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翻译一篇英文期刊

翻译一篇英文期刊
翻译一篇英文期刊

翻译一篇英文期刊:

对学前儿童基于科学思维技能的学校阅读的研究

Ozgul Polat UNUTKAN

Atatürk Faculty of Education

Department of Primary Education

Program of Pre-school Teaching

Marmara University

Istanbul-TURKEY

一、引言

对于不同年龄阶段的人来说,持续不断地积累知识和科学技术的进步是至关重要的,它利于我们去学习科学思维方式,这种科学思维方式构成了知识积累和科学技术发展的基础。获得积累的知识以及产生能适应不断发生变化的环境的新知识是最基础的。学习科学思维方式对学前儿童是非常重要的,它既可以使儿童获得科学的知识,也可以使他们适应这个建立在科学知识之上的社会环境。

在这个领域,真实生活经验也是最重要,在所有领域,它都是如此。儿童的真实地生活经验向他们展示了构成科学思维基础的那些来源(French,1985a,1985b;Nelson,1986)。从学前阶段就要开始对幼儿进行这种所有21世纪的人都应该拥有的科学思维技能的学习是非常重要的。

Lloyd和Howe(2003)强调了尝试不同的、非传统的关于儿童科学思维和问题解决方式的重要性。另一方面,近年来,我们也已经开始启动了旨在学前儿童科学思维的特殊项目。

当我们考虑学前儿童和科学思维时,学前儿童的技能和知识的获得应该是最重要的。学前阶段的儿童充满好奇心,愿意发挥他们的想象去猜测结论,并且去寻找他们问题的答案,直到他们的问题已经解决。

基于这一点,为了提高幼儿的科学思维能力以及在这个层面上去支持他们,我们应该为幼儿创设好的环境,为他们提供适宜的教育环境,让他们使用自己的

感官去实验,满足他们的好奇心,看见事物的因果关系,提供自己的猜想。

众所周知,开始小学教育对于学前儿童来说是非常重要的一步。因为这个时期的儿童在早期教育中接触到了很多科学思维的产品,同时也尝试着去获得那些产品。基于这个原因,在小学教育的头几年发展学前儿童的科学思维技能是很重要的。

关于在小学教育中获得科学思维,儿童的学前教育的经验以及为他们提供这些经验的幼儿园的质量是最关键的。Tepperman(1998)强调了那些接受过高质量的学前教育的儿童,学校、智商以及人生的不同水平的成就更高。

我们一直在强调构成儿童的生活环境,如文化、家庭、社会经济地位等所有因素(Halle 和Zaff,2000)。

我们建议,将所有不同的变量,如家庭因素、文化因素和学校教育放在一起综合研究,以提高科学思维。在这个研究中,上面这些变量涉及到了。

总之,这个研究探索了基于儿童的年龄、性别、社会经济地位的科学思维技能和学前教育经验的关系。

这个研究的目的是对比有学前教育经验的儿童和没有以科学思维技能基础的经验的儿童之间学校阅读的不同。这个比较是基于年龄、性别、社会经济地位等变量。

有关研究目的所涉及到的问题如下:

1、基于科学思维技能,学前教育这个变量是否影响学前儿童的小学学

校阅读?

2、基于科学思维技能,年龄这个变量是否影响学前儿童的小学学校阅

读?

3、基于科学思维技能,性别这个变量是否影响学前儿童的小学学校阅

读?

4、基于科学思维技能,社会经济地位这个变量是否影响学前儿童的小

学学校阅读?

二、方法

研究对象

本研究是依据实验设计来展开的,并收集了300名幼儿及其双亲的相关数据,其中180名儿童接受过学前教育,120名则没有。

每个年龄小组的儿童的数据如下:5岁101名儿童(21名女孩,50名男孩),5.5岁99名儿童(49名女孩,50名男孩),6岁100名(50名女孩,50名男孩)。总之,150名女孩和150名男孩,共300名儿童参与了这个研

究。

数据收集工具

问卷

问卷由28个问题组成。他们是有关儿童有没有上过幼儿园、年龄、性别、社会经济地位的决定因素,如月收入、额外收入、房产、公寓的房间数、家里住了多少人等。

学校阅读的等级

这个数据通过科学测验收集,这个测验是2003年由Unutkan发展的名为“初等学校阅读的Marmara等级”。它包含5个子题目,即算数、科学、声乐、绘画和迷宫探究。

最后,这个等级包含74个问题,由实验者分别对每位被试提出。在这个研究中,在科学测验这个等级中由14个评价儿童的科学思维技能的问题组成(2个问题为入门题目,6个推理问题,6个问题解决提问)。

这个问卷由家长来完成,最主要等级的科学测验部分由实验者分别对儿童进行测验。

从实验表格中所获得的儿童的家庭的人口数据的信息与从等级所获得的实验数据进行对比分析,并且使用t测验和变量分析法对不同进行分析。显著的水平将被认为是0.05,0.01也被推测的。我们将使用LSD测验决定这些不同的来源。

三、实验结果与探讨

(研究者用五个表格展示了实验数据分析)

在这个试验中,基于年龄、性别和社会经济地位等有关的科学思维技能基础之上,我们将那些有学前教育经验的儿童与没有接受过学前教育的儿童的学校阅读进行了对比。

结果发现,那些有学校阅读经验的儿童明显不同于没有接受过学校阅读经验的儿童,这体现在来源于等级的入门、推理、问题解决能力和所有的得分数据。

为了提高儿童的科学思维技能,Lloyd and Howe (2003)强调了提高不同思维

技能的重要性,这种思维技能能提供科学的思维,而不是获得以科学思维为目的的方式。

正如这个研究中所证实的那样,不同的如入门、推理以及问题解决的科学思维技能,将有利于形成全面的科学思维技能。另一方面,那些有过学校阅读经验的儿童更具有科学思维能力,这个事实表明科学思维与教育紧密相关。

对于性别这个变量,,我们没有得出儿童的科学思维技能的不同。

研究结果表明,儿童的科学思维技能随着年龄的发展有所不同。5岁儿童的科学思维技能并没有5.5岁和6岁儿童的表现更好,因此我们可以得出,科学思维能力随着年龄的增长而增强。原因应该是儿童经验的提高以及他们心智上的成熟。

与社会经济地位有关的推理,儿童没有表现出不同。在入门这个层面,问题解决和等级所得出的所有分数,问题等级和得出的所有分数,较低的社会经济地位的儿童表现出很明显的不同,根据这个,那些较低的社会经济地位的儿童在科学思维技能方面没有为初等教育做好足够的准备,因此他跟其他儿童相比不存在优势。

针对这个原因特别是对于那些较低的社会经济地位的儿童接受学前教育是非常重要的。众所周知当他们与那些来自上层社会经济地位的儿童相比,那些来自较低的社会经济地位的儿童在他们的发展这个层面不存在优势。

参考文献

[1]FRENCH, L. A. (1985a). Real-world knowledge as the basis for social and

cognitive development. In J. B. Pryor & J. D. Day (Eds.), Social and developmental perspectives on social cognition (pp. 179–209). New York: Springer-Verlag.

[2]FRENCH, L. A. (1985b). Children’s acquisition and understanding of

relational terms. In S. A. Kuczaj & M. D. Barrett (Eds.), Development of word meaning (pp. 303–338).New York: Springer-Verlag.

[3]FRENCH, L. A. (2004). Science as the center of a coherent, integrated early

childhood curriculum. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, V olume 19, 138-149.

[4]HALLE, Z. and ZAFF,C. (2000). “School readiness: Helping communities get

children ready for school and schools ready for children” Ed: Carol Emig.

Trans child research brief: Washington.

[5]LLOYD, B. and HOWE, N. (2003). Solitary play and convergent and

divergent thinking skills in preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18, 22-41.

[6]NELSON, K., et al. (1986). Event knowledge: Structure and function in development.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

[7]TEPPERMAN, J. (1998). National Association for the Education of Young Children.

[8]UNUTKAN, O. P. (2003). Development and Standardization of Marmara Scale for Primary School Readiness. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) Istanbul: Marmara University Educational Science Institute.

[9]ZILL, N. (1995). “School Readiness and Children's Developmental Status.” ERIC Identifier: ED389475 ERI C Digest.

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1.Sandy is wearing a long, black, silk dress.桑迪穿了条黑色的长丝裙。 43. I came to London when I was 18. 我18岁的时候来到伦敦。 44. It takes 45 minutes to get to the city centre from the hotel. 宾馆到市中心需要花45分钟时间。 One of the biggest sporting events in the world is the Olympic Games. 奥运会是世界上规模最大的体育比赛之一 41. While she was waiting, her phone rang.她正在等待的时候,电话铃响了 42. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影非常令人愉快,但是太长了。 43. We have enough money to improve the website.我们有足够的钱改进网站。 44. 1 had the windows cleaned yesterday.昨天我请人把窗户给擦了。 45. He came across an old violin at his friend's house.他在朋友家偶然发现了一把旧提琴。 41.She borrowed the book and gave it back on Monday. 她借了那本书,后来星期一把书还了。 45.He used tO play basketball every Sunday.他以前每个周日都打篮球。 41.Football is played by more than 20 million people in more than l40 countries· 超过140个国家的2000多万人都踢足球。 42.I’ve got the same sense of humour as my mum·我和我妈妈一样,有幽默感 43.He got on well with his classmates. 他和同学关系处得很好 44.He used tO work very hard when he was youn9. 他年轻的时候工作非常努力。 45.My family is putting me up at the moment,but I am thinking of buying my own flat.我现在跟家人住在一起,但是我正考虑买一套公寓自己住 41.He got on well with his sister. 他和他的姐/妹相处得很好 44.That box is too heavy for her to carry home.那个盒子太重了,她抬回家。 41. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影 非常令人愉快,但是太长了。 43. I need to be at the airport by 6.00 o’clock.我得在六点前到达机场。 44. I must have left the camera in a shop.我一定是把相机丢在那家商 店里了。 31. We have enough money to improve the website. 我们有足够的钱改进网站。 45. The accounts, which are in a bit of a mess, have to be ready for next month. 帐目现在有点乱,必须要在下个月清理好。 32. Do you take after your mother or father?你像你的母亲或父亲吗? 35. I’ve been learning English for three years. 我已经学英语3年了33. I have to move out of my room on Friday because Franco has got another tenant. 我周五得从房子里搬出来,因为佛朗哥又招了一位房客。 35.would be great to see you to catch up on all our news. 到时见了面咱们把这些日子发生的事聊一聊,会多开心啊。 :33. They enjoyed themselves at the party. 他们在聚会上玩的很愉快 34.She doesn’t like swimming and neither does her sist er. 她不喜欢游泳,她妹妹也不喜欢 32. He used to play basketball every Sunday( 每个星期天他常常去打篮球 31. He studies in a university west of Beijing. 他在北京西部的一个大学学习 :32. He came across an old painting at his friend’s house. 他在他朋友家看到了一幅旧画 33. She would buy a large house if she won the lottery. 如果她中了彩票,她就买一幢大房子 :35. Both of the boys are good at singing. 这两个男孩都擅长唱歌 34. The flat was in a bit of mess. 公寓里一片狼籍 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 44. Your neighbour says your flat was burgled this afternoon. .休的邻居说你的房子今天下午被盗了。 45. I haven't got a car, and nowhere to live. My family is putting me up at the mom 我没有车,也没有地方住。现在跟家人住一起。 44. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long. 虽然这部电影非常令人愉快,但是太长了。 1.I can’t find the key.I must have left it in the car. 我找不到钥匙了,我肯定将它丢在车上了。 2.Polly is worried about her lack of experience. 波利担心自己缺乏经验。 3.she needs to return the book by next Friday 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 42. Polly(波莉) is worried about her lack of experience. 波莉担心自己缺乏经验。 43. She needs to return the hook by next Friday. 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 41. He got on well with his sister.

英语专业翻译类论文参考文献

参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津:南开大学出版社,2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京:世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林:吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京:对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津:天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京:旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京:北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京:东方出版社, 1993.

完整word版,中国特色美食地道英语翻译

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公式:烹法+主料(形状)+(with/in)味汁 例:红烧牛肉braised beef with brown sauce 鱼香肉丝fried shredded pork with sweet and sour sauce 清炖猪蹄stewed pig hoof in clean soup 三、以形状或口感开头的翻译方法 1、介绍菜肴的形状(口感)和主料、辅料 公式:形状(口感)+主料+(with)辅料 例:芝麻酥鸡crisp chicken with sesame 陈皮兔丁diced rabbit with orange peel 时蔬鸡片sliced chicken with seasonal vegetables 2、介绍菜肴的口感、烹法和主料 公式:口感+烹法+主料 例:香酥排骨crisp fried spareribs 水煮嫩鱼tender stewed fish 香煎鸡块fragrant fried chicken 3、介绍菜肴的形状(口感)、主料和味汁 公式:形状(口感)+主料+(with)味汁 例:茄汁鱼片sliced fish with tomato sauce 椒麻鸡块cutlets chicken with hot pepper 黄酒脆皮虾仁crisp shrimps with rice wine sauce 四、以人名或地名开头的翻译方法 1、介绍菜肴的创始人(发源地)和主料

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23. 武打片:Chinese Swordplay Movie 24. 元宵:Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25. 一国两制:One Country, Two Systems 26. 火锅:Hot Pot 27. 四人帮:Gang of Four 28. 《诗经》:The Book of Songs 29. 素质教育:Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30. 《史记》:Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31. 大跃进:Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32. 《西游记》:The Journey to the West 33. 除夕:Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34. 针灸:Acupuncture 35. 唐三彩:Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36. 中国特色的社会主义:Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37. 偏旁:radical 38. 孟子:Mencius 39. 亭/阁:Pavilion/ Attic 40. 大中型国有企业:Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 41. 火药:gunpowder 42. 农历:Lunar Calendar 43. 印/玺:Seal/Stamp 44. 物质精神文明建设:The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization

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“十七届五中全会”关键词英文翻译 the Fifth Plenum of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 十七届五中全会 Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 中央政治局 Boost domestic demand 扩大内需 12th Five-Year Program for China's Economic and Social Development (2011-2015)/12th Five-Year Plan 经济和社会发展第12个五年规划 economic growth mode 经济增长方式 inclusive growth 包容性增长 macroeconomic regulation 宏观经济调控 comprehensive national power 综合国力 international competitiveness 国际竞争力 capability in shielding against risks 抵御风险能力 Urbanization 推进城镇化 rural modernization 农业现代化 the construction of new socialist rural area 社会主义新农村建设 maintain coordinated development in rural and urban regions 统筹城乡发展 modern industrial system 现代产业体系 strategic emerging industries 战略新兴产业 balanced development between regions 区域协调发展 main functional regions 主体功能区 poverty-stricken areas 贫困地区 recycling economy 循环经济 disaster prevention and reduction 防灾减灾 Cultural innovation 深化文化体制改革 innovative country 创新型国家 scientific innovation ability 科技创新能力 soft power 软实力

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