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胡英汉对照翻译

胡英汉对照翻译
胡英汉对照翻译

的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表(很全的)

1. 语言的普遍特征:

任意性arbitrariness

双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构

多产性productivity

移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西

文化传播性cultural transmission

2。语言的功能:

传达信息功能informative

人济功能:interpersonal

行事功能:Performative

表情功能:Emotive

寒暄功能:Phatic

娱乐功能recreatinal

元语言功能metalingual

3. 语言学linguistics:包括六个分支

语音学Phonetics

音位学phonology

形态学Morphology

句法学syntax

语义学semantics

语用学pragmatics

4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人:Ferdinand de saussure

提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语

5. 语法创始人:Noam Chomsky

提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance

1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:

a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language

b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.

c. we can u se language to refer to something not present

d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor

e.

2.What is the most important function of language?

a. interpersonal

b. phatic

c. informative

d.metallingual

3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __

a informative

b. phatic

c. directive

d. performative

4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __

a saussure

b. halliday

c. chomsky

d. the prague school

5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?

a. saussure

b. chomsky

c. halliday

d anomymous

第二节语音学

1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成

2.辅音consonant:there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.

3.辅音的发音方式

爆破音complete obstruction

鼻音nasals

破裂音plosives

部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction

擦音fricatives

破擦音affricates等

4.辅音清浊特征voicing

辅音的送气特征aspiration

5.元音vowel

分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状

6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides

1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.

a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

b. the perception of sounds

c. the combination of sounds

d. the production of sounds

2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __

a. the place of articulation

b.the obstruction f airstream

c. the position of the tongue

d. the shape of the lips

3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t

a. voiceless

b. spread

c.voiced

d.nasal

4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?

a. voicing

b. aspiration

c.roundness

d. nasality

5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?

a. voicing

b.nasal

c. approximation

d. aspiration

6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __

a. voiced stop

b. voiceless stop

c. voiced fricative

d. voiceless fricative

7.p is divverent from k in __

a. the manner of articulation

b. the shape of the lips

c. the vibration of the vocal cords

d.the palce of articualtion

8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __

a. aspiration

b.nasality

c. obstruction

d. voicing

第三节音位学phonology

1.音位学与语音学的区别:语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音;音位学则强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

2.音位phoneme:最小语音单位

3.音位变体allophones:读音差别

4.对比性分布:如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中,而且产生了两个不同的单词,

5.互补性分布;如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中,那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系,如送气p绝不会出现在s之后,不送气的p绝不会出现在词首

6.音节syllable,分为节首onset,节峰peak,节尾coda

7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音,节尾不能超过4个

8.最小语音对minimal pairs

I. Introduction

1. What is Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. What is Linguistics(语言学)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics

3.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.

3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)

This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.

3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)

Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).

4. The Scope of Linguistics

General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.

Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.

Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.

Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.

Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.

Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.

Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.

Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.

Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.

II. Phonetics(语音学)

1. scope of phonetics

Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:

Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调)in the process.

Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节)by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经)and the brain.

Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学)we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(传送)between mouth and ear.

2. The vocal organs

The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官)the producer of voice(声音发生器官)and the resonating cavities.(声音共振器官)

3. Consonants(辅音)

Places of articulation(发音部位): bilabial,(双唇)Labiodentals,(唇齿)dental,(齿)alveolar,(齿龈)retroflex,(卷舌)palate-alveolar,(上齿龈)palatal,(上颚)velar,(软腭)uvular,(小舌)glottal(声门)

Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破)nasal,(鼻音)trill,(颤音)lateral,(边音)fricative,(摩擦)approximant,(近似音)affricate(破擦)

4. Vowels (元音)

The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded) III. Phonology(音韵学)

1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有区别的)sound in a language.

2. Allophones(音位变体):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.

3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体):word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.

4. Free variation (自由变异):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境), they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.

5. Complementary distribution(补充分类):Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.

6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位):the study of phonological properties(

性质)of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节),stress,(重音)word stress, sentence stress. pitch (音调)and intonation(语调).

IV. Morphology(词法)

1. inflection(构形法):the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀)

2. Word-formation(构词):the processes(过程)of word variations signaling lexical relationships.(表明词法关系)They are compound(合成)and derivation (派生).

3. Morpheme(词素):the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.

4. Allomorph(同质异象变体):some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.

5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根)affix(词缀)and stem(词干).

6. Lexicon(语言词汇):in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.

7. Closed-class words(封闭性)and open-class words(开放性):the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上)indefinite or unlimited.

8. Word class(词性):It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.

9. Lexeme(词位):the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.

10. Idiom(习语,成语):Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of

words(词序)which is semantically(语义上)and often syntactically(句法上)restricted.(限制)

11. Collocation(搭配):the habitual(习惯的)co-occurrences (同时出现)of individual lexical items.

V. Syntax (句法)

1. Positional relation or word order(词序):the sequential(顺序)arrangement of words in a language.

2. Construction or constituent (句子结构):the overall process of internal (内部)organization of

a grammatical unit .

3. Syntactic function(句法功能):the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语)complements(补语), etc.

4. Category(范畴):It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.

5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.

6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.

7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.

VI. Semantics

1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义):Following F. De Saussure(索学尔)'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier

(所指)and signified(被指), i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological(心理的)"associative" bond.(相关联系)

2. Mechanism(机械主义):Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德)for example, turned to science to counter(反)-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach(方法). The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.(智力现象)

3. Contextualism (语境主义):It is based on the presumption(假定)that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.

4. Behaviorism (行为主义):Behaviorists attempt to define (定义)the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景)in which the speaker utters(说话)it and the response(反应)it calls forth in the hearer."

5. functionalism (功能主义):functionalists as represented (代表)by the Prague school(布拉格学派)linguists and neo-Firthian (新弗斯)linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation(方法). They argue(争辩)that meaning could only be interpreted(解释)from

its use or function in social life.

6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词), antonym(反义词),hyponymy(下层次)Polysemy(一词多义)and Homonymy (同音异义词)

7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential(成分)analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分)2) predication (表述)analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.

VII. Language variation (语言变化)

1. Lexical change(词汇的变化):changes in lexis.

2. Invention: (新造词)new entities.

3. Compounding合成词)New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.

4. Blending: (混合词):It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.

5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写)A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.

6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词)It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰)headword.

7. metanalysis:(再分化)It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.

8. Back-formation:(逆构词)It refers to an abnormal(非正常)type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉)an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.

9. Analogical creation:(类比造词)It can account for(说明)the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合)of some English verbs.

10. Borrowing(借用):English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.

11. Phonological change(音变):It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音)addition,(加音)assimilation,(同化)dissimilation.(异化)

12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology(词法)and syntax(句法)are listed under

this heading.

13. Semantic change:(语义变化)It includes broadening,(语义扩大)narrowing,

(语义缩小)meaning shift,(意义转化)class shift(词性转换)and folk etymology.(词源变化)

14. Orthographic change :(正字法)Changes can also be found at the graphitic level.

段落翻译 中英文对照

1. The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating Tzung Tzu and racing dragon boats. The most important activities of this festival are the dragon boat races. Competing teams drive their colorful dragon boats forward to the rhythm(节奏,韵律) of beating drums. These exciting races were inspired by the villager's attempts to rescue Chu Yuan from the Mi Lo River. This tradition has remained unbroken for centuries. A very popular dish during the Dragon Boat festival is tzung tzu. This tasty dish consists of rice dumplings with meat, peanut, egg yolk(蛋黄), or other fillings wrapped in bamboo leaves. The tradition of tzung tzu is meant to remind us of the village fishermen scattering rice across the water of the Mi Low River in order to appease the river dragons so that they would not devour Chu Yuan. 一,端午节 龙舟节也叫做端午节,它位于每年农历的五月初五,经过几千年的时间,划龙舟和吃粽子已经成为这个节日的标志。 端午节最重要的活动是龙舟竞赛,比赛的队伍在热烈的鼓声中划著他

商务英语口语900句-中英文对照-中文翻译资料

商务英语口语900句中英文对照中文翻译 Unit 1希望与要求 Part 1 . 1. We'd like to express our desire to establish business relationship with you on the basis of quality, mutually benefit and exchange of needed goods . 我们希望在保证质量、互惠互利以及交易彼此需要的货物的基础上和你们建立业务关系。 2 .In order to extend our export business to your country we wish to enter direct business relations with you. 为了扩大我们在贵国的出口业务,我们希望和你们建立直接贸易关系。 3. Our hope is to establish mutually beneficial trading relations between us . 希望在我们之间能够建立互惠互利的贸易关系。 4. We looking forward to further extensions of pleasant business relations. 我们期待进一步保持愉快的业务关系。 5. It’s our hope to continue with considerable business dealing with you. 我们的希望是和你们保持可观的生意往来。 6. We looking forward to receiving your quotation very soon. 我们期待尽快收到你们的报价单。 7.I hope you see from the reduction that we are really doing our utmost. 我希望你能够看到我们事实上已经作出了最大程度的让价。 8.We hope to discuss business with you at your earliest convenience. 我们希望在你方便的时候和你洽谈业务。

常用单位的中英文对照翻译

常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位 Unit. 单位制 system of units 米 meter (m) 毫米 millimeter (mm) 英尺 foot (ft) 英寸 inch (in) 弧度 radian (rad) 度degree (°) 摄氏 Celsius. (C) 华氏 Fahrenheit (F) 磅/平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi) 百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa) 巴 bar 千克(公斤) kilogram (kg) 克 gram (g) 牛顿 newton (N) 吨 ton (t) 千磅 kilopound (kip) 平方米 square meter (m 2) 方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 ) 立方米 cubic meter (m3 ) 升 liter; litre (L) 转/分 revolutions per minute (rpm) 百万分之一 parts per million (ppm) 焦(耳) Joule (J) 千瓦 kilowatt (kW) 伏(特) volt (V) 安(培) ampere (A) 欧(姆)ohm (Ω) (小)时 hour (h) 分 minute (min) 秒 second (s)

管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的,不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵,高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手,闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你,至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子,不知道人心是会伤的,天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面,看看你最近的改变,不再去说从前,只是寒暄,对你说一句,只说这一句,好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人,只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊,天不懂雨的落魄,眼不懂泪的懦弱,所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人,而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞,总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城,有一天,你离开了,我的城,也就倒了。

房产证翻译中英文对照

X京房权证朝字号:1203587 X Beijing House Property Right Certificate Chao Zi 1203587

房屋所有权人赵四 Owner of the house Zhao Si 共有情况共同共有 Co-ownership Circumstance Joint possession 房屋坐落朝阳区和平街十区19号楼3层2单元306 Location Room 306, Unit 2, Floor 3, Apt. 19, Zone 10 Heping Streest, Chaoyang District 登记时间2013-01-16 Date of registration January 16, 2013 房屋性质商品房 Housing property Commercial residential building 住宅 规划用途 Residence 房屋状况建筑面积套内建筑面积 总层数其他 Building Building area Building area in the suite Total floors Others Condition (就)(就)

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