大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)练习与作业

翻译理论与实践课作业

天津科技大学外语学院

作业一：字词的翻译

一、词的理解

1.一词多义：

wet

She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot.

If you think I am for him, you are all wet.

She wet her pants at the news.

State

state and revolution,

state of the union

the united states.

3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化

Every life has its roses and thorns.

She stood there chewing over the strange thing.

The engine sounds good.

At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro.

4.词的褒贬：comment

Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment. But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms.

He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ?

5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。Through；free

He slept the night through.

There is a through train to Beijing.

Through this way, they finished the task.

She is free with her money.

I made her free of my library.

二、词义的表达

1.直译法

dark horse Hot dog Forbidden fruit

暴发户半边天红卫兵

2意译法

blue jacket the yellow leaf Wet blanket

炒鱿鱼下海白拿

3.直译意译结合法

the apple of one’s eye as dull as a goose

Black sheep as timid as a rabbit

4.音译法

karaoke Guitar Model Coffee Sofa

气功太极功夫狗不理好利来

5.音译意译结合法

KFC

三、词法翻译

1.对等译法直接找到同原文对等的表达。

fish in troubled waters

turn up one’s nose at sb.

turn a deaf ear to,

make a fuss about,

look before you leap

there is no smoke without fire

more haste, less speed,

east and west, home is best.

2.具体译法

3.Class; family; transportation;

keep quiet; raise the roof,; oil and vinegar

4.抽象译法

eat like a bird ; break the ice

He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.

I was practically on my knees but he still refused.

The newly employed woman servant was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant.

5.增词译法

after the football match, he’s got an important meeting.

6.省词译法

he is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.

7.合词译法

his father is a man who forgives and forgets.

8.转性译法

it was a very informative meeting.

9.换形译法。

you think she will come if it is fine tomorrow, but I don’t think so.

10.褒贬译法ambitious

many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.

Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.

课后练习：

To make a long story short.

It is another story now.

I don’t buy yo ur story.

Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.

Of Studies选段：

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

作业二：句子的翻译

一、普通句子的翻译

1.换序译法更换原文的词序，使得译文通顺。

even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures.

2.断句译法长而复杂的句子，适当断开翻译。

the shark swung over and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope.

3.转句译法原文词语具有丰富含义，需要译文转译成一个句子。

a crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House.

4.合句译法英语句子一般较长，汉语句子较短，所以汉译英时常把几个句子合起来译成一个英语句子。贾琏见他去了，只得回来瞧凤姐。／谁知凤姐已醒了，听他和鸳鸯借当。

5.缩句译法将原文的一个句子转换为译文句子的一个部分。

her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War.

6.转态译法原译文的主被动语态进行转换。

she hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it.

7.正反译法原文中的否定词译文翻译为肯定词，肯定词翻译为否定词，相反也可以这样。we must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.

He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion.

二、定语从句的翻译

限制性定语从句

前置法。先行词起限制作用，可以翻译成带“的”的定语词组，译成汉语单句。

the pupil that had been watching started to applaud.

I know a place where we can swim.

后置法。句子较长，汉译时前置定语显得太长不符合汉语表达习惯，可以后置，译成并列句。

a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us French.

融合法。将原文的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子。we have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own.

非限制性定语从句

译成并列分句。

Carrie reached home in high good spirits, which she could scarcely conceal.

译成独立句。

it has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth. I have come amidst you from Egypt, on the banks of the Nile, which also has a most ancient civilization.

these actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause.

三、状语从句的翻译

1. 句序照译。大多数状语从句可以直接直接置于句首，与原文一致。

while she spoke, the tears were running down.

I left immediately I’d finished my work.

The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.

2. 发挥汉语的优势。

while one finds company in himself and his pursuits, he cannot feel old, on matter what his years may be. Where there is a will, there is a way.

课后练习：

1.Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.

2. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.

3. Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.

4. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.

作业三：长句的翻译

（英译汉）

顺序法。句子逻辑顺序与原文一致，可以采用顺序法。

he needs to feel challenged①, admired ,put upon, despised, loved; he needs to feel cornered so he can outperform everyone②, almost as though he enjoys overcoming adversity and showing off his brilliance and subtlety③.

逆序法。表达次序与习惯优先，逆着原文顺序翻译。

time goes fast for one ①who has a sense of beauty②, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge③, to receive with wonder anything you can catch④.

分译法。主从句关系不密切，按汉语多用短句的习惯翻译。

on one of the sober and rather melancholy days①, in the latter part of autumn②, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together③, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year④, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby⑤.

综合法。部分保留、部分改变原文语序。

having just left school or technical institute①, where they had their place and a task to fulfill and where they ere known and esteemed by their colleagues②, those young people who do not land that first job they were so eagerly looking forward to have to face up for the first times to unemployment, ③a situation for which neither family nor school has prepared them④.

（汉译英）

一、断句。汉语句子太长，内容复杂。

接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产计划。

二、合译。将小句合并。如

事虽经纬万端，但纵观全局，合则对国家有利，分则必伤民族元气。

三、调整语序。灵活使用语序。

如果说白天广州像座翡翠城1，那么当太阳沉没2，广州就成了一颗夜明珠3，灯光如海4，千街闪烁5。作业四：成语翻译

1.英译汉：

一、平铺直叙，照字面翻译。

knit one’s brow; laugh in sb’s face; Trojan horse; Sphinx’s riddle

二、直译其比喻义。这类成语较难，主要是文化背景无法按字面翻译。

draw blood; hang on one’s lips; to be full of beans; bend an ear to.

三、找对等成语。这类成语可以猜出其意义，然后找出汉语对等成语。

burn the boat; after one’s own heart; hang by a hair.

2.汉译英：

一、平铺直叙，照字面翻译。

竭泽而渔; 打草惊蛇; 掌上明珠; 对牛弹琴

二、找出内涵，译出其意。

粗枝大叶; 无孔不入; 开门见山; 单枪匹马

三、找对等成语.绕开文化背景，译出内涵。

毛遂自荐; 东施效颦; 初出茅庐

3.汉语四字格的使用：言简意赅，顺口悦耳。

the mayor of Toledo said in 1932: “I have seen thousands of these defeated, discouraged, hopeless men and women, cringing and dawning as they come to ask for public aid. It is a spectacle of national degradation.

4.英语成语的使用：准确生动。

有的小伙子还总结出一条“恋爱经验”：先不能让她知道你是矿工，等把她‘俘虏’了，再亮‘番号’！我一见了妹妹，一心都在他身上，又是喜欢，又是伤心，竟忘了老祖宗。

5.谚语的翻译：朗朗上口，便于记忆。

out of sight, out of mind; like father, like son

塞翁失马焉知非福; 此地无银三百两

6.惯用语的翻译：形象生动。

走后门; 及时雨; 风凉话;

赔了夫人又折兵; 不到黄河心不死

7.歇后语的翻译：诙谐幽默。

姨奶奶犯不着来骂我，我又不是姨奶奶家买的。‘梅香拜把子------都是奴才’罢咧！这是何苦来呢！

老混蛋，你吃的河水，倒管的宽，这是你说话的地方？

8.俚语的翻译：迂回表达。大多都粗俗、禁忌，委婉为好。

damn, hell, devil, confound, fuck, bitch. 自己翻译吧。

课后练习：

2. he got into the shoving and pushing and halting and slow flowing of Broadway.

3. then I happened to notice Ethel and saw that her color was high, that her eyes were bright, and that while she was praising Mrs. Newsome’s new shoes, her mind was not what she was saying.

4.these American staples are beautiful to our eyes, exquisite to our palates ,reviving to our fading physiques. 5．

作业五：否定的翻译

一、全部否定

在英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。这类否定词常用的有：no，none，not，never, nobody，nothing，nowhere, neither…nor等。全部否定的译法一般可直接译成汉语的否定句。

（1）Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad.

（2）The boy was nowhere to be found．

（3）No trickery can fool us.

(4) None of these concerns me.

二、部分否定

部分否定指对叙述的内容作部分的、而不是全部的否定。当英语的某些不定代词如all，both，every，each，某些副词如often，always和否定词连用时，就表示部分否定。在这类否定句中，all, both等词往往是否定的重点，通常译成“不都是”、“并非都”, “并不都”、“不全是”、“不总是”、“几乎不”等。（1）All the novelist's detective cases, however, were not successful.

（2）Both the instruments are not precision ones.

（3）All that glitters is not gold.

（4）This train does not stop at every station.

三、双重否定

双重否定指两个否定词并用，否定同一个单词，或者一个否定词否定另一个词，其否定意义互相抵消而取得肯定意义。汉译时通常可译成肯定句。

（1）Nothing is impossible to a willing heart．

（2）There is not any advantage without disadvantage．

（3）It is none other than zinc.

（4）At the close of the party, there were few guests who weren’t drunk.

有时形式否定的句子也可译成汉语的双重否定来强调其肯定的意义。

（1）If there were no energy, there would be no force and work.

（2）He cannot but agree．

（3）There is no story without coincidence．

四、形式上否定，意义上肯定

有些英语句子或短语形式上是否定的，意义上却是肯定的。这类句子一般可译成汉语的肯定句。现分述如下：

1．“nothing”有时翻译为“零”、“正好”。如：

（2）He is five foot nothing

2．“cannot be + too + 形容词”意为“怎么……也不过分”、“越……越好”。如：

（1）You cannot be too careful.

（2）This point cannot be overemphasized.

3．“no，none，nothing + but，like”意为“只有”、“只”、“不过”等。“nothing short of”则有“简直可以说”的意思。

（1）There is no man but errs．

（2）Nothing but a miracle can save him．

（3）There is no mother but loves her children.

五、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和词汇

英语中有一些特殊结构、短语和词汇本身并无否定的意思，但和别的词搭配在一起，便表示否定。1．有些动词如：avoid, baffle, decline, defy, disagree, escape, exclude, fail, hate, ignore, lack, miss, overlook, refuse, wonder,等,有时含有否定意义，可意译成汉语否定词。

（1）The engine failed to start.

（2）I wonder if I can go with you.

（3）The drain just refused to work．

（4）I hate to leave here at such a moment.

（5）He denied me any help while I was doing the work.

（6）They lacked the strength to walk any further.

一些动词短语，如：hold back from，keep away, keep from, keep off , lose sight of, prefer…to…, put a stop/an end to，refrain from, prevent from, prohibit from, save from, shut one’s eye’s to, stop from, turn a deaf ear to, wash one’s hands of等有时含有否定意义，汉译时可译成否定句。

（1）Keep your hands off the exhibits, please.

（2）We should turn a deaf ear to rumors and slanders.

（3）Many people on the beach wore dark glasses to protect their eyes from the sun.

2．有些介词和介词短语如above，against，beneath, beyond，but, except, except for, in spite of, instead of, out of, past, , under, without等有时含有否定意义，要译成汉语的否定句。

（1）It is beyond his power to sign the contract.

（2）Mr. Green is out of town this week.

（3）His conduct is above suspicion.

（4）But for air and water, nothing could live.

3.一些形容词（短语）、副词（短语），如：away from，absent, blind to, dark，dead, , far from, few, free from, ignorant of, ill, independent from/of, , inferior to, in vain,last, little，short of，too…to…等，有时含有否定含义，也可译成汉语的否定词。

（1）He was ill treated in hospital.

（2）He would be the last man to do this job.

（3）This question is far from difficult.

（4）We are short of hands at present.

（5）We tried in vain to measure the voltage.

4. 有些连词和连词短语如：before, better than, more than, other than, rather than, unless, would rather…than…等有时含有否定意义，汉译时可译为否定句。

（1）I would die before I surrender.

（2）He is braver than wise．

（3）He has more books than he can read.

“no more than”,“no less than”译为“只……”“一样……”等。

（1）We developed no more than three kinds of machines.

（2）She is no less active than she used to be．

5．英语中反诘问句以及not与why连用的问句常用来表示证实、请求或催促，其形式否定而意思肯定。翻译时前者可译成“难道…”后者可译成“……该……”、“为什么不……？”。

（1）Don’t you think it foolish to act like this？

（2）Hasn't the train arrived？

六、否定转移

英语中，有时形式上否定的是谓语动词，而实际意义上否定的是另一个名词短语；有时形式上否定的是一个名词短语，而实际意义上否定的是谓语动词；有时形式上否定的主语部分，而实际意义上否定的是从句部分。这类现象称为否定的转移。

1．“no”与谓语动词的肯定式

在“‘no’与调语动词的肯定式”句型中，no所表达的否定常常转移到谓语动词上。一般译成“不十动词”。

（1）At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

（2）A transformer provides no power of its own.

2．注意“no”和“not”都含有否定的意思，但在句子里意思有很大不同：

（1）He is not a doctor.

He is no doctor. 。

（2）It is not a joke.

It is no joke.

3．think，suppose，believe等的否定式与that从句

英语中表示看法和想法的动词的否定式后带有that引导的从句时，否定往往转移到从句中。

（1）I don't suppose they will arrive on time.

（2）I don't think it is good to marry early.

课后练习：

1. A man cannot whistle and drink at the same time.

2. Not all his work could save her.

3. An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.

4. You won’t expect to find the whole truth in advertisements any more than you expect a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings.

5. Seldom is a thing more prized than after it has been lose once and regained.

作业六：修辞的翻译

达原文的修辞美，使原文中的音、形、意的修辞效果完美传达到译文中去。

1.直译

直译可以保留原文的修辞美，但也要把握分寸，使译文不至于误导读者。

(1) Jane's uncle is an old fox , up to all kinds of evils.

(2) He dealt with some of the great men of Washington for almost twenty years. He was paid to take out the garbage and thrown a couple of bills by the fat cats in their thousand-dollar suits.

(3)正如乌云不能遮蔽太阳，谎言是掩盖不了事实的。

(4)His wife spent all her life on the stage.

(5)She is the prettiest girl in the world.

(6)——“你在这里……呆了好久？”成岗不愿对孩子说出那个可怕的“关”字，改口说“呆了好久”。

——“我从小就在这里……”

（7）根据报纸上官方介绍，他是天底下头等大好人，浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有。

（8）一天一天、一年一年，他们顽强地生活和战斗在荒山野林里。

（9）A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face, the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general.

（10）Can the imperialists change their nature, or the leopards his spots?

2.意译

英汉两种语言里，有不少修辞格利用了各自语言的特点，翻译起来比较困难，因为它们的语法、语音、语言形式或文化背景不为译文读者所熟悉。这样，无法直译并保留原文辞格时，可用意译。

（1）Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter.

（2）脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们，好像卸下了千斤重载，真是蹦跳觉得轻松，爬起卧倒感到利落。（3）as cool as a cucumber as sharp as a needle

（4）我那里管得上这些事来！见识又浅，嘴又笨，心又直，“人家给个棒槌，我就拿着认作针”了。脸又软，搁不住人家两句好话儿。（《红楼梦》）

3.加注法

有时为了使读者能明白原文的意思，需要加注释。这种方法不失为解决文化差异的好方法。

（1）We have enrolled every local Cicero.

（2）What flowers does everybody have?—Tulips.

4.转换

转换是将原文中的修辞格在译文中转换成另一种修辞格。

（1）He made money fly.

（2）He came home safe and sound.

课后练习：

An ounce of practice is worth a pound of theory.

In rivers the water that you touch is the last of that has passed and the first of that which comes: so with time present.

twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are!

Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky!

作业七：科技英语的特点与翻译

科技英语句式的特点与翻译

科技文章的特点是大量使用长句、名词化结构和被动语态。在翻译长句和名词化结构时，应注意应用词的转性译法和断句。据语言学家的统计，在英文的物理、化学和工程类的教科书中，大约有三分之一的谓语动词用的是被动语态。科技英语中大量使用被动语态结构，为的是更少主观色彩，突出演绎论证的结果和对象。而汉语则不然，往往要说出动作执行者，在不知或不想说出动作执行时，则用“有人”、“大家”、“人们”等词汇来表示。这样的差别是由两种语言的特点和不同的思维方式决定的。所以，在翻译英语的被动句时可以考虑译成汉语的主动句。

1：If one or more electrons be removed, the atom is said to be positively charged.

2：Menopause is known to be preceded by time spans of sub- and infertility.

科技英语中用被动语态做谓语，以It 作前导的“It……that”结构比比皆是，对这样的句式的翻译也形成了一定的定式

（1）It is generally (universally) accepted that…

（2）It should be added that…

（3）It is admitted that…

（4）It is claimed that……

（5）It is expected that……

（6）It has been found that…

课后练习：

Even though asteroids are very small and very faint, astronomers have learned a great deal about their sizes, shapes, and composition by using a variety of direct and indirect techniques. For example, it is known that the brightness of many asteroids varies periodically.

There will be more computer crimes like theft of computer time, theft of confidential information stored in computers, unauthorized manipulation of computer information, etc. Large sums of money are involved. The criminals are rarely convicted because it is difficult to catch/charge them.

With the right combination of these dimensions, all six circles will overlap, opening a window in the center to let in a beam of radio signals from an extraterrestrial civilization.

The chaffinches showed an instinctive ability to pick out the right sounds to imitate, suggesting that instinct was as important as learning to the birds as they developed their songs.

The instrument must be so carefully designed as to block any short circuits, the greatest hazard to the continuity of service.

作业八：广告的翻译

常见手段：广告的定位：独特性、诱导性、针对性、口语化

1. 巧设问句。每30句话就有一个是疑问句，容易引起注意。

Only gas gives you

Tankful after tankful of hot water

3 times faster

Why gas gives you

tankful after tankful of hot water

3 times faster???

Would you be more careful if it was

you that got pregnant?

2. 使用省略句，诱发联想

they laughed when I sat down

at the Piano

but when I started to play!

3.使用祈使句，发出召唤

come to where the flavor is

come to Marlboro country!

4.突出利益

HOW TO WIN FRIENDS

AND INFLUENCE PEOPLE

5.利用反论

Ugly is only skin-deep.

6.活用成语、名句或谚语

A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.

Now you can have your cake and diet too.

广告的翻译技巧

At 60 miles an hour

the loudest noise in this new Rolls-Royce

comes from the electric clock.

They laughed when I sat down at the Piano. But when I started to play!

2. 意译法。达到预期目的。

Women Can Indeed Go Bald.

Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.

Can’t Beat The Real Thing.

3.四字结构法。朗朗上口，便于记忆。

Taste that beats the other Colds.

Good to the last drop.

FIYTA Watch, Once Possessed, Nothing More is Expected.

4.套译法。借用成语、谚语等耳熟能详的表达。

I’ll do a lot for love, but

I’m not ready to die for it.

商标的翻译

关注的角度：音、形、义，相应有了音译法、意译法和谐音联想法。

1.音译法。名从主人。

ford, Lincoln, rolls-Royce, Sony, Casio, Marlboro, Parker, Nike, Gillette, Rolex等。

2.意译法。按原语基本词义翻译。

Orient, Microsoft, V olkswagon, Ivory, Camel, Shell, Apple, Good companion, Rock, Gulf.等。

3.谐音联想法。音译原文近似，意取音之联想。

Coca-cola, 7-up, Sprite, Holsten, Simmons, Colgate, Avon, Pentium, Benz等。

课后练习：

1.Reliably Solid, Solidly Reliable. solid汽车公司广告

2.You’re better off under the Umbrella.旅游保险公司广告

3.A Business in Millions

A Profit in Pennies. Penny商业公司广告

4. The driver is safer when the road is dry; the road is safer when the driver is dry.公交广告

5. How to Fly Japanese Style

One Man’s Sushi Is Another Man’s Steak.

There’s just no second guessing about taste. So, to keep everyone happy, we have a simple solution.

Two cuisines.

One is Japanese.

The other is Continental.

It’s reflected in the smile of your JAL hostess as she offers you a steaming oshiboro towel to refresh yourself.

family banquet.

Unique service like this doesn’t just happen at mealtime. From our first hello to our last sayonara, we do our best to prove there’s as much difference between airlines as between airline menus.

We’re the one where East meets West.

JAPAN AIR LINES

作业九：新闻文体的翻译

新闻报道一般由标题headline、导语lead和正文body组成。标题是新闻的眼睛，是文章内容的浓缩与概括，其通常具有简洁、醒目、清晰的特点，并在词汇、语法和修辞上独具特点。复杂多样的句式灵活运用的时态; 频繁出现被动语态; 丰富多彩的修辞

1.词汇特点

多用短小词，有限字数表达新闻内容。例如：

支持：back,少用support; 被捕：多用back,少用arrest; 解雇：多用axe,少用dismiss.

Exporters Back Resolution; Governor to Axe Aid?; Suspects Held

Tie=relation; top=exceed; step=process; check=examine; ease=lessen

广泛使用缩略词

首字母缩略词：PC; WTO; IMF; PLO; UN; UNESCO;

缩短缩略词：mag=magazine; hi-tech=high-technology

虚词的省略

省略虚词，节省篇幅，言简意赅，简洁明了。例子：

U.S Attacked;

Clinton Inauguration Most Expensive Ever;

Nuke Protesters Convicted;

语法特点：多用“新闻现在时”

动词的恰当使用给人以形象生动、跃然纸上的感觉。

新闻标题常用的新闻现在时主要包括三种：一般现在时、将来时和现在进行时

①现在时有新鲜感、现实感和直接感。例：

Comeback gives China a sensational Thomas Cup Win

Street Battle in Heavy Shelling as Peace Talks Proceed

②将来时多用不定式来表达

Japan to Help Elderly Jobless

China to Continue Fiscal Program to Aid Economy

③现在分词表进行

Deposits, Loans Rising in Shanghai

SK Car Sales Surging Up

2.修辞特点

修辞使标题生动、形象、幽默、风趣。

头韵和准押韵

Million Mission

Screen Violence----

How Much is Too Much?

比喻

Remembering Hell

A Frosty Summit in Moscow

双关

Soccer Kicks Off with Violence

The Sun Sets for the Last Time

套用典故和习语

Crying Over Unsold Milk

Liberty is the True Mother of Invention

成语

Refuges in Dire Straits

Union Calls to Strike Falls on Deaf Ears

新闻文体的语言特点与翻译

新颖别致的词汇

新词层出不穷

新词新意：cyber chatting; hacker; iphone; ipad;

旧词新意：sources 代替人士或官员，如authoritative sources, diplomatic sources;

Diplomatic sources in Beijing say the Chinese are upset with the restrictions banning transfer of the U.S. technology to other countries.

Think tank 代替consultant, 如：

China has got up a think tank to study strategic and national defence questions concerning both china and foreign countries, the government announced yesterday.

借用词

外来词的借用：PRETORIA (Agencies via Xinhua)---- Nelson Mandela took the oath of office yesterday to become South Africa’s first president in a glorious celebration ending the agony of apartheid and marking the country’s return to the world community.

人名、地名、建筑物的借用：white house, white hall, pentagon, Beijing; Washington, Kremlin

课后练习：

新闻标题：

BMW stresses Rover support

strike shuts VW’s factory in South Africa

Thailand, Malaysia ink sea treaty

新闻内容：

MANILA: Former Philippine first lady Imelda Marcos may return home one day earlier than expected,

Leaders of demonstrators accused the government of trying to hinder the teach-in by hastily organizing pop concerts and commandeering the city’s mobile toilets.

Bank Robbers make first Portuguese euro heist: report

LISBON, Dec 29(ASP)---- three armed men wearing wigs held up a Portuguese bank and made off with an undisclosed sum in escudos and euros, the country’s first such robbery, the daily 24 Horas(hours) said on Saturday.

作业十：公共标牌翻译

公共标牌属信息+鼓动类语篇，具有发散性、公众性、空间有限、瞬间阅读等特点，语篇特点是浅白、简洁、明了、生动、短小精悍、一目了然。语篇功能有警示、告知和宣传等。汉英公共标牌的差异：汉语喜欢四字成语、套语、铺张夸大的形容词，讲究并列和对仗；英语常用通俗易懂、富于表现力的日常口语等。翻译原则：信息性、规范性、得体性。

翻译要点

套用现成说法。即，译者首先要尽可能做到入乡随俗，即套用译入语在同样情形下的习惯说法。

例子：免费入场；开放；休息；茶楼；入口；出口；上车门；下车门

不准拍照；对号入座；女士优先；游客止步；空调开放

提供正确信息，简洁明了。翻译中首先注意传达具体、准确的信息，方便实用。路名标牌就体现了信息实用性，按照我国规定，使用拼音，但是对于外国人来说会造成理解和沟通困难，而使用英语以为则不利于外国人日常出行，不懂英语的人也是爱莫能助，建议使用折中的做法。

例子：学苑路；大沽南路；滨江道；天津大道；大胡同

景区告示牌也是重信息、重简洁的特点。

例子：禁止停步；请勿入内；注意安全；请勿践踏

注意规范表达。规范性表现在译文应符合译语语言使用和表达规范。

路名拼写：以词为拼写单位，同时不可把专有名词和普通名词混写。

滨江道；中山路

公共场所的店名和公司招牌翻译：

汉语的表达方法：具体名称+连锁店、超市、店、公司

英语的表达方法：具体名称麦当劳、肯德基、戴尔公司、微软公司

机关、学校中办公场所的标牌翻译：

汉语的表达特点：具体名称+室

英语的表达特点：conference room, reading room, 其它都省略room，如Dean, Vice Dean, General Secretary, Library, etc.

例子：行政办公室；打印室；健身室

讲求语用得体。不同民族不同接受习惯。汉语标识牌用语中，直接明晰地禁止某种做法的使用非常广泛，“不许、禁止、不准、请勿”随处可见。但是英语中直截了当、带有强制口吻的禁止用语很少使用。

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