科技英语翻译
形合和意合
1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。
I did not buy good seat for movie last day.
2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。
This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。
She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange.
4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。
Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.
5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。
It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries.
6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension.
某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压
7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.
本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。
That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use.
英汉句子中心的差异
1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。
It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells.
2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。
It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968. 3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。
There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.
4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。
I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。
One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.
6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes.
7.不努力就不会成功。
One can never succeed without making great efforts.
8.想到要出国深造，他激动不已。
He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.
9.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，将不胜感激。
I would appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forward to us.
10.如能尽早回复，我将非常感谢。
I would appreciated it if you can reply as soon as possible.
11.他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。
He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjing.
12.In practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.
为保证最大的分辨率必须选用薄层，为使误差最小必须选用厚层，实际上要权衡一下来选择厚度。
13.在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝，因为这种金属总是和其他元素结合在一起，最普遍是跟氧结合（铝和氧都有很强的亲和力）。所以，铝直到十九世纪才被人类发现。
Aluminum remained unknown until 19th century, because no free aluminum can be found in the nature, due to the metal can connected with other elements, most commonly with oxygen for aluminum and oxygen having strong affinity.
14.It was to test the effect of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clipping from toenails, where heavy metal tend to be deposited.
重金属通常是富集在指甲内，于是两项新的研究比较了脚趾甲剪取物中的汞水平，以此来考察对比心脏的影响。
英汉语序差异
1.人体T细胞白血病病毒：human T-cell leukemia virus
2.国际经济新秩序：a new international economic order
3.第五届全国化学生物学学术会议：The 5th National Conference on Chemical Biology
4.Nation Academy of Sciences：国家科学院
5.Overview of GMP, Quality System and Compliance in the US：美国的GMP和质量体系合规性概观
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f6185762.html,mon side effect of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer：治疗癌症的化疗药的一般副作用
7.这个通信卫星可以在任何时间向任何地点有效的传递语音信号和数据信号。
The communications satellite can send voice signal and data signal to any place at anytime.
8.昨天在真空中进行了这个反应。
The reaction is carried out in a vacuum yesterday.
9.中国南京江宁区龙眠大道639号。
639 Longmian Avenue, jiangning district, Nanjing, China
10.When the gene is activated, mice exhibit symptoms that mimic depression.
基因被激活，小鼠表现出抑郁的症状。
11.The temperature is between 20-25℃in the lab no matter when it is measured.
无论什么时候测量，实验室的温度都保持在20-25度之间。
12.无论出于固态，液态或气态，水的化学成分都保持不变。
The chemical constituents of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous state.
13.SELDL-TOF-MS is a rapid and sensitive proteomic technique that has been applied to identify biomarkers in various diseases.
14.由于甜椒中的亲脂性成分，用极性洗脱液洗脱的甜椒样品表现出更高的生物活性。
The sweet pepper samples eluted with polar eluents exerted high bioactivity due to their lipophilic component. 15.该项准则随后成为了全球公认的评价口服固体剂型均匀度的非药典测量方法。
动态，静态及名词化
1．地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。
The rotation of earth its axis causes the change from day to night.
2．采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.
3．为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。
A force is needed to move an object against inertia.
4．许多学贯中西的大师的经历证明，学不好母语的人，也不可能真正学好外语。
The experience of many great master well versed in the learning of both Chinese and Western cultures have shown that without a mastery of his native language, it is impossible for one to be truly at home with a foreign language.
增词减词
增词
1.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.
2.He said he’d come to the discussion.
3.Her job was sweeping, scratching, cleaning.
4.I could knit when I was seven.
5.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
6.Because of its reliability and simplicity evaporation is often applied on a large scale, normally using steam as the heat source.
7.Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
8.During an EL Nino the pressures over Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines are higher than normal, which results in dry conditions or even droughts.
9.Were there no gravity, there would be no air around the earth.
10. The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
11.The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related.
12.Human beings have not yet been able to make an element by combining protons, neutrons and electrons.
13.Air is a mixture of gases.
14.Things in the universe are changing all the time.
15.Plastic bowls marked microwavable are probably safer than those that aren’t.
16.Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.
17.The earth’s population is doubling, the environment is being damaged.
18.The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects.
减词
1.由于失业率增高，美元币值下降，股票市场处于困境之中，经济问题将是总统所面临的最严峻的考验。With high unemployment, the low dollar and the distr stock market, the economy will be the president’s trail.
2.你参加过花样滑冰项目的比赛吗？
3.阳光会破坏牛奶一类食品的维生素成分。
4.我们已经从其他国家有计划有选择的进口了一些成套的设备。
5.应探索各种途径和手段促进儿童语言的发展。
Various channels and ways should be explored to promote the language development of children.
6.这家航空公司需要加强改进和完善运行机制。
The airline company should make intensive effort to change and improve.
7.回顾过去病史，未发现感染反复发作。
8.今年我们在引进工作方面又取得了重大成绩。
9.我们积极支持生态农业。
10.肯德基出了新品种的香辣鸡翅。
11.抗氧化剂是某种存在于食品中的化学物质。
Antioxidant is a chemical in food.
12.这台较复杂的电脑又能设计出一台更为复杂的电脑，而且还可以一代代更加复杂精密的开发，研制下去。This more complex computer could design one still more complex and soon…
句意反译
肯定译为否定
1．这份说明书不够详尽。
The specification lacks details.
2．我们不应该再把海洋当成人类的生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了。
We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent.
3．精密仪器必须保持无尘。
Precise instrument must be keep free from the dust.
4．铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。
An iron case will keep the Earth’s magnetic field away from the compass.
5．我们无权签此合同。
It’s beyond our power to sign the contract.
6．他们公司在产品的包装和宣传上明显比不上竞争对手。
Their company is obviously inferior to their rival in product packing and davertisement.
7.There are many other energy source in store.
有很多能源尚未开发。
8.In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.
高海拔处冰雪常年不化。
9.As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.
由于橡胶不导电，所以可以用作绝缘材料。
10.We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.
我们对你的章程和条款没有异议。
否定译为肯定
1.The study of genetics will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.
遗传学几乎包含了从药学到社会学的所有学科。
2.The advantages of nano-structured materials do no end here.
纳米材料的优点一言难尽。
3.Until recently geneticists were not interested in particular gene.
基因学家最近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。
4.Don’t lose time in posting this letter.
请及时送达这封信。
5.No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.
凭票退押金。
6.It was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced without delay.
这意味着这个设施需要按时设计和生产。
7.Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.
冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。
8.These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100℃
100℃可以杀灭细菌。
9.Its importance can’t be stressed too strongly.
它的重要性怎么强调也不为过。
10.We don’t consider melting to be chemical changes.
我们认为熔化不改变化学成分。
11.The doctor do not expect that the patient with breast cancer will recover.
医生认为乳腺癌患者康复机率小。
12.One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.
搬到一个新住处要越小心越好。
物称与人称
1.Pork has priced itself out of his dish.
猪肉太贵，他吃不起。
2.Space does not allow us to further analyze this problem here.
限于篇幅，我们不能在此对这个问题做进一步分析。
3.By now optimism had given way to doubt.
至此，人们不再盲目乐观，而是疑惑重重。
4.Aminophylline does not share the usual objection to vasodilators.
人们通常反对使用血管扩张剂但并不反对使用氨茶碱。
5.The exigency of the case admitted of no alternative.
情况紧急，别无选择。
6.It never occurred to me that she was dishonest.
我从来没想过她不老实。
7.There was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.
五千个工人参加了罢工。
8. “There is an increased level of anxiety disproportionate to the actual risk,” says Jerrold Bushberg, who directs programs in health physics at the University of California at Davis. “It’s the dose that makes the poison. It’s not a binary thing.”
人们的焦虑情绪日益强烈，但实际上人们并不需要如此担忧，只有剂量够大，才会把人毒死，并不是非此即彼。
9.The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are know.
已知电压和电流可以确定电阻。
10.Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
有人在此讲了不该讲的话
11.It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by moon.
月亮影响潮汐规律。
12.突然间我想到了一个主意。
Suddenly I got an idea./Suddenly an idea struck me.
13.不同的人对食物持不同的态度。
Different people have different attitude towards food./Attitudes toward food vary from person to person.
14.人们一致认为植物病毒不会感染动物，反之亦然。
It has always been assumed that plant virus cannot infect animals and vice versa.
15.Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria inn for lunch and later played an exhibition match.
中国乒乓球队在星期五早上参观了坐落于安娜堡附近，拥有2200名学生的密歇根大学的现代化校园，并在学校自助餐厅与学生一起进餐，然后进行了一场表演赛。
16.There has been a striking continuous, but unexplained decline in the reported death rate of gastric carcinoma in the United States from 34 per 1,000,000 population in 1930 to 8 per 100,000 currently.
据报道，美国的胃癌死亡率一直在明显地持续下降，从1930年的0.034%到目前的0.008%，但原因不明。
17.The journey from embryonated egg to the ligase chain reaction has embraced an enormous amount of work involving tissue cell culture ,enzyme immunoassay, fluorescence ,and molecular techniques.
从最早的鸡胚（中分离得到衣原体）发展到用连接酶链锁反应（诊断衣原体感染），医学专家们进行了组织细胞培养、酶免疫测定、荧光反应和分子技术等大量工作。
被动语态
1.Qinghao has been used to treat malaria in China for over 2000 years.
在中国使用青蒿治疗疟疾已经有2000多年历史了。
2.There problems must be solved before the tests start.
考试开始之前必须解决这些问题。
3.Pain may be treated with drugs, physical measures or surgery.
药物，物理治疗，外科手术可以治疗疼痛。
4.The patient is questioned by a doctor about his present complaint and the date of the onset of the disease. 医生询问病人现在的情况以及疾病开始的时间。
5.Several elements and compounds may be extracted directly from seawater.
一些元素和化合物可以从海水中直接提取出来。
6.While a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated.
电线有电流通过后会发热。
7.Weak magnetic field are know to come from the human body.
已知人体会产生一定的微弱的磁场。
8.Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the missile is to be designed.
导弹设计时要特别注意空气阻力问题。
9.It is claimed that soap powders polluted the water we drink.
有人声称肥皂粉污染了我们的饮用水源。
10.心脏往往被看作是人体最重要的器官。
The heart is often regarded as the most important human organ.
11.雄性Wistar大鼠20只随机分成对照组和糖尿病组。
20 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups randomly :control group and diabetes group.
12.本文以前没有发表过，目前也没有考虑投寄其他杂志发表。
This paper has not been previously published, also not been considered in other journal at present.
13.Replication is normally carried out by the A, B, or C family polymerases with high fidelity and high processivity.
复制过程通常是由具有高保真性和高持续合成性的聚合酶家族A，B或C实施的。
14.The conflict between the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents against resistance bacteria in clinic and less development of new antibiotics should be resolved by the cooperations among enterprises , government and institutions.
企业、政府和科研机构之间的合作将是解决临床对于治疗耐药菌感染的新型药物的迫切需求与抗菌药研发处于低谷之间矛盾的方法。or耐药菌感染治疗急需新型抗菌药物，而抗菌药物的研究开发处于相对低谷,由此所产生的矛盾应该由企业、政府与科研机构合作解决。
15.Although an association between migraine and chest pain has been described, an association between migraine and coronary events has not been firmly established.
虽然先前已有过关于偏头痛和胸痛之间关联的描述，但是偏头痛和冠心病之间的关联尚未确立。
汉语无主语句的英译
1.弄不好，就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.
2.要了解中国，可以有很多视角。
There are different angles to approach China.
3.学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。
Only by learning from the advances is it possible for one to catch up with and surpass them.
4.与其说海洋把陆地分开，不如说海洋把陆地连在一起。
The ocean do not so much divide the world as unite it.
5.从他家到公园很近。
It is only a stone’s throw from his house to the park.
6.我的家乡冬天很少下雪。
It seldom snows in my hometown.
7.可以采用各种方法使温度下降。
We can take all sorts of measures to bring the temperature down.
Various methods can be adopted to keep the temperature down.
8.首先要保证产品的质量。
The quality of the products must be guaranteed.
9.操纵这些机器时必须小心。
Be careful when operating these machines.
10.要着力解决经济社会发展中的突出矛盾。
Efforts must be made to resolve the prominent conflicts in economic and social development.
11.使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大倍数。
Much greater magnification can be obtained when electronic microscope is used.
12.该项实验中肯定困难很多。
There must be many difficulties in the experiment.
13.没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty, and vice versa.
14.对母语是英语的人来说，根本不可能4个星期就学会汉语。
It is impossible for native English speakers to master Chinese in just four weeks.
15.已经决定几个月后进行生产。
It has been decided that production should begin in a few months.
16.建议采用中国生产的设备。
It is suggested that the equipment made in China be adopted.
17.随信附上我们新开发产品的样品。
Enclosed are samples of our newly developed products.
定语从句
1.Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
2.Fever is a condition in which the body temperature is higher than normal.
发烧是提问高于正常的情况。
3.Essential hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.
原因不明的高血压成为原发性高血压。
4.The chemicals that make metabolism possible come from the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.
使新陈代谢成为可能的化学物质来自我们呼吸的空气、所饮的水和所吃的食物。
5.The body consists of a large number of organs, each of which has its own particular function to perform.
人体由大量器官构成，每种器官都有特殊的功能。
6.Glycogen is stored in the liver, which is released as needed in the form of glucose.
糖原储存于肝，需要时以葡萄糖的形式释放出。
7.Operation can be performed with acupuncture analgesia, which is a great contribution to the development of medical science.
手术可用针刺痛法进行，这对医学的发展是一大贡献。
8.The blood flows from the small arteries into the capillaries in which it gives up oxygen to the body cells and removes wastes from the tissues.
血流由小动脉流入血管，在毛细血管血液把氧释放给身体的细胞并从组织中排除废物。
9.We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
我们知道由于猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以可以在夜间看的清楚。
10.The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.
此病可发生于任何年龄，但以年轻的成年人常见。
11.Cancer should be suspected in persons who have any of these symptoms and signs for unaccountable causes and for an unreasonable period of time.
如果病人具有任何这些症状和体征，病因又难以说明，而且持续时间长，就应怀疑癌症。
12.Third world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange.
第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物以换取所需的外汇。
13.The purpose for which electricity is used is numerous.
电的用途是很多的。
14.Fortunately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.
幸好，有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。
英语长句
1.It was believed that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother, the growing embryo becomes fixed on the sound of the heart beat; if this is so, then the discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been thrust into a strange and frightening new world outside .
据说，在母体发育期间，胎儿的注意力可能会集中于心跳的节律；如果是这样，那么外界相似的声音可能会对出生后的婴儿产生镇静作用，特别是刚来到这陌生又可怕的新世界的婴儿。
2.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risking destroying their hope , so that they may recover more slowly , or deteriorate faster , perhaps even commit suicide .
研究表明，大多数医生深信重病患者并不想知道他们的真实病情，冒着会毁灭他们希望的风险告知他们事实，会使他们恢复得更慢，或者会加速恶化，甚至导致自杀。
3. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had been given a same name and different names that had been given to the same substance.
同名不同药，同药不同名，由此造成的混淆，他都一一予以澄清。
4.It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails, (where heavy metals tend to be deposited) .
因为重金属容易在脚趾甲富集，为了测试汞对心脏的影响，所以两项新的研究比对了从脚趾甲上剪下的碎片中的汞水平。
5.What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months?
比如说一个46岁的男子----在与家人外出度假之前进行常规身体检查---尽管他自己感觉很好，但医生发现他患有某种癌症，6个月内会死亡，这时医生该怎么对他讲呢？
6.There is no more difference, but there is the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person ,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.
科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别。这种差别就跟面包师或卖肉的人与化学家在操作方法上的差别一样——前者用普通的秤称商品的重量，后者则用天平和精密的砝码进行艰难复杂的定量分析。其差别不过如此而已。
7.This hope of “early discovery” of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently se ems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by diverse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.
肺癌早期发现，随后进行外科治疗，这可能是目前最有效的治疗办法，但这个希望由于肺癌生长速度和方向等生物学特征不相同而破灭。
8.Over the periods the snakes’ saliva, a mild, digestiv e juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.
在演化的过程中，蛇的唾液——一种温和、助消化的像人类唾液一样的液体——变成了甚至在今天也难以分析的毒液。
9. But scientists hope stem cells can be used to grow a range of tissues, from brain tissue to treat diseases such as Pa rkinson’s, in which brain cells are destroyed, to juvenile diabetes, in which key cells in the pancreas die off.
但科学家希望干细胞能用来分化成一系列组织，如从脑组织到胰腺组织，用于治疗由于脑细胞被破坏引起的疾病如帕金森病以及由胰腺关键细胞死亡引起的青少年糖尿病。
西南交大科技英语翻译期末考试复习题答案
1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里，由于地心的剧烈活动，使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后，受到了纳税人的广泛称赞，因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功，然而，他们同样生来就是无助的，完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立，然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而，浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸，也不在沿海诸岛，而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里，富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。
科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料
Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六 一、将以下指示与说明文体译成汉语 1. Important safety instructions 1) AC extension cords are not recommended for use with this product. If an extension cord must be used, be sure it is an approved type and has sufficient current-carrying capacity to power this product. 2) NEVER operate this product with any covers removed. 3) NEVER wet the inside of this product with any liquid. 4) NEVER pour or spill liquids directly into this unit. 5) NEVER block air flow through ventilation slots or heat sinks. 6) NEVER bypass any fuse. 7) NEVER replace any fuse with a value or type other than those specified. 8) NEVER attempt to repair this product. If a problem occurs, contact your local retailer. 9) NEVER expose this product to extremely high or low temperatures. 10) NEVER operate this product in an explosive atmosphere. 11) ALWAYS keep electrical equipment out of the reach of children. 二、将以下某款前置放大器使用说明译成汉语 1) DISPLAY INTENSITY BUTTON Cycles among four levels of brightness (including “off”）for the display, allowing adjustment for various ambient lighting conditions. When “off”, the display will turn on for a few seconds whenever a setting is changed. When used in conjunction with certain compatible ABC components, this button will control the display intensity of all lin ked components. (For more information, see “Linked Functions.”) 2) MODE INDICATORS Three LEDs give visual confirmation of the Operational Mode the preamplifier is in at any moment. 3) MODE BUTTON Cycles among the three primary Operational Modes of the preamplifier: Monitor (the source being listened to); Record Select (the source being provided to the Record Outputs); and Balance (the relative volumes of the Left and Right channels). Confirmation of these operating modes is given by the Mode Indicators below the
小议科技英语翻译技巧
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
科技英语中专业术语的翻译
科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下： ①firewall ．．．．．．．． ：防火墙 ②data mining ．．．．．．．．．． ：数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ：自动程序控制 2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例子如下： I ．-．bar ．．． 工字钢、工字条；O ．-．ring ．．．． 环形圈；twist ．．．．．-．drill ．．．．．麻花钻；X ．-．Ray ．．．X 光；α．-．brass ．．．．． α黄铜[1] 3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下： gene ．．．． 基因；quark ．．．．． 夸克；Pentium ．．．．．．． 奔腾 celluloid ．．．．．．．．． 赛璐璐；nylon ．．．．． 尼龙 Hertz ．．．．．（Hz ）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen ．．．．．流明（光通量单位） 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下： CPU ．．．：．C ．entral Processing Unit ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器) ASCII ．．．．．：．American S ．．．．．．．．．tandard ．．．．．．． C ．ode ．．． for ．．． I ．nformation ．．．．．．．．．． I ．nterchange ．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ．．．：．A ．synchronous ．．．．．．．．．．． T ．ransfer ．．．．．．． M ．ode ．．． (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下： WTO ．．．(国际贸易组织)；UNESCO ．．．．．．(联合国教科文组织)；WHO ．．．(世界卫生组织)；IOC ．．． (国际奥委会)
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
华北电力大学科技英语翻译汇总题库
2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中，因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时，而不是几秒钟，燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. （如果）把蓄电池放在干燥的地方，就不会漏电。 这种句式中，祈使句表示条件，and后面的句子表示结果，可译为“如果……，就……”，或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上，但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化，将它向外拉牵，扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句（或后续分句），即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词，用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句：由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰a world；介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句，修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste；关系副词where 引导的定语从句，也修饰a sterile mountainous waste；so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。
科技英语翻译答案
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.
西南交通大学研究生 科技英语翻译 期末复习题
科技英语翻译联系200句 1.To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy. 传送电磁波需要能量 2.Chemical control will do most of things in pest control. 化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。 3.It is not until wires are connected that the path is completed. 直到导线接上以后，此电路才接通。 4.The odds are heavily against any man being able to do the work in the field of abstract theory that Einstein is doing. 对任何能从事爱因斯坦正在进行的抽象理论研究的人来说，条件都是极为不利的。 5.Oscillator design is of an art rather than an exact science. 与其说振荡器的设计是一门严谨的科学，不如说它是一门艺术。 6.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到（了）1/7。 7.Birds and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all,so they cannot see colors. 凡是夜间觅食的飞禽走兽，因为眼睛中的视维细胞数量极少或根本没有，所以不能辨别颜色。 8.Tsunami is sometimes powerful enough to destroy a coastwise building it strikes. 海啸有时威力很大，足可摧毁它所冲击的沿岸的建筑物。 9.Not everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved. 并非每个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能免于坍塌。 10.Every crane has a certain hitting capacity, ranging from a few tons to many hundreds of tons. 每台起重机均有一定的起重力（量），该起重力（量）从几吨到几百吨不等。 11.The best solution is continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmousphere. 最好的方法是继续减少影响大气层的各种污染物。 12. Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。 13.It is these drawbacks which need to be eliminated and which have led to the search for new processes. 正是因为这些缺点需要消除，才导致了对新方法的探求。 14.Real-time systems often need extraordinary precautions to guard against possible break down of computer. 实时系统往往需要特别小心，以防止计算机可能发生故障。 15.The steam engine uses a fire in a boiler rather than inside the engine. 蒸汽机所利用的是锅炉中的火，而不是发动机里边的火。 16.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。17.Our primary purpose in studying fatigue is to understand why failures occur so that we can guard against them in an optimum manner. 我们研究疲劳的主要目的在于了解产生失效的原因，以便能以最佳的方式加以预防。 18.This system will build on the knowledge and experience gained in developing the existing suite of software products. 这个系统的基础是从开发现有的成套软件产品中所获得的知识和经验。 19.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. 并非所有的金属的导电性能都同样好。20.It means that the mass of the comet cannot have amounted to as much as one ten-thousandth of that of the earth. 这表明这颗彗星的质量甚至不到地球质量的万分之一。 21.Inspection programs help to determine when to replace parts. 检验计划有助于确定更换零件的时间。