上外2009年汉英翻译试题

上外2009年汉英翻译试题：杨绛《窗帘》

窗帘

作者：杨绛

人不怕挤。尽管摩肩接踵，大家也挤不到一处。像壳里的仁，各自各。像太阳光里飞舞的轻尘，各自各。凭你多热闹的地方，窗对着窗。各自人家，彼此不相干。只要挂上一个窗帘，只要拉过那薄薄一层，便把别人家隔离在千万里以外了。

隔离，不是断绝。窗帘并不堵没窗户，只在彼此间增加些距离——欺哄人招引人的距离。窗帘并不盖没窗户，只隐约遮掩——多么引诱挑逗的遮掩！所以，赤裸裸的窗口不引人注意，而一角掀动的窗帘，惹人窥探猜测，生出无限兴趣。

赤裸裸，可以表示天真朴素。不过，如把天真朴素做了窗帘的质料，做了窗帘的颜色，一个洁白素净的帘子，堆叠着透明的软纱，在风里飘曳，这种朴素，只怕比五颜六色更富有魅力，认真要赤裸裸不加遮饰，除非有希腊神像那样完美的身体，有天使般纯洁的灵魂。倍根（Bacon）说过：“赤裸裸是不体面的；不论是赤露的身体，或赤露的心。”人从乐园里驱逐出来的时候，已经体味到这句话了。

所以赤裸裸的真实总需要些掩饰。白昼的阳光，无情地照彻了人间万物，不能留下些幽暗让人迷惑，让人梦想，让人希望。如果没有轻云薄雾把日光筛漏出五色霞彩来，天空该多么单调枯燥！

隐约模糊中，才容许你做梦和想象。距离增添了神秘。看不见边际，变为没边没际的遥远与辽阔。云雾中的山水，暗夜的星辰，希望中的未来，高超的理想，仰慕的名人，心许的“相知”，——隔着窗帘，惝怳迷离，可以产生无限美妙的想象。如果你嫌恶窗帘的间隔，冒冒失失闯进门、闯到窗帘后面去看个究竟，赤裸裸的真实只怕并不经看。像丁尼生（Tennyson）诗里的“夏洛特女郎”（TheLady of Shalott），看厌了镜中反映的世界，三步跑到窗前，望一望真实世界。她的镜子立即破裂成两半，她毁灭了以前快乐而无知的自己。

人家挂着窗帘呢，别去窥望。宁可自己也挂上一个，华丽的也好，朴素的也好。如果你不屑挂，或懒得挂，不妨就敞着个赤裸裸的窗口。不过，你总得尊重别人家的窗帘。

摘自https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f1205709.html,/viewthread.php?tid=4805

【转】找到原文和译文了。大家去找那个高等教育出版社连淑能编的那个《英译汉教程》142 到143页，有参考译文的。

摘自https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f1205709.html,/viewthread.php?tid=4805

上外2009年考研改错题答案

A fairly standard consensual definition is "a relatively permanent change

in behavior (sic.; it's American of course) that results from practise."

This is of course arguable, particularly the "practice" criterion. (1)

Others would accept changes in "capability" or even simple

"knowledge" or "understanding", even if it is not manifest in

behaviour. It is however an important criterion that "learned" (2)

behaviour is not pre-programmed or wholly instinctive (not a (3)

word used much nowadays), even if an instinctual

drive underpins it. Behaviour can also change as a (4)

result of maturation-simple growing-up-without being

totally learned. Think of the changing attitude of children (5)

and adolescents to opposite-sex peers.

Whatever the case, there has to be interaction with the environment (6)

We are indeed becoming more confused:

evidence from genetics, evolutionary psychology

and neuroscience is arguing ever more strongly for ...about (7)

predispositions for our behaviour.

Even if psychologists ever agree about what learning is,in practice the ............去掉the. (8)

educationalists won't, because education

introduces prescriptive notions about specifying what

ought to be learnt, and there is considerable dispute about (9)

whether this ought only to be what the teacher wants the

learner to learn (implicit in behavioural models), or

what the learner wants to learn

(as in humanistic models) (10)

摘自https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f1205709.html,/viewthread.php?tid=4803

上外2009年英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解Passage 1

BAKELITE

The birth of modern plastics

In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite', was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.

The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever., Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.

The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.

Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.

The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and. moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure; thereby 'setting' its form for life.

The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines. Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -'the material of a thousand uses'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating: properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the prepfastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals

once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material

摘自https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f1205709.html,/viewthread.php?tid=4801

Questions 1-3

Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1______ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2__________ in origin, and thermosetting.

There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3_____ and the research for alternatives to natural reaources like ivory.

Key:[hide]

1. candlewax

2. synthetic

3. chemistry

【无忧雅思网】

摘要题目分两种，选项式和非选项式，其实前者更难，因为选项词会替换，一般以同义词形式出现。这种题听名字感觉是要通读全文，其实不用。分析题目比读文章要更重要的多，这直接决定了成功的一多半。不过大家要注意现在摘要考试基本以全文式为主，答案遍布全文。但不要担心，这样的题并不难。下面以剑五中的一道非选项式题来讲解。

题目:

Some plasics behave in a similar way to 1___in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2___in origin, and thermosetting.

There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3___and the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.

Some are thermoplastic, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are thermosetting: like eggs, they cannot revert to their orginal viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinciton of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.

The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early palstics was generated by a number of factors-immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwinding supplies of luxury materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.

该题看似每句话中都有生词，让考生的信心彻底粉碎，但是大家不要担心，看看我如何帮你度过该题的障碍。

plastics和Bakelite是文章的标题，所以无法定位。该题定位词分别是heat ，thermosetting，nineteenth century ，ivory，因为它们是具体名词，在文中很容易找到，但是因为读不懂文章因此很多学生写不出答案。现在我要发挥作用了。请大家观察空格前后，只要有介词，冠词，ly 副词就可以在文中找一下，一般会重现，这样答案就可以填出了。如to，ly，in the field

of 就是我们的帮手。in that 和in origin 是固定词组，因此不可以找重现，它们会被替换掉。定到位后to对应like, entirely中ly 对应totally中ly, in the field of 中in, of 对应in the domain of中in, of 因此所有题目迎刃而解，答案分别是1.candlewax, 2.synthetic, 3.chemistry 。这个方法不仅适用该题，对很多题目都适用。快试试吧。

继续发答案喽！

流程图限于排版，只能改为这样的格式，请同学们谅解！

Complete the flow-chart.

Choose ONE WORD ONL Y from the passage for each answer.

The production of Bakelite

phenol, formaldehyde --> combine under vaccum --> stage one resin, called 4________ --> cool until hardened --> break up and grind into powder

5._________-- (e.g. cotton, asbestos), catalysts

ammonia, formaldehyde --> 6. _________

以上两条线然后合为一条：

--> stage two resin--> cool until hardened--> break up and grind into powder --> 7_______ Bakelite --> heat --> pour into mould --> apply intense heat and 8____________ --> cool until hardened

标准答案：

4. Novalak

5. fillers（上外试卷出题者将原来正确的fillers改为filters了，还特别用手写体强调一下，很无语）

6. hexa

7. raw

8. pressure[/hide]

英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”复习提纲

1. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 译文：今天, 电子计算机广泛地运用于解决一些数学问题, 这些问题与天气预报、把卫星送入轨道有关。 2. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission 译文：本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。 3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is the freshness of the deep springs of life. 译文：青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境。青春是生命深处的一泓清泉。 4. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 译文：因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态由于通信工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 5. You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. 译文：骗人一夕一事易，欺众一生一世难。 6. Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments from dust and damp. 译文：应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器，不使其沾染灰尘，不让他们受潮。 7. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer．The more cigarettes smoked by the husband，the greater the threat faced by his non．smoking wife． 译文：这项研究表明，妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟，妻子的肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多，妻子受到的威胁也就越大。 8. For the first time in the annals of space, a piloted ship had succeeded in launching an earth satellite. 译文：载人飞船成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星，这在航天史上尚属首次。 9. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 译文：家务事的第一个特点，是反反复复。几乎天天都有，而且做完之后，过一段时间又要重做一番。 10. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.

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