光通量单位) 3.形译:英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词,或保留原来的字母,这就叫形译。例如: I-bar 工字钢,工字条;O-ring 环形圈;twist-drill 麻花钻;X-ray X光;α-brass α黄铜 4.缩写词:英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占有很大的比重,这类词如译成汉语,就显得拖沓冗长,因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例如: ◎CPU:Centeral Processing Unit (中央处理器) ◎ASCII:American Standard Code for Information Interchange (美国信息交换标准码) ◎A TM:Asynchronous Transfer Mode (异步传输模式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种方法。例如: WTO (世界贸易组织);UNESCO (联合国教科文组织);WHO (世界卫生组织);IOC(国际奥委会) 注[1]:指含锌量≦35℅的铜铝合金。

浅析科技英语中长句的翻译技巧

翻译期末作业论文 浅析科技英语中长句的翻译 A brief analysis on translation of long sentence in scientific English 浅析科技英语中长句的翻译 摘要 如今随着社会的不断发展,科学技术也越来越尖端并且正在不断的更新中。同时随着经济全球化发展,各国的科学技术也在互相补足与融合。而这时候,为了能有更准确的理解,标准的科技英语翻译工作自然就成了科学技术的重要生产力。科技英语翻译的重要性也越发突出。本文将分析科技英

语中长句和复合句的使用及分类,然后重点解析科技英语中长句的几种翻译技巧,从而能将复杂的科技英语中长句准确的译为汉语。 引言 科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情, 描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言, 其表达客观准确、逻辑性强、结构严谨。为了更好地记录自然界的现象和科技界的动态, 用来记录的句子往往偏长、结构复杂。所以在科技英语的翻译实践中遇到的具体问题之一就是科技英语长句的翻译,那么如何处理长句呢?这不仅需要掌握一定量的词汇,而且最重要的必须掌握相应的翻译技巧方可能更准确的翻译。本文包含五个部分:首先,介绍了科技英语中长句的特点;其次,讲述了科技英语中长句和复合句的分类;再次,则分析了科技英语中长句的应用和在科技英语中英语长句的优点;接下来,这也是本文的重点,也就是浅析了科技英语中长句的几种翻译技巧;最后,则是全文的一个总结概述。 1.科技英语中长句的特点 科技英语的特点主要是术语繁沉、论证严密,翻译时要特别注意逻辑是否严谨、术语是否准确、表达是否简练明确。在实践过程中,科技英语长句的翻译是一个比较复杂、棘手的难题。不仅限于并列句和复合句,简单句有时也很长,它的一个重要特点就是修饰语较长,这些修饰语一般都是短语和从句,它们或是位于名词后面的短语或从句,或是位于动词后面的短语或从句。 因此,为了兼顾译文的准确性和可读性,我们就要掌握一定的方法和技巧。 2.科技英语长句的分类 2.1Sentence with a number of subordinate clauses of different levels. E.g.Perhaps the factor thatmakes a positive outcome most likely is the clear recognitin by the Japane se government and business community that there is an emergent need for innovation, and a wide agreem entthat the national interest requiredthatmajor effort be concentrated in this area. 也许,带来积极结果的因素很大可能上是日本政府和商业界对当前急切需要创新和国家利益要求需在该领域投入更多的努力的认知。 2.2The sentence with a series of past-modifiers, like a chain E.g. Each cylinder is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of circuit through which water is

科技英语翻译

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