翻译常用八种方法(期末考试复习)

考试复习

一、英汉互译下列习语（每小题2分，共20分）(第5章的“文化与翻译”)

书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。

二、将下列句子翻译成中文，并指出使用的翻译技巧（每小题5分，共25分）

翻译常见的八种技巧：

1．重复repetition

在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。

We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.

奥秘。

2．增译addition/amplification

什么叫增译法? 我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。

送君千里，终有一别。

，yet the parting must come at last．

due to land speculations in the big cities, the price becomes higher with each

a small garden is no less than an extravagant hope or a daydream ( wild dream) for ordinary citizens (for the general public).

Something happened in Huaihua, a small city in the west of Hunan province, (400 kilometers away from the capital city Changsha ).

3．减译法deletion

和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把上面例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是

增译法而是减译法了。

关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。

a herd/ flock of sheep

每个人都无比关心自己及至亲至爱之人的心脏的健康，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。

However, each of us doesn’t care so much about the gloom and happiness of the inner world of our own and of our closest and most beloved ones.

此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。例如：

A book is useful．

书(是)有用(的)。

4．词类转移法conversion

I am successful on English study.

I study English successfully.

I succeed in studying english.

I have made a success on English study.

在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。当然主要是指词类的变化，如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知，语言是个无限制生成的系统，在翻译实践中，词类转移的情形也是千变万化的。重要的是，要知道在翻译中为了保证译文忠于原文并使译文合乎表达习惯，可以改变词类。下面所举的例子可以说明词类转移的一些常用情况。

(1) The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort．

这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的，但分析一下汉英文中的词类，却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中，差不多都发生了变化：“学好”是动词，意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词；“随便”是副词，意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy，等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同，不作任何改变，那么这就不成一句英文句子了。

(2)

speculated higher and higher with each passing day.

driving up the land price with each passing day.

(3) The thick carpet killed the sound of my steps.

I…

5．词序调整法inversion

词序指一个句子中各个成份的先后次序，由于英汉两种语言的词序不完全一样，词序安排在翻译中是一个值得注意的问题。

首先我们来看一下，许多短语汉英词序是不同的，如：

(1) 钢铁：iron and steel

(2) 田径：track and field

(3) 东北：northeast

(4) 华东：East China

(5) 湖南省、怀化学院外语系09级4班王芳。

Wang Fang, Class 4, Grade 2009, the English Department of Huaihua University, Hunan Province

(6) Now we dream of our matriculation, or the examination for the doctor's degree- and who has not been faint-hearted on such occasions? Whenever we fear that we may be punished by some unpleasant result because we have done something carelessly or wrongly, because we have not been as thorough as we might have been- in short, whenever we feel the burden of responsibility.

这时候，我们就会梦到大学入学考试，或梦到博士学位的考试。一旦我们担心由于自己的粗心（粗心大意）或失误（发挥失常）、或由于没有全力以赴而考砸，可能遭到惩罚时，总之，一旦我们感到需要承担责任的压力，在这些情况下，谁不心怵胆怯呢？

(7)We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency—a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well; we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst—though not all —of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.

我们人类，正面临一场全球（性）危机。尽管我们相聚与此（共商对策），但是这场危机正日

益严重，破坏性强，以致威胁（影响）到人类文明的存亡。但令人欣慰的是，

，就有能力化解这场危机，即使不能彻底消除，也可以避免最坏的结果。

6．分译division／splitting

把原文句子中的个别词、短语或从句分离出来，单独译出，自成短句，或使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如：

(1) A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle．我离开那个单人掩体速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会像出膛的子弹一样。(名词译成小句)

(2) These are the ineradicable memories of the punishments we suffered as children for misdeeds which we had committed- memories which were revived in us on the dies irae, dies illa① of the gruelling examination at the two critical junctures in our careers as students.

我们对童年所犯错误（考试糟糕）而遭受的惩罚，还心有余悸，而且这种记忆根深蒂固，难以消除。在我们学生生涯的两个关键阶段，每当参加令人心力交瘁、精疲力竭的考试，这种记忆在我们的内心深处，就会不断被唤醒。

(3) But owing to the constant presence of air currents arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density, and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degrees, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature's kaleidoscopic colors painting.

由于不断出现气流，把尘埃与水气分层排列，广度不均（范围不一）、密度各异，加上高、低空不断出现的云层，不同程度地吸收和反射阳光, 我们才看到各种绚丽多姿（光怪陆离/色彩缤纷/色彩斑斓）的色调和变化多端（千变万化/变化万千/瞬息万变）的绚丽色彩（美妙画面）。任何人只要有机会（有幸）将西边（西面/西天/西部）的美景（景致）尽收眼底（一览无余），只要有心观看（观赏/欣赏）大自然不时（经常/时常）展出（展现/呈现）的缤纷画卷（自然美景），都会为之（感到）叹为观止（赞美不已/惊叹不已），喜不自胜（赏心悦目）。

（4）However, too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threat: “They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent.”

但是，来描述现在世界上太多

的领导人，：“他们自我矛盾，令人费解：该决策时犹豫不决、该果断时优柔寡断、该强硬时软弱无能。”

7. 正说反译，反说正译法

negation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。negation作为一种翻译技巧，它主要指在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。因此，翻译技巧中的negation译成“正说反译，反说正译法”是较为合适的。而语法中的negation则译成“否定”，因为它主要是指下面四种语言现象：1．Full negative(完全否定)；2．Absolute negative(绝对否定)；3．Semi negative(部分否定)；4．Words or phrases with negative implication(含否定意义的词或短语)。前两种否定，除少数情况外，英语汉语中差别不大；而后两种否定，在英汉两种语言的运用中则差别较大，需要加倍注意。从下面的例句中，可以体会“正说反译，反说正译”在翻译中使用的一些情况。

(1) I don’t think Tom is correct．

我认为汤姆不对。(不译成：我不认为汤姆是对的。)

(2) 我想小李明天不会来了。

I don’t think Xiao Li will come tomorrow．(不译成：I think Xiao Li won't come tomorrow．)

8．语态变换法change of voice

这里说的语态是指主动语态和被动语态。这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的：英语大量使用被动语态，而汉语则很少使用，即便使用，也不像英语那样有固定或比较统一的构成形式。譬如说，汉语的被动不是只用一个“被”字表示。因此在英汉互译中，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。试看译例：

(1)The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult，so we must get well prepared for it．

即将举行的物理考试据说相当困难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。

(2) A school-based screening program was conducted on four Northern Plains Indian Reservations. The 1852 children (0.96 Native Ameican, 4th through 12th grades) were screened for asthma status, body mass index (BMI), and family history.

本项目以北部平原四个印第安人保留区学校的学生为研究对象，对1852名儿童（其中96%是从4到12年级的美国土著儿童）进行哮喘状况、肥胖指数、和家族病史方面的检测。

（3）这样的恋情应该说是没有什么希望了

It should be said that such an office romance wouldn’t have a happy result.

三、运用所学翻译技巧将以下段落译成英文（共20分）

(文学文本)

四、运用所学翻译技巧将以下段落中划线句子译成中文（每小题5分，共20分）

五、用英文简要回答以下问题（每小题5分，共15分）

（翻译基本原理或基本概念与英汉语言的最主要的几个差异，都是教材中涉及的东西）

英语翻译基础期末复习完整

《英语翻译基础》期末复习 13年12月 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） Section A; 选择译文中最符合原文意思的选项（考查翻译实践能力） Section B: 关于翻译理论知识的题目 二、改译句子。（每小题2分，共10分） 三、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共15分） 四、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 五、案例分析题（每小题15分，共15分） 注意：本门课程为：“闭卷（只允许考生带一本正规英汉词典参加考试，不得携带除此之外的任何查字工具。） I、Multiple Choice Questions (20 points, 2 points each) A : Directions : This part consists of five sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. I prefer driving to being driven. B A. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢别人开车。 B. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车。 C. 我开车比被开车更喜欢。 D. 我喜欢开车，也喜欢被开车。 2. She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. C A．她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。 B．她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告，唯唯诺诺的人除外。 C．她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人，根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 D．她剥夺了所有人的劝告，除了唯唯诺诺的人。 3．我第一次听她在晚上唱歌，她的歌声就深深地打动了我。B A．Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her song moved me deeply. B. When I first heard her sing at a party, I was deeply moved. C. I first heard her singing a party, I was deeply moved. D. Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her voice moved me deeply. 4.When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. B

第三章 常用翻译技巧

第三章常用翻译技巧 了解和掌握一定的翻译技巧有助于提高我们的翻译能力，一般而言，大致有下述8种基本技巧：1) 选词用字（Diction）2) 增词法（Amplification）3) 省略法（Omission）4) 转换法（Conversion）5) 重复法（Repetition）6) 语序调整(Inversion) 7) 正说反译，反说正译（Negation）8) 长句拆译(Division) &分清主从（Subordination）。 3．1 选词用字 简而言之就是“choice of words” (选词用字)，就是说，在理解原文时，由于汉、英两种语言在行文用字、表达方式上的差异，对一些词或短语的理解必须结合上下文进行推敲，找出它们的内涵意义（connotation），再在译文中选用恰当的词汇使表达准确而通顺，符合译文习惯。 例1．Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions. 译1：爱整洁的人经常买贵的、小的单一的东西。× 译2：办事讲究的人买什么都注重少而精，愿买贵的。√ 例2．They want quality, but at a budget price. 译1：他们需要质量，但却要预算价格。× 译2：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。√ 例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides. (1)“little grace”和“less give”：“几乎没有优雅”、“更少的给予”？言不达意且文脉不通。 (2) 必须推敲它们在此上下文中的具体意义：既然是政治谈判，所谓“优雅”不就是“讲礼貌、讲客气”、“give”不就是“让步、妥协”之意吗？ (3) “less”一词更须注意，它是前面“little”的比较级，说明“give”比“grace”更少。译文如下： 在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈不上让步了。 例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes… 文中“stay”“tastes”二字极其通俗，而“budgets”却又十分抽象。如何在译文中用符合行业规范的词语表达值得推敲。直译“逗留”“预算”“口味”均不合适，读者无法接受。根据上下文语义，结合目前流行的说法，“下榻”、“档次”、“品味”译得恰到好处。

四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧

四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

英语翻译期末试卷

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不上让步了。 例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes… 试译：无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达郑州，下榻此处会让你倍感舒适，这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品味的要求……。 例4．New HSR and Maglev would have all-new, state-of-the-art train control system. The Accelerail options were estimate with train control systems providing speed and authority enforcement. 译文：新型高速列车或磁浮列车须装置全新的、造形精美的列车操纵系统，可供选用的列车操纵系统必须能提供速度和（威力）强大的加速力。 例6．一幢乡村小学的教学楼，建了7年还是个半拉子工程。 The construction of the teaching building of a village school, which was started seven years ago, has ended up a

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3．减译法deletion 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。例如： A book is useful． 书(是)有用(的)。 4．词类转移法conversion 在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达

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汉英翻译教程期末考试复习要点 Microsoft Word 文档

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(完整word版)翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习及答案

浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《翻译理论与实践》期末复习 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 二、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共30分） 三、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 四、案例分析题（每小题10分，共10分） 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。 A. 语内翻译 B. 语际翻译 C. 符际翻译 D. 以上选项都正确 2. 下面哪个选项是错误的？_________。 A. dry goods：纺织品B．white goods：白色的货物 C．white wine：白葡萄酒D．toilet water：花露水 3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适？________。 A. 这是特殊报盘，不以我方通常折扣为条件。 B. 这是特惠报盘，我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。 C. 此系特惠报盘，不另加我方通常折扣。 D. 这是特殊报盘，不局限于我们通常折扣。 4．下面哪句话的描述是错误的？________。 A．美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。 B．“动态对等”原则是指，运用交际理论和信息论的原理，将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较，使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。C．奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。 D．翻译求的是“形式对等”，而非”动态对等”。

5．_________提出了“美化之艺术，创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。 A．尤金.奈达B．泰特勒 C．许渊冲D．鲁迅 6. 下面哪个配对是错误的？_____。 A．赤脚医生：barefoot doctor B．纸老虎：paper tiger C．to show one’s cards：摊牌D．大海捞针：look for a needle in sea D B C D C D 7.哪句话的描述是正确的？______。 A. 严复提出的翻译是：重神似不重形似 B. 傅雷的翻译标准是：信、达、雅 C. 许渊冲的翻译标准是：美化之艺术，创优似竞赛 D. 泰特勒的翻译标准是：通顺 8. 下面哪个选项是错误的？_________。 A. dry State：实行禁酒的州B．white goods：白色的货物 C．dry white wine：涩白酒D．toilet water：花露水 9. 泰特勒(Tytler)提出的著名翻译原则是：_______。 A. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容。 B. 译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同。 C. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然。 D. 以上选项都正确。 10．下面哪个选项是正确的？________。 A．bring down the house 翻译为：“推倒房子” B．pull up one's socks 翻译为：鼓起勇气 C．think a great deal of oneself 翻译为：“为自己想得很多” D．an apple of love 翻译为：“爱情之果” 11．A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.下面哪个译文是最合适的？_____。A．一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。 B．一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。 C．一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。 D．闲置之书只是一叠废纸。