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跨文化交际词汇汇总表

跨文化交际词汇汇总表
跨文化交际词汇汇总表

anecdote n. a short interesting or amusing story about a particular person or event

e.g. He told some amusing anecdotes about his years as a policeman

archaeologist n. a person studying ancient things archer n. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows betray v. to give away or make known

better off (经济)境况较好的

e.g. She was much better off when she got promoted.

bilateral adj. of, on or with two sides

e.g. France and Germany have signed a bilateral agreement.

bilingual adj. of, containing, or expressed in two languages

braille n. (a way of) printing with raised round marks which blind people can read by touching them

buffet n. a place or counter where food and drink may be bought and consumed

casino n. a building for social activities esp. playing games for money

censure n. the act of blaming or expressing strong disapproval

e.g. His dishonest behaviour came under severe censure.

cleric n. a priest, esp. in the Christian Church clumsy adj. done or made in an awkward fashion coincide v. (of ideas, opinions) to be in agreement

commonplace n./adj. a well-known statement or remark worn out by too much /ordinary; not regarded as special or unusual

competence n. ability to do what is needed

compliment n. an expression of praise, admiration or respect

condole v. to express sympathy, regret at a loss, misfortune, etc.

contrary adj. completely different;wholly opposed

criteria n. fact or standard by which you judge, decide about or deal with sth.标准,准则

decipher n. to discover the meaning of (sth. difficult or secret, esp. a code) 译解;破译(密码)

diagnose v. to discover the nature of (a disease) dish n. 截抛物面天线

don v. to put on (clothing or mask)

dramatise v. to put a story, novel, etc. into the forrd of a drama

drive home to make unmistakably clear 使人理解(接受)

dynamic adj. energetic and forceful

encoder n. 编码器

exert v. to make an effort extraterrestrial adj. (coming from) outside the earth

flaw n. a small sign of damage, such as a mark or crack, that makes an object not perfect

flourish v. to wave in the hand mad so draw attention to (sth.)

e.g. He came in smiling, flourishing her exam results.

for good for ever

e.g. We thought that he was gone for good.

frown upon 表示不满、不赞许gorgeous adj. delightful

hiccup n. sudden stopping of the breath with a cough-like sound 打嗝

in no time very quickly

e.g. I'll be back in no time.

inference n. process of drawing a conclusion and reaching an opinion (from facts or reasoning) 推理

institutionalised adj. 制度化的;一成不变的;约定俗成的

interlocutor n. the person who is talking to himself or herself, or to sb.else

interval n. a period of time between events intrude v. to come in when not wanted

intuition n. the power to know how sth. happens or will happen, without reasoning

jot down to write quickly, esp.without preparation mono-cultural adj. 单一文化的

norm n. a standard of proper behaviour or principle of right and wrong

notion n. an idea,belief or opinion;conception

paediatrician n. a doctor who has special training in medical care for children 儿科医生

prosodic adj. 诗体学的,做诗法的

pupil n. 瞳孔

rating n. a person's position or class referral n. 工作分派,治疗安排

schema n. a representation of an arrangement or plan 计划,方案

sinologist n. a person who studies Chinese language, history, literature, etc. 汉学家

spatial adj. of/in space

speculate adj. to think about a matter in a light way 思索

submit v. to offer for consideration syllable n. 音节

tentative adj. made or done only as a trial to see the effect

unilateral adj. one-sided 单方的,单边的

e.g. He made a unilateral decision to cancel the agreement.

abnormal adj. unusual, peculiar

acculturation n. 文化渗透;文化互渗

affective-oriented adj. 感情型的

amiss adv. in a bad way; wrongly or imperfectly

appalling adj. causing fear; shocking, terrible

e.g. The prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions

assumption n. sth. taken for granted bloated adj. unpleasantly swollen

blunt adj. speaking roughly and plainly boar n. wild boar 野猪

callous adj. unfeeling;indifferent

carol n. a religious song of joy and praise esp. sung at Christmas

civility n. politeness;the quality of having good manners

clash n. an example of opposition or disagreement

cluster n. a number of things of the same kind growing or being close together in a group

cognitive-oriented adj. 认知型的

cohesive adj. tending to stick together

collectivism n. the system under which the means of production axe owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole 集体主义

collide v. to disagree strongly

Confucianism n. the beliefs and practices of those who follow the teachings

congruent adj. suitable;agreeing 适合的;一致的;和谐的constrain v. to compel, limit, control

dimension n. a measurement in any direction

disconcert v. to (cause to) feel doubt and anxiety e.g. The family was disconcerted at the unhappy news.

discourse n. a serious conversation disillusion v. to free from a wrong idea downright adj. frank; honest

dyadic adj. 二的,一双的;二进原子的

egalitarian adj. holding or showing the belief that all men are equal 平等主义的

embed v. to fix firmly and deeply in

entity n. (the quality of having) a sinagle separate and independent existence

espouse v. to become involved with or support (an activity or opinion)

euphoria n. a feeling of happiness and cheerful excitement

fusion n. uniting or mixing

harmony n. a state of agreement (in feeling, ideas);peacefulness

hectic adj. full of excitement and hurried movement

hierarchy n. organisation with grades of authority from the lowest to the highest 统治集团

in the shoes of in (sb.'s) position

individualism n. the idea that the rights and freedom of an individual are the most important in a society 个人主义

infringe v. to break (a rule, etc.); to violate

e.g. The prisoners complained that their rights were infringed.

ingredient n. one of the parts of a mixture 成分

interaction n. the state or activity of working together to produce an effect on each other

interference n. the noises and shapes which spoil the working of electrical apparatus (光波、声波的)干扰

intervene v. to interrupt, esp. to prevent a bad result

intimacy n. the state of being intimate;close friendship

intrinsic adj. being part of the nature or character of sb. or sth. 内在的,本质的,固有的

liberalism n. liberal views, opinions and principles 自由主义

minimal adj. of the smallest possible amount, degree or size

modesty n. the quality of being modest nag v. to worry or annoy continuously nurture v. to train,educate or develop orientation n. a position or direction

paraphrase v. to re-express (sth. written or said) in different words 释义

parliament n. the supreme law-making council or assembly 议会

peer n. an equal in rank, quality or worth

perspective n. a view esp. one stretching far into the distance

pitfall n. an unexpected danger or difficulty

privilege n. a special right or advantage limited to one person or a few people 特权

psychomotor-oriented adj. 心理运动型的

reciprocal adj. exchanged between two people or groups reflect v. to consider carefully

savoury adj. pleasant or attractive in taste 美味可口的

scrutiny n. thorough and detailed examination 仔细检查,监督

sea-slug n. 海参

self-abnegation n. 自我克制

spouse n. a husband or a wife

taboo n. a word which vonvention prohibits 禁忌语tactic n. means of achieving an object

transitional adj. changing or passing from one form to another

uniformity n. the same in every way 一致,一致(性)vaguely adv. not clearly or distinctly; uncertainly valorisation n. 评价,估价

variability n. probability that sth. will vary

zest n. (a feeling of)being eager and excited e.g. He approaches every task with a boundless zest.

aristocracy n. ruling body of nobles

bias n. a tendency to be in favour of or against sth. or sb. Without knowing enough to be able to judge fairly

bill n. the beak of a bird

conjecture v. a guess, opinion based on incomplete or uncertain

connote v. to suggest a meaning in addition to the formal meaning

controversy n. an argument about sth. over which there is much disagreement

delve v. to search deeply

e.g. It's not good to delve into one's private life.

endearment n. (an expression of) love entrench v. to place in a safe position feminist n. 女权主义者

grandeur n. great beauty or power, often combined with great size

intriguing adj. arousing the intrerest or curiosity knighthood n. the rank, title, or state of a knight

lark n. any of several small light brown birds with long pointed wings, esp. the skylark 百灵科鸟(尤指云雀)

masculinity n. the quality or state of being masculine 男子气概

maternal adj. related through the mother's side monosyllabic adj. 单音节的

muddle v. to confuse, esp.in the mind

e.g. Grandfather was muddled about the children's names.

paternal adj. related through the father

perpetuate v. to preserve; to cause to be continued or remembered 使永恒

plosive n. a consonant sound 爆破音

satchel n. a small bag for carrying over the shoulder 书包

straightforward adj. understood in a direct way, without difficulty

trisyllabic adj. 三音节的uncomplimentary adj. rudely critical 贬抑的variant n. a different form

white lie a lie told with good attention 无恶意的谎言

chauffeur n. a person employed to drive a car

concede v. to admit as true, just or proper often unwillingly

convivial adj. gay; merry

disparity n. difference or inequality 不同,悬殊foot the bill付账

go Dutch 打平伙(各自付钱合伙吃)

e.g. We can go out tohave dinner as long as we go Dutch.

humility n. the quality of being humble interwoven adj. woven together or with sth. else marvel v. to wonder, feel great surprise pool n. 落袋弹子游戏

scrounger n. a person who gets what he wants by taking it without permission or by trickery 偷东西者

snub v. to treat (a person)with cold behaviour or contempt 冷落,怠慢

tab n. a bill 账单

trivial adj. of little worth or importance

under no circumstances never; regardless of events 决不,无论如何不

antonym n. a word which means the opposite of another word

autonomous adj. (of state) self-governing

belabour v. to work on or talk about to silly lengths

chronology n. the science which measures time and gives dates to events

coherence n. natural or reasonable connection, esp. in thoughts or words

corollary n. sth. that naturally follows from sth. else;result 必然结果

denote v. to represent

e.g. His angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.

dowry n. property and money brought by a bride to her husband

filial adj. of or suitable to a son or daughter 子女的; 孝顺的

imperative adj. urgent, needing immediate attention inborn adj. present from birth;part of one's nature induce v. to cause or produce 引起,导致

offspring n. a child or children

preconception n. an opinion formed in advance without actual knowledge

propensity n. natural tendency

rapport n. close relationship or sympathy (with) 亲善关系

repose n. comfortable rest

reticent adj. unwilling to speak about one's thoughts or feelings 谨慎的,沉默寡言的

smack v. to have a slight flavour or suggestion (of) 带有…的风味

synonym n. a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language

transcribe v. to make a full copy of (notes or recorded matter)

transcript n. a written or printed copy accusation n. a charge of doing wrong aroma n. a sweet smell, fragrance

assault n. / v. violent and sudden attack / to make an attack

contempt n. the feeling that sb. or sth. is of a lower rank and undesirable

cutlery n. knives and other cutting instruments, esp. those used when eating

dignity n. true worth and nobleness of character

discern v. to see, notice, or understand, esp. with difficulty

ecstasy n. a state of extreme happiness

ecstatic adj. causing or experiencing ecstasy faecal adj. 粪便的;糟粕的

fondle v. to touch gently and lovingly hold…in check to hold ... back 制止,控制

humiliate v. to (cause to) feel humble or lose the respect of others

inscrutable adj. that cannot be understood or known;mysterious

insolence n. the quality of showing disrespectful rudeness

inversely adv. oppositely (in order or position)

jostle v. to knock or push against rather roughly e.g. They were jostled by fans pushing their way towards the stage.

manuscript n. the first or only copy of a book or piece of writing 手稿,原稿

peep v. to look (at sth.) quickly and secretly peep n. a quick, incomplete, or secret look

perplex v. to (cause to)feel confused and troubled by being difficult to understand or answer

pirouette n. a fast turn of the body on the toe 单脚着地旋转

proximity n. nearness

prudence n. the state or quality of being prudent 谨慎

reprimand n. severe official scolding

restrain v. to control or prevent from doing sth. esp. by use of force

revolt v. to feel sick and shocked; to turn from with violent dislike 反感

revulsion n. feeling of being shocked and revolted secretive adj. having the habit of keeping things secret servility n. behaviour like a slave 奴性;屈从

sponger n. a person who lives on other's expense 寄生虫,靠别人生活的人

stand-offish adj. rather unfriendly; coldly suppression n. the state of being suppressed

taunt v. to try to make sb. angry or upset by making unkind remarks laughing at faults or failures 奚落,嘲笑

treacherous adj. disloyal; deceitful

turn down to refuse (a request, person, etc.) e.g. He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling.

unnerving adj. losing self-control, power of decision, courage

veer v. to turn or change direction

vulgarity n. the state or quality of being vulgar aerial adj. of, from, happening in the air airborne adj. in the air or carried by air or wind alternative n. a choice between two things

altruism n. principle of considering the well-being and happiness of others first 利他主义

altruistic adj. 利他的;利他主义的

aluminum n. a silver-white metal that is a simple substance light in weight

amplitude n. the distance between the middle and top of a wave (such as a sound wave) 振幅

antenna n. an aerial 天线

antler n. a horn with branches which grows on the head of a male deer

apparatus n. a set of instruments, machines, etc. that wok together for a particular purpose

aquatic adj. living or happening in or on water badger n. 獾

bandwidth n. 带宽

barbarous adj. very cruel; uncivilized

binary adj. consisting of two things or parts; double e.g. Computers operate using binary numbers.

birch n. 白桦

breakthrough n. the action of forcing a way through or making a discovery

e.g. An important breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved.

brood n. a family of young birds or other young creatures

budget n. a plan of how to spend money

bugle n. a musical wind instrument of copper or brass used for military signals 军号,喇叭

bustard n. a large swift-running bird 鸨鸟

camcorder n. a combination of a small video camera and recording device 家庭手提摄像机

cardinal adj. most important; main

cascade n. a steep, high and usu. small waterfall cellular adj. having many holes 蜂窝式(如电话)coaxial adj. 共轴的,同轴的

cobalt n. a strong shiny silver-white magnetic metal 钴

congregation n. a group of people gathered together

coot n. a type of water bird with dark grey feathers and a short beak

coranto n. 报纸(现仅用于报纸名)

demodulate v. 解调;检波

designate v. to point out or call by a special name disgruntled adj. annoyed and disappointed

disparagingly adv. 轻视地,贬低地

dissemination n. spreading (news, ideas, etc.) widely dolphin n. a sea animal like a porpoise 海豚electromagnetic adj. 电磁的

elicit v. to get, draw out (facts, information, etc.)

elk n. 麋鹿

emancipate v. to make free socially, politically, and in law

emblem n. an object which is the sign of sth.

e.g. A dove is often used as an emblem of peace.

etymological adj. 词源学的

exhilaration n. making cheerful and excited

facsimile n. an exact copy, esp. of a document 摹写, 传真

falcon n. a bird that kills and eats other animals

flint n. very hard fine-textured grey stone that makes small flashes of flame when struck with steel 燧石;火石

floppy adj. soft and easily bent flowchart n. (生产)流程图

forage v. to wander about looking for food and other supplies

formulaic adj. containing or made up of fixed expressions or set forms of words 公式的, 刻板的

globalisation n. 全球化

gravity n. the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other

grouse n. a bird with feathered feet, shot for sport and food 松鸡

hive n. a place like a box where bees live hold forth to speak at length 大发议论

honeycomb n. a container made of beeswax and consisting of 6-sided cells in which honey is stored

horizontal adj. in the flat position, along or parallel to the ground

ignite v. to (cause to) start to burn

infiltrate v. to (cause to) pass through or into by filtering; (of ideas) to pass into people's mind 过滤; (思想)渗入

ingenious adj. (of a person) clever and skillful (at making or inventing)

innate adj. (of a quality) in one's nature possessed from birth 天生的

instantaneous adj. happening at once

insulate v. to protect from outside influence 隔离, 使孤立

intermittent adj. not continuous 间断的internalisation n. 内在化

laureate n. a poet officially appointed to the Royal Household in GB, who writes poems on state occasions 桂冠诗人

linger v. to be slow to disappear

litter n. a group of young animals born at the same time to one mother

makeshift n. sth. used at the time because there is nothing better 代用品,权宜之计

mallard n. a type of wild duck 绿头鸭

martial adj. of or concerning war, soldiers, etc. 战

争的,好战的

microchip n. 芯片

modem n. 调制解调器

modulation n. the action of modulating 调节,调制multiparous adj. 一产多胎的

nectar n. the sweet liquid collected by bees from flowers

nightingale n. a type of bird known for the beautiful song heard at night

nimbleness n. quick and light movement nip v. to cut off

nipple n. the part of a woman's breast through which a baby can suck milk

nomination n. the action or result of suggesting or naming officially for election to a position ,office, etc.提名,任命

ointment n. a medicinal paste made from oil or fat and used on the skin (to heal injury) 膏药

override v. to prevail over (sb.'s opinion, decision, claim, etc.)

e.g.This problem overrides all other matters.

panel n. a small group of people chosen to give advice or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment 公开讨论的专门小组

papyrus n. a tall grass-like plant that grows in or near water 纸莎草

parchment n. a writing material used in ancient time, made from the skin of a sheep or goat 羊皮纸

partridge n. a sort of birds of the same family as the pheasant

patch n. a small differently coloured part of a surface

patent n. 专利,专利权,专利证,专利品

perch n. a branch, rod, etc. where a bird rests

perseverance n. continual steady effort made to fulfill some aim 耐性,坚忍不拔

pheasant n. any of various large long-tailed birds hunted for food 野鸡

phosphor n. 磷光体

pivot v. to turn round on or as if on a pivot (于旋轴上)旋转

plaque n. a flat metal or stone plate with writing

on it, fixed to a wall in memory of a person

or event 匾牌,饰板

Pleistocene adj. 更新式的

plumage n. bird's feathers

pollen n. fine yellow powder on the male part of a flower 花粉

pollock n. 绿鳕,青鳕

porpoise n. a type of large fish-like sea animal 海豚,小鲸

predator n. a wild animal living by killing and eating other animal 肉食动物

prestigious adj. having or bringing prestige 有声誉的,受尊敬的

primate n. a member of the most highly developed group of breast-feeding animal 灵长类动物

quail n. a kind of small birds 鹌鹑

rationalism n. the quality or practice of being a rationalist 唯理论

regurgitate v. to pour out again from the mouth (food already swallowed) 反刍

replica n. an exact copy

resonant adj. (of a sound)deep, full, clear and continuing 共鸣的

retrieval n. the act of regaining or bringing back retrieve v. to regain; to find and bring back

roe n. a small kind of European and Asian deer 雄马鹿

semaphore n. a system of sending massages, using two flags held in each hand in various positions 旗语

setback n. sth. that happens which delays or prevents a process from advancing

shatter v. to break suddenly into small pieces shellac n. 虫胶清漆

shimmer v. to shine with a soft trembling light sideband n. 边频带

simultaneously adv. happening or done at the same moment

snipe n. a bird which frequents marshes with a long bill 鹬

spectrum n. a range of various kinds of waves 频谱spontaneity n. the quality of being spontaneous

spontaneous adj. produced from natural feelings 自发的,本能的

spruce n. 云杉树

stereotype n. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or event

stimuli n. sth. that stimulates 刺激物,促进因素stork n. 鹳

tabular adj. arranged or displayed in tables 表格式的tattoo n. continuous tapping 连续敲打声

tedious adj. long and tiring; uninteresting transaction n. (社会交往中的)相互作用

transcend v. to go beyond; to be better than 超越;胜过

transmission n. the act of transmitting or of being transmitted

trendy adj. very fashionable; very influenced by the latest fashion 时髦的,随潮流的

vandal n. a person who intentionally damages or destroys useful things belonging to others 破坏他人财物者

varnish n. a smooth or shiny appearance 光泽,装饰

velvet n. a type of fine closely-woven cloth 天鹅绒,丝绒

vermin n. any small kind of animal that destroys crops 害虫,害兽,害人虫

vervet n. 黑长尾猴

vibration n. slight continuous shaky movement

vulture n. a type of ugly tropical bird which feeds on dead animals 兀鹰

waggle v. to move frequently from side to side

warren n. an area in which small animals are kept or live 猎苑

woodcock n. a type of brown woodland bird 丘鹬

woodpecker n. a type of bird with a long beak, which can make holes in the wood of trees and pull out insects 啄木鸟

HSK词汇表

一、对外汉语教学中文化因素研究 对外汉语教学界对文化教学内容展开研究以来,对外汉语的教学内容在研究探讨中不断完善。研究初期,文化教学内容局限于文化因素的探讨,随着研究的深入,学者们提出专门开设文化课进行文化知识教学的重要性。下文把文化教学内容的研究分为文化因素研究和文化知识研究两部分。 (1)文化因素研究 在研究初期,文化教学内容局限于文化因素的研究,所谓“文化因素”,是指隐含在语言中,反映使用这种语言的民族的价值观念、思维方式、道德规范等方面的文化内涵。围绕着文化因素的具体内容,学者们提出了不同的观点:关于文化因素的分类,张占一(1984)《谈汉语个别教学及其教材》最早提出了“知识文化”和“交际文化”的概念,把对外汉语教学中的文化称之为“交际文化”。这一观点的提出引起了学者们的热议。赵贤州支持这一观点,并把交际文化因素进一步分为十二小项。吕必松在接受“交际文化”这一术语的前提下,给交际文化下了一个新的定义,还把“交际文化”进一步分为“语言交际文化”和“非语言交际文化”。也有学者对此提出质疑:周思源从分类学、语用主体的趋同心理和语义范畴等方面,对“交际文化”和“知识文化”的分类表示质疑;董树人也认为没有必要专门设立“交际文化”这一名目,叫它“文化差异”就足够了。除了赞同派和反对派以外,还有很多学者从其他角度对文化进行分类和梳理。主要代表学者有:陈光磊将文化分为语构文化、语义文化和语用文化;魏春木、

卞觉非将文化导入内容分为文化行为项目和文化心理项目;胡明扬将影响对外汉语教学的文化因素分为特定语汇、特定表达方式、特定语言习惯等六大类;梅立崇将跨文化交际中的文化分为陈述性文化知识和程序性文化知识。 对外汉语教学界的另一个研究热点是文化因素教学的方法与原则问题。围绕这一问题,共出现过四种观点:文化导入说、文化揭示说、文化融合说和文化语言有机化合说,其中影响比较大的是文化导入说。赵贤州先生最先提出文化导入说,并对文化导入的原则作了探讨,认为在对外汉语教学中进行文化知识的同步导入时必须遵循阶段性、适度性、规范性和科学性的原则。此后,魏春木、卞觉非、陈光磊、张英等人也先后对文化导入的内容、原则和方法进行了深入研究。(2)文化知识研究 随着研究的深入,许多学者提出在留学生学习汉语的高级阶段开设文化课进行文化知识教学的必要性。文化知识方面的研究相对于文化因素的研究来说起步晚,研究较为薄弱当前的文化知识教学的研究重点局限于讨论文化知识教学的重要性和与文化因素教学的区别上,在文化知识教学内容、教学方法、教学评价和等级大纲方面的研究还很欠缺。有关文化知识教学必要性的研究有:韩鉴堂(1993)《论对外知识文化教学》从学生需求和知识文化对提高交际能力的作用两方面论述开设知识文化课的必要性,并讨论了知识文化课的学科独立性和知识文化教学的方法。1994 年,对外汉语教学定性、定位、定量座谈会的《纪要》一文中把对外汉语教学中的文化划分为文化因素和

跨文化交际论文题目

1.英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2."跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3."公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4.国内广告语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5."全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6."跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7."基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8."跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9."浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10."中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11."中美时间观之对比 1 2."浅析汉英问候语中的文化差异 13."英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14."英语身体语的交际功能研究 1 5."浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16."目标语文化的理解与跨文化交际 1 7."中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18."跨文化交际中的文化误读

9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美(西)家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪

6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较

《跨文化交际》_名词解释

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化:文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应:人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and

外国留学生在中国的跨文化交际案例研究

外国留学生在中国的跨文化交际案例研究由于全球一体化和经济全球化的发展,各国之间的经济合作与往来日益增强。不同文化背景的人们之间的经济合作及国际商务活动也日趋频繁,增强文化理解、克服文化冲突、增强文化沟通与合作就显得尤为重要。近些年来,中国经济与科技的蓬勃发展,中国文化的博大精深,吸引了越来越多的外国留学生来华求学。据我国教育部统计,2008年全国来华留学生总数首次突破了20万。越来越多的各国留学生来中国学习汉语,以便尽快的实现与中国人的交际进而实现与中国人在各个领域实现交流、沟通、合作、共赢。但通过一段时间的学习和交流之后,即使学生有了一定的词汇基础,掌握了基本的语法知识,但仍然常常在交际中遇到难题,有时候甚至搞出很多笑话和严重的文化上的不妥行为,究其根源,是因为留学生们或多或少地存在跨文化交际障碍。其实,对于学习汉语的外留学生来讲,学习汉语不光是只要明白发音,认识汉字,语法等。如果留学生在学习汉语的过程中能对于中国的历史,价值观,风土人情,宗教信仰等因素有适当的了解,就能在很大程度上帮助其学习好汉语并应用于交际。因此,必须加强对来华留学生的跨文化交流研究。 关键词:外国留学生跨文化交际 一、文化和文化差异 跨文化交流,来自不同文化的交流才可以是跨文化交流。不同的文化显然是有差异的,即文化差异的存在。于是,我们应当首先理解“文化”和“文化差异”的意义何在。“文化”一词源远流长,古往

今来,不同的学者从不同的角度和层次对文化进行定义和阐述,反映了文化涵盖内容的广泛和深入,以及人类对于文化研究的重视。英国人类学家泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)在其著作《原始文化》一书给文化这样定义:所谓文化或文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习惯以及其他人类作为社会的成员而获得的种种能力、习性在内的一种复合整体。这主要是从思想和行为层面对文化进行定义,而不少学者认为,文化除了精神文化、方式文化外,还包括物质文化。文化的冰山比喻有助于对文化的全面理解。文化是由显性部分和隐性部分组成的,显性部分即冰山浮出水面的可视部分,是外在直观的事物,隐性部分即冰山水下的不可视部分,例如社会规范、价值观、信念等。本人认为,文化是由人类创造的,特定群体所表现的具有显隐双重性的物质与精神成果及行为方式的总和。显性文化反映和体现了隐性文化,隐性文化驱动和支配着显性文化,两者相互联系和影响,构成有机的统一体。 所谓文化差异,简要地说,即不同国家、民族在文化上的差别。文化差异是复杂多样的,我认为应当从文化显隐性的特点出发,将文化差异分为显性差异与隐性差异。显性差异通过人类改造自然与社会的物质成果表现出来。需要说明的是,语言的不同亦属于显性差异。语言不可视、不可触,却可以听到,它是一个客观存在。隐性差异通过人类改造自然与社会的行为方式、创造的精神成果表现出来。不同文化背景的人在跨文化交流的过程中避免不了文化差异的问题,而文化差异的更深层次会导致文化冲突。

分类词汇表【修订版】

英语学习专用资料第1 页共25 页 1. 经济场景 资产asset 奢侈浪费be extravagant 预算budget 消费品consumer goods 贵重的costly 存钱deposit 经济负担economic burden 经济困难economic difficulty 经济资助finance aid 政府税收government revenue 医疗保健healthcare 无家可归homeless 失业者jobless 下岗工人laid-off worker 滥用lavish 赚钱的lucrative / profitable 豪华的luxurious 耗钱的money-consuming 拜金主义的money-oriented 贫困的needy / poverty-stricken 透支overdraft 财产property 节约紧缩开支retrench 赢利的profitable 纳税人taxpayer 福利welfare 2. 健康场景 平衡饮食balanced diet 有害健康的be physically damaging 过于肥胖的bloated 致癌的cancer-causing 慢性的chronic 方便食品convenience food 头昏眼花的dizzy 危及endanger 传染病infectious disease 根除eradicate 过量摄入excessive intake 排气尾气exhaust 疲劳fatigue 绝症incurable disease 垃圾食品junk food 慢跑jog 预期寿命life expectancy 减肥lose weight 营养不良malnutrition 近视near-sighted 营养品nourishment 预防prevention 治疗treatment 肿瘤tumor 提供营养nourish 卡路里calorie 3.文化场景 传统与现代巧妙结合 a clever blend of tradition and modernity 同一的世界文化 a homogenous world culture 归属感 a sense of belonging 土著文化aboriginal culture 吸取精华absorb the quintessence 美学价值aesthetic 祖先ancestor 人类学家anthropologists 陈旧观念antiquated idea 艺术价值artistic value 同化assimilate 传递be passed down 灿烂光辉的文化brilliant and gorgeous culture 发扬光大carry forward 特有的characteristic 文明的civilized 凝聚力cohesion 文化摇篮cradle of culture 培养cultivate 文化习惯cultural habit 文化遗产cultural heritage 文化特性cultural identity 文化古迹cultural objects and historic relics 文化、精神和学术生活cultural, spiritual, and intellectual life 狂热的崇拜cult 破坏devastate 知识的传播diffusion of knowledge 多样性diversity 民族文化特色ethnic and cultural identity 节日气氛festivity 民间艺术folk art 文化全球一体化globalization of culture 博大精深great and profound 手工艺handicraft 历史文物historic relics 文盲illiteracy 不朽的immortal

跨文化交际中的文化障碍分析

An Analysis of Cultural Barriers in Intercultural Communication Abstract: This paper, from the perspective of intercultural communication, tries to analyze the cultural barriers caused by cultural differences in intercultural communication, generalizes the types of surface barriers and underlying barriers , and then puts forward a few suggestions on how to clear t he barriers by furthering learners’ understanding of the implicit culture. Key words: Intercultural communication; Cultural barriers; Teaching and learning 0 引言 对于文化,不同学科的学者针对各自的学科特性有不同的解说。至今,人们对文化的定义已达近200种。但仔细分析后,又可以发现这些定义之间存在着不少共同点。概括起来,可分为表层文化和深层文化两个层次。前者指的是一个社会群体在人际交往中的约定俗成的习惯性定势构成的生活方式和交往方式,如风俗习惯、道德风尚、语言风格、礼仪礼貌、言谈举止的行为规范等。后者指的是精神本质层面,如价值观念、思维方式、情感方式等。深层文化制约着人们的行为方式,并通过表层文化表现出来,因而,每个民族几乎都有自己独特的内容和方式。正是因为这种文化的民族性,在一定程度上限制了在一种文化中成长的人们对另一文化的接受,从而形成文化障碍,给语言学习和跨文化交际带来种种困难,甚至导致交际失败。笔者试图对英语学习中的表层文化障碍和深层文化障碍的几个主要方面进行分析,并提出一些对策,以期对英语学习有所帮助。 1 表层文化障碍的主要表现 1. 1 对具有文化内涵的词语的不同理解 词汇的文化内涵具有很强的民族性, 每一种语言的词汇随时间的变迁、社会的发展其意义或扩大或缩小,同时有些词由于经常使用逐渐积累了一些联想的意义,都可以称为词汇的文化内涵[1 ] 。在不同的语言中,词的文化内涵呈现出不同的情况。在英汉两种语言中实际上只有部分词汇完全对应,而另一部分词汇虽有局部对应的解释,但在词义或文化内涵上不完全相同。 在人类历史发展进程中,动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存和发展有着深刻的影响。这种依赖与亲密的关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感,人们也常常借助动物来寄托和表达人的感情,所以英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。下面是一些例句,划线部分是动物名称,括号内是其在英语中所具有的文化内涵。 1) Just look at the way he treats his wife! He is a beast . (凶残的人) 2) Bill is taking his bird to t he pictures tonight. (女朋友) 3) Don’t listen to her gossip ; she is a cat . (心地恶毒的人) 4) I am not a chicken. I just don’t want to offend anybody. (懦夫、胆小鬼) 5) She likes to stay at home , but her husband is a bit of a gay dog. (爱玩的人) 6) Why did you put your finger in the fire , you silly donkey ! (傻瓜,固执的人) 7) In t he city I was nothing , but t here in the countryside I was considered a big fish. (大人物) 8) Don’t t rust him , he’s an old fox. (很狡猾的人) 9) The lions at her party included two famous authors and a musician. (大人物) 10) Come here, you little monkey. What have you done (调皮鬼) 11) Don’t be a pig , Jimmy ; leave some cake for your brother . (贪婪、肮脏或没礼貌的人) 12) She has face like an angle, but he is really a terrible wolf . (凶残的人)

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