附录(中英文翻译)格式

附录

The strategy and technique that bids to quote

Bid to quote the victory or defeat of the competition, can win a mark, not only be decided by the competitor's economic power and technique level, but also still Be decided to compete whether strategy exactitude and bid to quote of technique usage whether https://www.sodocs.net/doc/62240060.html,ually under the circumstance, other condition homologies, quote to lowestly usually win. But, this offer that isn't absolute, have isn't high, but still keep canning not getting the trust of inviting bids the unit, its reason lies in bid the unit could not lift to be advantageous to inviting bids unit of reasonable suggestion, can't make use of to bid the technique and strategy for quoting, as a result, can not win a mark. Therefore, invite bids to bid activity in have to study is biding to quote medium instruction thought, offer strategy, mark technique.

Is so-called to bid to quote strategy, mean to bid the unit makes sure under the legal competition condition, according to the real strenght and condition of oneself of bid target, compete counterplan and offer technique. Namely decide to bid to quote behavioral decision thinking and activity, include to bid to quote target, counterplan and technique three main factors. Saying towards biding unit coming is controling the information dynamic state of rival and relevant data behind, generally is at to bid to quote strategy because of with each other vegetable comprehensive analytical foundation up, whether decision takes part in to bid to quote; Make sure after deciding to take part in to bid to quote what kind of bid target; Adopt in the competition what counterplan with win a rival, attain a medium object purpose. This kind of research is analytical, the concrete process that draws up to bid to quote strategy.

Bid to quote a target is bid the unit is by particularly biding to conduct; Make use of the management condition and advantage of oneself, pass the means of competition tries hard for the benefits target for attaining. This benefits target is to bid unit management instruction thought of concrete embodiment, is also bid core main factor and choice of quoting the strategy to compete a counterplan and quote the basis of technique. The research bids to quote strategy to bid to quote a target beginning from the analysis,

research concerning the competition counterplan, the fitting use quotes technique and forms biding of a set of integrity to quote strategy and actually wins an object purpose now.

A, bid the choice target for quoting

Because biding the management ability of unit is different from the condition, proceed from a different purpose demand, to the same invitation to bid item, can have the dissimilarity the choice for biding to quote a target.

(A)existence type. Bid to quote is with overcome business enterprise existence crisis for target, fighting for the medium mark can take no account of various benefits principles.

(Two)compensate a type. Bid to quote with compensate business enterprise task shortage, with pursue limit efficiency for target. To the engineering equipments bid is a little bit greatly passionate, low offer take lossing in business as price, have a very strong competition ability. But be subjected to restriction of the production ability, should only consider in smaller invitation to bid item.

(Three)development type. Bid to quote to expand a market, backlog experience, backward and continuously bid the item development as target. Bid to take a development, provide for gold, technique devotion means, carry on technique experience storage, set up new market image, in order to contend for follow-up the efficiency for biding. Its characteristics is to don't fix attention on to bid at a time efficiency, bid with the low offer attraction unit.

(Four)competition type. It is to take competition as means to bid to quote, take low earnings as a target, offer is at accurate calculation offer cost foundation up, well quote the offer target of each rival attains by having the offer of competition ability medium object purpose. Throw mark offer to express aggressive participation consciousness to the engineering equipments.

(Five)earnings type. Bid to throw price to well develop oneself advantage, take realization's best earnings as a target, bid unit to efficiency without item enthusiasm of attraction not high, be full of self-confidence to the earnings big item, also not too pay attention to the motive analysis to the rival and counterplan to grind to investigate.

The dissimilarity bids to quote the choice of the target according to the certain condition carry on analytical decided. Compete sex to bid to quote a target is bid the universal form that the unit pursues.

Two, decide to choose the factor of quoting the target of biding

Make sure what kind of biding and quoting the target not is to follow one's

inclinations, arbitrarily choose. Want to study to invite bids item first in the technique, economy, and business...etc. various various request, secondly is the technique, economy that analyzes an oneself and manage various various advantage and shortage, however after together bid oneself condition to item request to be one by one carry on checking against, make sure that the oneself is biding to quote medium competition position, draw up to beneficially bid to quote a target. This analysis and check against to mainly consider a following factor.

(A)technique material the ability and worker's technique operate level. Bid the technique condition of item, give to bid the unit make the request of corresponding the technique material ability and worker technique operation level. If can not adapt to, need to be renewed or lately place a technique equipments, carry on a technique training to the worker, or outsource and at outside the organization buy, therefore bid the unit have disability or from here arouse of the variety of offer cost, all directly influence to bid the choice of target. Whereas, have a biding of high technique material and operation ability, the unit accepts a load of technique level lower engineering item, the efficiency chooses to equally have already compared the general situation limit.

(Two)design ability. The engineering designs usually is bid the item constitute part, in the synthetic invitation to bid item, design work request and more important position of the workload occupancy, biding the design ability of unit can adapt to the request of inviting bids the item, directly decide to throw an object method and bid the choice of target, design ability that adapts to invite bids engineering, can well develop the advantage of biding the unit, Be signed to a competition of active position.

(Three)acquaint with procedure to the invitation to bid item. Is so-called to acquaint with degree is bid the unit is past to this engineering item whether accepted to once set up, the backlog had what experience, predict that the ability of risk contains much big etc.. The item acquaints with and then can strengthen confidence and ease risk loss, may well can extend the competition ability for biding. The item doesn't acquaint with, will well consider can not to see of risk factor, provide guarantee measure and design to meet an emergency ability. This means increasing of indirect devotion and has a certain difficulty in biding target choice.

(Four)bid the item can bring of later on opportunity, so-called later on opportunity, be bid unit in the middle of fighting for mark after, probably to continuous from now on bid to take of medium mark opportunity, or in aftertime to similar item in the middle of adopting

while biding mark occupy beneficial position. If with empress opportunity more, to bid unit's setting up image is as beneficial as extension market and so invite bids to this the item does some concessions to attain on the economic benefits medium the mark purpose is also beneficial. If the opportunities are few, so weigh consideration to the economic efficiency important step for biding later on.

(Five)bid the exit opportunity that the item may bring. Extend an international market, fight for bid in the nations in have position is bid the unit pursue of important target, to can bid for nations to win victory to bring greater opportunity of bid item, undoubtedly biding the unit should test the problem of Lyu first. It decides to this bid item realistic efficiency of low level choice.

(Six)bid the production quality that the item may bring to raise. Bid the item on the other hand need mutually accommodative production material and labor technical ability, may also give to bid the unit bring a technical progress on the other hand, the exaltation of strengthening of management level and work quality, this kind of amount of quality high degree, undoubtedly bid the unit is interested in, directly influence it bids the decision of earnings target.

(Seven)bid the cost that the item may bring lower an opportunity and bid unit after fighting for in the mark, in the process of fulfilling contract in, generally speaking, each management raises of the comprehensive achievement will directly reflect opportunity and degree that lower in the cost up, biding the completion of item can for with after contract for management to bring cost to lower more and bigger opportunity, will also influence to bid unit to bid the decision of earnings target.

(Eight)bid the competition degree of item. The so-called competition degree means that amount and each competition bidder of unit that participate in to bid

Of motive and target. It wears to bid unit efficiency from the external check and supervision target choice of proper restraint. The competition of biding comes to a decision to bid the unit has to take internal condition as foundation while biding and take competition in the market as to lead to and draw up exactitude of bid target.

Bid unit to the dissimilarity to say in addition, such as contract for engineering to deliver goods condition, method of payment, history experience, risk etc. is all factor that influences to bid a target choice, have important function to the decision that chooses to bid a target thus.

Three, decide to bid the quantity of target factor turns analysis

Decide to bid the factor of target generally be not stand alone an occurrence function of, bid unit to the dissimilarity to say, each is different to bid the decision factor of item influence degree and function direction are also different. Have to take into overall balance, comprehensive consideration. Here, a very important technique problem is to chase a not comparable various phenomenon factor and has been analyzed the conversion turn a factor for the quantity that can compare and use a calculation opportunity to bid to always divide the method of value, the concrete assurance bids the choice of target. Its procedure is:

(A)according to biding unit circumstance, the concrete assurance participation quantity turns an analytical basic factor. The quantity turns the choice of analyzing the factor, according to biding the different circumstance decision of item, can reflect production, management, technique and quality each on the side, and hold tight vital link.

(Two)turn an analysis factor to the quantity for making selection, measure it to produce the opposite and important degree in the management in the business enterprise, make sure to add a power number respectively, the power counts total amount to 100.

(Three)use to beat to divide a method to measure to bid the contented degree that the item turns to analyze a factor to the quantity, make sure that its opposite cent is worth.Turn each quantity the factor demarcation is Gao(10 divide) and medium(5 divide) and low(0 divide) three fileseses to beat a cent, easy to comparison. For example, bid existing technique material of unit the ability and worker operate level to judge the opposite cent value of the factor to divide for" Gao ", settling to 10 towards completing to bid item to have a little bit greatly maying , then canning.

(Four)make the power number of each factor judging the opposite cent value of the grade of satisfying the degree with multiply each other, beg getting a goal of an each factor; Get a goal each factor to mutually add, get the total cent of this engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to be worth. For example: Some engineering equipments item opportunity to bid evaluation.

(Five)divide the engineering equipments item opportunity to bid to always be worth 825 cent together bid unit in advance certain of can accept best quotation the value carry on a comparison for cent, assurance whether participation bid to quote and how quote.(namely basis what kind of the target quote)Generally speaking：

①opportunity to bid always when cent's being worth is lower than to schedule to best quotation to be worth for cent can choose to give up the opportunity to quote of biding; Opportunity to bid always divide is higher than to schedule to a best quotation score, can

decide to participate in to bid to quote.

②s always divide Gao Chu to schedule to in the opportunity to bid the zone of best quotation score in, choose to bid the ideal target for quoting. Usually the zone is big more, the opportunity of choice is many more, and the scope is big more; The zone is small more, the opportunity of choice is little more, and the scope is small more.

投标报价的策略与技巧

投标报价竞争的胜负，能否中标，不仅取决于竞争者的经济实力和技术水平，而且还决定于竞争策略是否正确和投标报价的技巧运用是否得当。通常情况下，其他条件相同，报价最低的往往获胜。但是，这不是绝对的，有的报价并不高，但仍然得不到招标单位的信任，其原因在于投标单位提不出有利于招标单位的合理建议，不会运用投标报价的技巧和策略，因而，未能中标。因此，招标投标活动中必须研究在投标报价中的指导思想、报价策略、作标技巧。

所谓投标报价策略，是指投标单位在合法竞争条件下，依据自身的实力和条件，确定的投标目标、竞争对策和报价技巧。即决定投标报价行为的决策思维和行动，包含投标报价目标、对策、技巧三要素。对投标单位来说，在掌握了竞争对手的信息动态和有关资料之后，一般是在对投标报价策略因互素综合分析的基础上，决定是否参加投标报价；决定参加投标报价后确定什么样的投标目标；在竞争中采取什么对策，以战胜竞争对手，达到中标的目的。这种研究分析，就是制定投标报价策略的具体过程。

投标报价目标是投标单位以特定的投标经营方式；利用自身的经营条件和优势，通过竞争的手段所力求达到的利益目标。这种利益目标是投标单位经营指导思想的具体体现，也是投标报价策略的核心要素和选择竞争对策、报价技巧的依据。研究投标报价策略要从分析投标报价目标开始，研究有关竞争对策，恰当使用报价技巧，形成一套完整的投标报价策略，实现中标的目的。

(1)投标报价的选择目标

由于投标单位的经营能力和条件不同，出于不同目的需要，对同一招标项目，可以有不同投标报价目标的选择。

1)生存型。投标报价是以克服企业生存危机为目标，争取中标可以不考虑种种利益原则。

2)补偿型。投标报价是以补偿企业任务不足，以追求边际效益为目标。对工程

设备投标表现较大热情，以亏损为代价的低报价，具有很强的竞争力。但受生产能力的限制，只宜在较小的招标项目考虑。

3)开发型。投标报价是以开拓市场，积累经验，向后续投标项目发展为目标。投标带有开发性，以资金、技术投入手段，进行技术经验储备，树立新的市场形象，以便争得后续投标的效益。其特点是不着眼一次投标效益，用低报价吸引投标单位。

4)竞争型。投标报价是以竞争为手段，以低盈利为目标，报价是在精确计算报价成本基础上，充分估价各个竞争对手的报价目标，以有竞争力的报价达到中标的目的。对工程设备投标报价表现出积极的参与意识。

5)盈利型。投标投价充分发挥自身优势，以实现最佳盈利为目标，投标单位对效益无吸引力的项目热情不高，对盈利大的项目充满自信，也不太注重对竞争对手的动机分析和对策研究。

不同投标报价目标的选择是依据一定的条件进行分析决定的。竞争性投标报价目标是投标单位追求的普遍形式。

(2)决定选择投标报价目标的因素

确定什么样的投标报价目标不是随心所欲，任意选择的。首先要研究招标项目在技术、经济、商务等诸多方面的要求，其次是剖析自身的技术、经济、管理诸多方面的优势和不足，然后将自身条件同投标项目要求逐一进行对照，确定自身在投标报价中的竞争位置，制定有利的投标报价目标。这种分析和对照主要考虑以下因素。

1)技术装备能力和工人技术操作水平。投标项目的技术条件，给投标单位提出了相应技术装备能力和工人技术操作水平的要求。如果不能适应，就需要更新或新置技术设备，对工人进行技术培训，或是转包和在外组织采购，因此投标单位有无能力或由此引起的报价成本的变化，都直接影响着投标目标的选择。反之，具有较高技术装备和操作能力的投标单位去承担技术水平较低的工程项目，效益选择同样有较大局限性。

2)设计能力。工程设计往往是投标项目组成部分，在综合性的招标项目中，设计工作要求和工作量占有更重要的地位，投标单位的设计能力能否适应招标项目的要求，直接决定着投标的方式和投标目标的选择，一个适应招标工程的设计能力，可以充分发挥投标单位的优势，立于竞争的主动地位。

3)对招标项目的熟悉程序。所谓熟悉程度是投标单位对此工程项目过去是否承建过，积累有什么经验，预测风险的能力有多大等等。项目熟悉就可以增强信心，减轻风险损失，尽可能扩大投标的竞争能力。项目不熟悉，就要充分考虑不可予

见的风险因素，提供保障措施和设计应变能力。这就意味着间接投入的增多，在投标目标选择上就有一定的困难。

4)投标项目可带来的随后机会，所谓随后机会，就是投标单位在争取中标后，可能给今后连续性投标带的中标机遇，或是在今后对类似项目在投标时采取中标占有有利位置。如果随后机会较多，对投标单位树立形象和扩大市场有利，那么对这一招标项目在经济利益上做某些让步达到中标目的也是有利的。如果随后机会不多，那么对投标的经济效益要着重考虑。

5)投标项目可能带来的出口机会。扩大国际市场，争取在国际投标中有位置是投标单位追求的重要目标，对能够给国际投标取胜带来较大机会的投标项目，无疑是投标单位应首先考虑的问题。它决定着对这一投标项目现实效益的低水平选择。

6)投标项目可能带来的生产质量提高。投标项目一方面需要相适应的生产装备和劳动技能，另一方面也可能给投标单位带来技术的进步，管理水平的加强和工作质量的提高，这种质量提高的程度，无疑是投标单位感兴趣的，直接影响其投标盈利目标的决策。

7)投标项目可能带来的成本降低机会，投标单位在争取中标后，在履约过程中，一般来说，各项管理提高的综合成果会直接反映在成本降低的机会和程度上，投标项目的完成能为以后承包经营带来成本降低较多较大的机遇，也会影响到投标单位投标盈利目标的决策。

8)投标项目的竞争程度。所谓竞争程度是指参与投标的单位的数量和各竞争投标者投标

的动机和目标。它是从外部制约着投标单位效益目标选择的分寸。投标的竞争性决定了投标单位在投标时必须以内部条件为基础，以市场竞争为导向，制定正确的投标目标。

除此之外，对于不同投标单位来说，诸如承包工程交货条件、付款方式、历史经验、风险性等都是影响到投标目标选择的因素，从而对选择投标目标的决策起重要作用。

(3)决定投标目标因素的量化分析

决定投标目标的因素一般不是孤立发生作用的，对不同投标单位来说，各个不同投标项目的决定因素影响程度和作用方向也是不同的。必须加以全面平衡，综合考虑。在这里，一个很重要的技术问题是把不可比较的诸现象因素，经过分析转化为可以比较的量化因素，用计算投标机会总分值的方法，具体确定投标目标的选择。其程序是：

1)根据投标单位情况，具体确定参与量化分析的基本因素。量化分析因素的选

择，要根据投标项目的不同情况决定，能反映生产、经营、技术、质量各个侧面，并抓住主要环节。

2)对选定的量化分析因素，衡量它在企业生产经营中相对重要程度，分别确定加权数，权数累计为100。

3)用打分法衡量投标项目对量化分析因素的满足程度，确定其相对分值。将各量化因素划分为高(10分)、中(5分)、低(0分)三档打分，便于比较。例如，投标单位现有技术装备能力和工人操作水平对完成投标项目有较大可能，则可将该因素的相对分值判为“高”，定为10 分。

4)把各项因素的权数与判定满足程度的等级相对分值相乘，求出每项因素的得分；将各项因素得分相加，得出此工程设备项目投标机会的总分值。例如：某工程设备项目的投标机会评价。

5)将该工程设备项目投标机会总分值825分同投标单位事先确定的可接受最低报价分值进行比较，确定是否参与投标报价和怎样报价(即依据什么样的目标报价)。一般来说：

①投标机会总分值低于预定最低报价分值时，可以选择放弃投标报价机会；投标机会总分高于预定最低报价分数时，可以决定参与投标报价。

②在投标机会总分高出预定最低报价分数的区间里，是选择投标报价的理想目标。通常区间愈大，选择的机会愈多，范围愈大；区间愈小，选择的机会愈少，范围愈小。

外文文献翻译——参考格式

广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月

目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)

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下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。目的论的提出为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。本文将目的论引入到介词翻译中，认为在目的论原则的指导下，英语介词的汉译可通过加词、减词、分译、转译等策略来达到较好的翻译效果以及更好地实现翻译目的。 关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论 导言：随着时代的发展，以及中国入世的大好形势的出现，汉语与英语在世界上似乎显得同等重要，所以将这两种语言互相转化是我们越来越重要的任务。在英语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”。目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导。因此，译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文。鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述；然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。 历史发展：对于翻译目的论的发展历程，笔者在总结各前辈的资料中得出：在20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是: 凯瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category

室内设计中英文翻译

毕业设计英文资料翻译 Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design Interior Design Susan Yelavich Interior design embraces not only the decoration and furnishing of space, but also considerations of space planning, lighting, and programmatic issues pertaining to user behaviors, ranging from specific issues of accessibility to the nature of the activities to be conducted in the space. The hallmark of interior design today is a new elasticity in typologies, seen most dramatically in the domestication of commercial and public spaces. Interior design encompasses both the programmatic planning and physical treatment of interior space: the projection of its use and the nature of its furnishings and surfaces, that is, walls, floors, and ceilings. Interior design is distinguished from interior decoration in the scope of its purview. Decorators are primarily concerned with the selection of furnishings, while

英语专业翻译类论文参考文献

参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.

室内设计英语词汇中英文翻译

客厅 Livingroom 卧室 Bedroom 书房 Study 阁楼 Loft 楼梯 Stair 楼梯间 Stir Well 玄关 Entrance 卫生间 Bathromm 厨房 Kitchen ground plan 平面图 floor, storey 层 ground floor 第一层 (美作:first floor) flat 套 (美作:apartment) stair well 楼梯间 lift shaft (美作:elevator shaft) fire escape 防火梯 staircase 楼梯 goods lift 公务电梯 (美作:freight elevator) central heating 暖气 ventilation shaft 通风井 air conditioning 空调 air-conditioned 带空调的 flooring (一块)地板 floorboard 地板(总称) parquet 木条地板 herringbone parquet 人字形木条地板 tile 瓷砖 terrazzo 磨石子地 wall 墙 main wall 承重墙 partition wall 隔断墙 plastering 抹灰 skirting board 壁脚板 to whitewash 粉刷 facade 建筑物正面 window 窗 basement 地下室 penthouse 遮檐,披屋 attic, garret 阁楼 kitchen 厨房 dining room 饭厅 living room 起居室 lounge 吸烟室,大厅 bathroom 浴室 toilet 卫生间chimney 烟囱 fireplace 壁炉 gutter 排水沟 drainpipe 雨水管,落水管 ceiling 天花板 flat roof, roof garden 屋顶平台,屋顶花园 roof 屋瓦顶 tile, roof tile 瓦 sand 沙 cement 水泥 mortar 灰泥 plaster 石膏 concrete 混凝土 reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete 钢筋混凝土 gravel 碎石 brick 砖 slate 石板 marble 大理石 beam 梁,木梁 girder 钢梁 corrugated iron 波状钢 timber 木料,木材 pipes 钢管 wiring 电器设备 promoter 创办人 architect 建筑师 quantity surveyor 施工技术员 draftsman 绘图员 civil engineer 道路工程师 builder 建筑工人 foreman 工头 master builder 营造商,建筑工程队队长 (master) bricklayer 泥瓦匠,砌砖工匠 hodman, hod carrier 小工 plasterer 抹灰工 welder 焊工 joiner 工匠 electrician 电工 glazier 玻璃工匠 plumber 管道技工 plumber's mate 管道工 painter, decorator 油漆工 crane driver 吊车司机

英语专业文献综述

Yi b i n U n i v e r s i t y 2015届本科毕业论文文献综述 题目_翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 二级学院外国语学院 专业英语 学生姓名简汝梦 学号110405034 年级2011级 指导教师徐文英职称讲师 年月日 文献综述

翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on Skopos Theory 姓名：简汝梦学号：110405034 指导老师：徐文英摘要：英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中属于比较难 语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”。目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导。因此，

译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文。鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述；然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。 凯 of plus 各类翻译实践当中。弗米尔的功能主义翻译目的论是其中最主要的理论,费米尔提出“翻译目的论”,将翻译定义为跨文化交际的一个次范畴，其预期目的是整个翻译活动的出发点并决定翻译的方法和策略，在翻译活动中，文本功能和文本接受者应处于优先地位，译者起重要作用。段自立在《翻译目的论介评》中认为，根

外文翻译排版格式参考

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系别：电子信息系 专业：通信工程 班级：B100309 姓名：张杨 学号： B 外文出处： 附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文 2014年03月

An Introduction to the ARM 7 Architecture Trevor Martin CEng, MIEE Technical Director This article gives an overview of the ARM 7 architecture and a description of its major features for a developer new to the device. Future articles will examine other aspects of the ARM architecture. Basic Characteristics The principle feature of the ARM 7 microcontroller is that it is a register based load-and-store architecture with a number of operating modes. While the ARM7 is a 32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a 16-bit instruction set, known as "THUMB". This helps it achieve a greater code density and enhanced power saving. While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are single-cycle, other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase the performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline. Due to the inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry leader in low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip "embedded ICE" that allows programs to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system. In order to keep the ARM 7 both simple and cost-effective, the code and data regions are accessed via a single data bus. Thus while the ARM 7 is capable of single-cycle execution of all data processing instructions, data transfer instructions may take several cycles since they will require at least two accesses onto the bus (one for the instruction one for the data). In order to improve performance, a three stage pipeline is used that allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously. The pipeline has three stages; FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE. The hardware of each stage is designed to be independent so up to three instructions can be processed simultaneously. The pipeline is most effective in speeding up sequential code. However a branch instruction will cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7 designers had some clever ideas to solve this problem. Instruction Fig 1 ARM 3- Stage pipeline