研究生学术英语翻译5
Definition
定义
An academic essay,also called a research article,differs from an ordinary essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and one’s own research.In most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writer’s first-hand acquisition,synthesis and interpretation of information,data and findings.A typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.
一个学术论文，也被称为一个研究文章，不同于普通的文章，它由一个特定主题的对前人研究的回顾和自己的研究组成。在大多数情况下，它是一个信息综合、数据和结果都由作家第一手采集和解释的书面报告。一个典型的学术论文包括五个部分，即，摘要，介绍，主体，结论和参考文献。
Two types of research paper
两种类型的研究论文
There are two major kinds of academic paper:primary research paper and secondary research paper.A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own.In most cases you need to conduct a survey or an experiment original ideas to obtain new findings.Hence it is sometimes called “survey-or-experiment-based research”.A secondary research paper,however,involves gathering and analyzing the research findings from other people’s research.To illustrate your argument,you need to borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called”library-or-Internet-based research”.
学术论文主要有两大类：初次研究和二次研究。初次研究是通过实地调查研究对象的一门学科，需要提出您自己的独到的见解和信息。在大多数情况下，你需要做一个调查或有创意的实验获得新的发现。因此，初次研究有时也叫“调查或实验研究”。二次研究的论文，但是，包括从其他人的研究中收集和分析研究结果。为了说明你的论点，你需要在图书馆或在互联网上发现相关主题的可借鉴和使用的证据。因此，二次研究有时被称为“图书馆或互联网基础研究”。
Writing an introduction
写一个介绍
The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to give a clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.An introduction usually includes the following elements:
引言部分是一篇研究论文的开始，其主要目的是对文章的内容和作者的态度作一个清晰的概述，介绍通常包括以下几个方面：
1)Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.
2)Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.
3)Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.
4)Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.
5)State the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.
6)Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.
7)Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.
8)Explain how the essay will be organized(the outline of the essay).
1）介绍研究论文所关注的有关话题或问题。
2）给出了一个主题和相关的关键术语的明确的定义。
3）提供相关的背景信息/话题背景。
4）回顾以前的相关研究，如果必要的话，并指出其局限性。
5）介绍了本文可能使用的理论观点。
6）介绍了本文可能使用的理论观点。
7）说明你的主题的选择或你的研究的原因。
8）解释文章将如何组织（论文的提纲）。
Of course not all research papers must contain all these elements.A primary research essay,for example,differs from a secondary research one in that the literature review of the latter should be general as you will give more details in the body section where previous findings will be used to support your arguments.
However,the introduction section usually goes from the general to the specific.It starts with the information of the topic in the broad context and then narrows down to the information more specifically related to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(or conferences).
当然不是所有的论文必须包含所有这些元素。例如一个初次的研究论文，不同于二次的研究，后者的文献综述你一般应该是在以前的研究结果将被用来支持你的论点的主体部分会给更多的细节。
然而，绪论部分通常是从一般到特殊，首先是大背景下的主题信息，然后缩小信息到更具体的相关论文和期刊（或会议）要求的不同的长度。
Stating the purpose of writing the essay is important.Its function is to make sure the readers know what you are trying to achieve by writing this essay.This includes establishing the topic and explaining what you will do with the topic,for example:
说明写文章的目的是很重要的。它的功能是要确保读者知道你试图通过写这篇文章来达到什么目的。这包括建立这个主题，并解释你将在这一主题做什么，例如：
1)This essay will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.
2)The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the commercial application of maglev trains.
3)The goal of this essay is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.
1）这篇文章将集中在最常见的用途为香港结肠癌患者的干预的锁孔手术上。
2）这篇文章的目的是研究磁悬浮列车对上海的商业应用的影响。
3）这篇文章的目的是研究经常性消费快餐对青少年健康的影响。
Hence the common format for making the statement of purpose:
因此，制定目的声明的通用格式：
Writing the body of a secondary research essay
写二级研究论文的正文
Definition
定义
The body section is the major part of an essay.Its structure varies from essay to essay.The structure of a secondary research essay will be simpler as you do not have to conduct an experiment or survey of your own or carry out an empirical study.What you do is to use recent findings and data available on the Internet to illustrate your ideas.Hence the steps are:
正文部分是文章的主要部分。不同文章论述的结构不同。二次论文的结构会由于你没有进行自己的实验或调查或进行实证研究而变得简单。你要做的是使用在互联网上的最近的调查结果和数据来说明你的观点。因此，步骤是：
1)Evaluate all source materials you have gathered;
2)Design the structure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect,or comparison and contrast;
3)Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure;
4)Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the topic sentences respectively. 1）评估你收集的所有源材料；
2）根据研究问题，如因果、对比、对比等研究问题，设计出论文的结构或组织形式；3）根据所选择的结构安排逻辑顺序；
4）选择和组织源材料，分别说明主题句的思想。
Although secondary research is to use information and findings available to illustrate your ideas,it does not mean your essay lacks creative ideas.Description and introduction of previous findings are only part of the essay,and your essay entails your point of view based on the description and analysis of previous studies.In order to develop a position,you need to think critically about the ideas and findings of the source materials you have gathered,select the most appropriate evidence to support your point of view and,most importantly,add you contribution.For example,offering a new classification(a new approach)or a new effect(or a new cause,a new advantage)is the contribution you may make to the study of a certain subject.
虽然二次的研究是利用信息和结果来说明你的想法，但这并不意味着你的文章缺乏创意。描述和介绍以往的研究结果，只是论文的一部分，你的论文是在描述和分析前人研究的基础上表达你的观点。为了选择一个合适的角度，你需要批判性地思考你收集的源材料的想法和结果，选择支持你的观点的最适当的证据，最重要的是，提出自己的看法。例如，提供了一种新的分类方法（新方法）或一个新的效果（或一个新的事业，新的优势）是您可能对某一学科的研究的贡献。
When writing a secondary research essay,you should especially beware of falling into a trap of plagiarism as the quoting and paraphrase are more frequent in such type of essay.Remember that a secondary research essay does not mean that you simply piece together the findings of previous studies without your own things.
写一个二次研究论文时，你应该特别当心掉入抄袭陷阱由于这种类型的文章的更加频繁的引用和释义。记住一个二次研究的文章并不意味着你没有自己的东西只是拼凑了以前的研究结果。
Organizations
组织结构
Body structures vary from paper to paper as a secondary research paper generally lacks an empirical study which entails the method and statistic analysis.The following are some of the common types of organization.
，由于一个二级研究论文一般缺乏一个需要方法和统计分析的实证研究，不同文章的组织结构不同。以下是一些常见的类型的组织结构。
A.Effect analysis
The structure of effect analysis may be used to analyze the effects of a certain phenomenon such as global warming,nuclear radiation,the use of genetically modified organisms and so on.
A.效应分析
效应分析的结构可以用来分析某一现象如全球变暖、核辐射、利用转基因生物等的影响。B.Cause analysis
To analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes,climate changes,sleep deprivation and breast cancer,you may use the body structure of causal analysis.
B.原因分析
分析地震、气候变化、失眠和乳腺癌等现象的原因，可以采用因果分析的结构形式。
C.Pro-and-con analysis
The structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of a technology such as GM food,nanotechnology,artificial intelligence,synthetical biology,Web3.0 and so on.
c.pro-and-con分析
该结构可以用来权衡如转基因食品、纳米技术、人工智能、生物综合，Web3.0等的优点和技术缺点。
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/659000534.html,parison analysis
To compare and contrast two subjects such as computers and human brains,or organic food an traditional food,you may either use the subject-to-subject body structure or the point-to-point body structure.
D.比较分析
比较和对比如计算机和人类的大脑，或有机食品和传统食品两个主题，你可以使用主题-主题或点-点结构。
A short essay might use a single type of the above organization.As long essay,however,may combine several types according to the purpose of the essay.Whatever organization is used,a thesis statement-the main idea of your essay,and several topic sentences which support the thesis from different angles are essential to ensure the coherence and logic of your essay.The following is the outline of a secondary research essay.
一篇短文，可以使用一个单一类型的上述组织。但是长的文章，可以根据论文结合几种类型。无论使用什么组织类型，一个陈述你文章的主要观点，和作为支撑的从不同的角度来保证你的文章连贯性和逻辑几个主题句都是必须的。以下是一个二次研究论文的要点。
Writing the body of a primary research essay
写初次研究论文的正文
As a primary essay involves empirical studies based on a certain experiment or survey,it should present evidence with data and analysis in a format that can be replicated by others.Hence the body part will be composed of two sections:Methods and Results.
作为一个涉及到一个特定的实验或调查的基础上的实证研究的初次的文章，它应该列出可以被他人复制的数据和分析的证据。因此，正文部分将由两部分组成：方法和结果。Methods section
方法部分
The methods sections,which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,usually answers these questions:
1)What are your research questions?
2)How is your research carried out?
3)How is your data collected?
4)How are your results obtained?
方法部分是一个实验或调查的分解步骤的详细介绍，通常回答这些问题：
1）你的研究问题是什么？
2）你的研究是如何进行的？
3）你的数据是如何收集的？
4）你的结果如何？
Therefore you must make all the following clear to the readers:
1)subjects of the experiment(How were they chosen?);
2)the materials(What equipment or tools were used?Where and in what condition was the experiment conducted?);
3)the procedure(How did you design your study and what steps did you follow when the data were collected?)
4)the criteria(What criteria are used for selecting subject?);
5)The survey(How the questionnaire is designed and administered?How are the samples or respondents chosen?And how the interview is conducted-by telephone or door to door?);
6)Statistical analysis(How were statistics analyzed?).
因此，你必须让所有的读者明白：
1）实验的主题（他们是如何选择的？）；
2）材料（使用什么设备或工具？在什么条件下进行实验？）；
3）程序（你是如何设计你的研究的，你在收集数据的时候遵循了什么步骤？）4）标准（用于选择主题的标准是什么？）；
5）调查（调查问卷是如何设计和管理的？样本或受访者如何选择？以及如何进行面试是通过电话或当面？）；
6）统计分析（如何统计分析？）。
The significance is:knowing how the data are collected helps the readers evaluate the validity and reliability of your results and your conclusion.One rule for a properly written method section is that:“Enough information must be given so that the experiment could be reproduced by a competent colleague(Day,1988)”.
这么做的意义是：知道如何收集数据帮助读者评价你的结果和你的结论的可靠性和正确的书。写法的一个原则是：“必须给出足够信息确保实验可被同行复制(Day,1988)”。
There are many methods to carry out a similar experiment or survey.Hence you must make clear the reasons why you chose a particular method or procedure.If the method for the investigation is innovative,you should describe it in details.If the method has been previously used in other research,you should cite the work of the original researchers.
开展类似的实验或调查的方法有很多，因此你必须弄清楚你为什么选择了一种特定的方法或过程。如果调查的方法是创新的，你应该详细描述。如果方法以前已经在其他的研究中被使用，你应该引用原来的研究者的工作。
Results section
结果部分
The results section describes the statistical results and the findings of the research,which directly answers your research questions.It deals with the facts rather than the opinions.The opinions such as evaluation and commentary should be saved in the discussion section.
结果表明直接回答你的研究问题研究的统计结果和结论。它交流的是事实而不是观点。评价和评价等观点应该放在讨论部分。
The results section is written in a concise and well-organized manner and is often short.It include:
1)an overview of the experiment or a summary of the findings;
2)Detailed presentation of the representative data and/or graphic and their locating and/or analysis;
3)Detailed presentation of the findings.
用一个简洁和组织良好的形式书写的结果部分，往往是短的。它包括：
1）实验的概述或调查结果的总结；
2）有代表性的数据和/或图形和它们的定位和/或分析的详细介绍；
3）调查结果的详细介绍。
When giving an overview of the experiment,you may briefly explain how and why data have been produced,but should not repeat the details provided in the method section.You can present findings in different ways:stating the facts;comparing and contrasting;analyzing cause and effect;illustrating with graphic aids,ect.
进行试验总结时，你可以简单地解释数据产生的原因和方式，但不应重复在方法部分提供的细节。你可以以不同的方式呈现结果：陈述事实；比较；分析原因和影响；以图示等。Statistical results are usually presented in texts,plus graphic aids such as tables,graphs,charts,drawings,photographs,ect(which are usually placed at the attached appendixes if they interrupt one’s reading).The findings of an experiment are usually presented in the past tense.Describing graphic aids and generalizations concluded from the research should use the present tense.
统计结果通常呈现在文本中，加如表、图、图表、图纸、照片图示等表格（通常放置在所附的附件中，如果它们会打断阅读）。一个实验的结果通常都是过去时了。描述图形和概括得出的研究结果使用现在时态。
Writing a discussion or/and conclusion
撰写讨论或/和结论
The discussion and the conclusion can be either written separately or combined into one section.As the final part of the essay,it can serve a number of functions:
讨论和结论可以单独或组合成一个部分。作为文章的最后一部分，它可以起到一些作用：
1)to summarize the main ideas or key findings in the essay;
2)To make some comments on the findings;
3)To compare your results with previous results;
4)To explain unexpected results;
5)To explore possible implications;
6)To point out its limitations of the work covered by your essay;
7)To mention further research that might be required.
1）总结文章的主要思想或主要研究成果；
2）对调查结果发表评论；
3）将你的结果与以前的结果进行比较；
4）解释意想不到的结果；
5）探讨可能产生的影响；
6）指出你的文章所涵盖的工作的局限性；
7）提到可能是必需的进一步的研究。
Separately,discussion section discusses the issues arising from findings and limitations of your research whereas conclusion section includes a summary of main findings,implications,recommendations,possibilities for further research.
另外，讨论部分讨论了从你的研究中产生的结果和局限性，而结论部分包括一个对主要研究结果，影响，建议，进一步研究的可能性的总结。
Now look at the following example:
现在看下面的例子：
This study provide further evidence that in addition to short-term merits,content based language instruction has long-term benefits that impact students’future academic performance.A content-linked ESL curriculum is a model of instruction that meets the linguistic and academic needs of college ESL students.It enhances cross-curricular academic achievement in both language and discipline courses and promotes academic growth and success over time.
这项研究提供了进一步的证据表明，除了短期的优点，基于语言教学的内容有一个长期效益，可以影响学生未来的学术表现。与ESL内容有关的课程是一个满足高校学生的语言和学术需求的教学模式。它增强了在语言和专业课程上跨学科的学术成就，促进学术成就随着时间而增长和成功。
Writing an abstract
摘要写作
An abstract,compared after your research paper is finished and placed before the main text,is a condensed summary of the paper’s key information.The main purpose is to enable the readers to be informed of the basic content and chief results of your paper quickly and accurately.An effective abstract summarizes the main points of the investigation,including:
在你的论文完成后写作的放在正文前的摘要是论文的关键信息的概括。主要目的是使读者快速准确地了解你论文的基本内容和论文的主要结果。有效的摘要概述了调查的要点，包括：
1)the statement of the problem;
2)The purpose or objective of the study;
3)The methods or brief description of the experiment;
4)The important data or results of any statistical analysis;
5)The chief findings;
6)The principal conclusions or recommendations.
1）问题的陈述；
2）研究的目的或目标；
3）实验方法或实验简要说明；
4）统计分析的结果或重要数据；
5）主要调查结果；
6）主要结论或建议。
Economy of words,however,is important.The length of an abstract varies according to the length
of the paper and requirements of different journals(Generally 200 words should be a sensible maximum).It uses s single paragraph.
Generally speaking,the opening and concluding statements are written in the present or the present perfect tense,while the methods and results are expressed in the past tense.
然而，词汇的经济性是很重要的，一个摘要的长度根据不同的期刊的长度和不同的要求而变化（一般来说最多200个词应该是可接受的），它使用的是单一的段落。
一般来说，开篇和总结性陈述都是用现在或现在完成时态，而方法和结果是用过去时态表达的。
Writing a reference list
写参考列表
Citations-whether you have copied directly(quoted)or rewritten using your own words(paraphrasing)-should be indicated clearly in the reference list,the purpose of which is to provide readers with more details of sources you have used in the essay.Hence every reference in the text must have a matching entry in the reference list which include information about the author,title,publisher.There are different kinds of styles.But whichever one you adopt,some rules should be followed:
引用—无论你是直接复制（引用）还是用自己的话改写（意译）都应该在参考文献列表中明确表示出，其目的是为读者提供您使用的文章来源的更多细节。因此，在文本的参考文献列表中每一个引用必须包括作者，标题，出版社.引用有不同的风格。但无论你采取哪种都应遵循以下的一些原则：
1)place the reference list after the last section of the essay.
2)Do not include sources which have not been cited in the text of the essay.
3)Start each item in the list at the left margin.If an item extends to more than one line,indent the additional lines.
4)Use the last or family name and initials(not full names)for all authors.
5)Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of authors’ family names.
1）将参考书目放在文章的最后一节后。
2）不要包括在文章正文中没有被引用的来源。
3）从左边边缘开始每个引用。如果引用扩展到不止一行，缩进其他行。
4）所有作者使用最近一个或家族的名字和缩写（不是完整的名字）。
5）安排一个按作者的姓氏的字母顺序排列的条项。
The following are examples of Reference[a CBE style,used in all scientific disciplines related to experimental and observational science(including but not limited to physical science,mathematics,and life sciences).The order of the CBE N-Y system is:Author A,Year.Title of work.Edition.Place of publication:Publisher name.Number of pages p.]
以下是参考的例子[ CBE风格，用于与实验和观测的科学相关的所有科学学科（包括但不限于物理科学，数学，科学和生命科学），CBE N-Y系统的顺序是：作者，年份，文章的标题，编辑，出版社的地址，出版社名称。页码
Academic writing style
学术论文的写作风格
The style of academic writing is quite different from that of an English composition or that of an oral presentation.As its objective is to inform rather than entertain,an academic essay is characterized by objectivity and preciseness.To achieve them,formality and hedging are two important elements of an objective and precise paper.
学术写作的风格是和一个英语作文或口头演讲完全不同的。它的目的是告知而不是娱乐，学术论文具有客观性和准确性。为了实现它们，格式和保险是客观和精确的研究的两个重要因素。
Formality
格式
To make your writing more formal and”academic-sounding”,try some of the suggestions below:
为了让你的写作更正式和“学术”，尝试下面的一些建议：
1)long and formal words are used instead of words used in daily https://www.sodocs.net/doc/659000534.html,plex grammatical structures such as nominal phrases,subordinate clauses and passive are preferred. 2)Avoid using the second person pronouns such as you,ect.These pronouns make your writing sound like you are addressing readers orally.
3)Eliminate contractions such as isn’t,don’t,you’re,ect.Which are considered too informal and conversational for academic writing.
4)Avoid run-on sentences.Run-on sentences are common in speech and other informal interactions because we just keep adding something we wanted to say.In writing,however,these run-ons become distracting and hard to follow.
1）长而正式的词代替日常交际中使用的词语，如名词性短语、从句和被动句等复杂的语法结构。
2）避免使用如你第二人称代词，这些让你的作品听起来像你正在试图说服读者。3）消除如isn’t,don’t,you’re等被认为是非正式的，口语的缩写应用于学术写作。
4）避免使用run-on句子.run-on句子常用于演讲和其他非正式的交流，因为我们不断增加一些我们想说的话。在写作中，然而，这些成为分散和难以理解的部分。
Hedging
保险
Chances are that in your paper there may be information or evidence that you have not found an exception to the conclusion that you have drawn.In this case you need to use cautious language to avoid the possibility of people saying that you are wrong.The cautious language is called hedging.For example:in”Our results seem to suggest that less industrialized countries turn out more greenhouse gas emissions”,the words seem and suggest are hedging expressions,the use of which can reduce the risk of opposition because you state your opinions cautiously.The common hedging expressions are as follows:
机会是，你的论文存在的信息或证据，可能使你得出一个例外的结论。在这种情况下，你需要用谨慎的语言避免人们说你是错的。谨慎的语言被称为保险。例如：“我们的研究结果似乎表明，工业化水平低国家排放更多的温室气体”，seem and suggest 这些词是保险的表达，使用它可以减少你陈述你的意见受到反对的风险。常见的保险的表达式如下：
1)certain introductory verbs and phrases such as seem,tend,look like,appear to be,think,believe,our knowledge,it is our view that,we feel that;
2)Certain model lexical verbs such as believe,assume,suggest,estimate;
3)Certain model auxiliary verbs such as will,must,would,may,might,could,can;
4)Certain adverbs of frequency and degree such as
often,somethings,usually,approximately,roughly,about,occasionally,generally,somewhat, somehow,a lot of;
5)certain model adverbs and adjectives such as probably,possibly,perhaps,conceivably,possible,probable,un/likely,presumably,virtually, apparently;
6)certain model nouns such as assumption,possibility,probability,claim,estimate,suggestion;
7)Certain it-clauses such as it could be the case that...,it might be suggested that...,it may be possible to obtain...,it is important to develop...,it is useful to study...,
8)Certain if-clauses such as if true,if anything.
1）某些介绍性动词和短语，如似乎，倾向，看起来，似乎是，认为，相信，我们的知识，这是我们的观点，我们觉得；
2）某些模型词汇动词如相信、假设、建议、估计；
3）某些模型辅助动词如意志、必须、愿、愿、能、能、能、能、能、能；
4）某些频率副词和程度如经常出头，通常，大约，大约，左右，偶尔，一般，有点，不知何故，很多；
5）模型确定的副词和形容词如：大概，可能，也许，可能，可能，可能，可能，可能是联合国，显然地;
6）某些模型名词如假设、可能性、概率、索赔、估计、建议；
7）某些特定的条款，如它可能是……的情况下，它可能会建议……，它可能是可能的，它是重要的发展……，它是有用的研究…，
8）某些如果条款，如如果是真的，如果有什么。
Proofreading
校对
Proofreading is the final step of writing an academic essay.It is bout searching your writing for basic grammatical and mechanical errors to make sure that your paper is free from any errors before submitting your paper to your teacher or a journal.Here are the suggestions.
校对是写学术论文的最后一步，是在提交你的纸给你的老师或杂志之前查看你的写作确保在你的文章中没有任何的基本语法和机械误差的错误。这里的建议是：
Check globally
检查全文
1)The title and abstract
a)Is the title proper or not?
b)Can the reader predict the topic and the main idea of your essay?
c)Is the abstract well-written or not?
d)Does it include the purpose of your essay,the research methodology and the major findings or conclusions?
e)Are the key words well-selected and can the readers find your essay through the key words? 1）标题和摘要
a)标题是合适的吗？
b)读者能预测你的文章的主题和主要想法吗？
c)摘要写的好吗？
d)它包括你的文章的目的，研究方法和主要的研究结果或结论吗？
e)关键词是很好的选择的，读者可以通过关键词找到你的文章吗？
2)The introduction section
a)Does it address the topic directly?
b)Is there a clear statement of purpose of your essay?
c)Does it contain the research questions you want to study?
d)Does it include a literature review?
e)Does the literature review provide the reader with sufficient background information for the study of the topic?
f)Do you list points which will be covered in the body section?
2）介绍部分
a)它直接点出主题吗？
b)你的文章的目的有一个明确的陈述吗？
c)它包含你想研究的研究问题了吗？
d)是否包括一个文献综述？
e)文献综述是否为读者提供了足够的背景资料来研究这个主题？
f)你会列出正文部分的重点吗？
3)The conclusion section
a)Do you divide the body section into several parts with a clear heading for each part?
b)Are these heading logically linked and written in the same grammatical structures?
c)Is the research design clearly and completely described if it is primary research?
d)Does it include sufficient information about the participants,instruments,data-collection and data-analysis?
e)Are major arguments(for example,effects,causes or advantages)logically organized?
f)Are the argument well-connected to illustrate the thesis in the introduction section?
g)Are the research questions you set up in the beginning clearly answered?
3）结论部分
a)你把正文部分分成了几个部分，每个部分都有一个明确的标题吗？
b)这些标题是逻辑上连接并用相同的语法结构书写的吗？
c)主要的研究是设计清楚，并完全描述的吗？
d)是否有足够的有关参与者、仪器、数据收集和数据分析的信息？
e)主要论点是逻辑上有组织的（例如，效果，原因或优点）吗？
f)在引言部分中，论证的论点有很好的关联吗？
g)研究问题是你在一开始就明确回答的吗？
4)The body section
a)Are the research questions fully answered?
b)Is there a summary of chief points illustrated in the body section?
c)Do you restate the purpose of the essay stated in the introduction?
4）正文部分
a)研究问题被完全回答了吗？
b)是否有对正文部分的主要观点的总结？
c)你在引言中重申了的这篇文章的目的是什么了吗？
5)Topic sentences
a)Is each argument expressed by a clear topic sentence?
b)Is the paragraph logically organized around the topic sentence?
c)Is there any irrelevant idea or detail?
d)Is the idea of the topic sentence fully developed?
5）主题句
a)每一个论点都是由一个明确的主题句所表达的吗？
b)段落是有逻辑地围绕主题句吗？
c)有什么不相关的想法或细节吗？
d)主题句的想法是完全发展的吗？
6)Citation
a)Do you document the sources whenever you borrow something,both direct quotation and paraphrasing?
b)Do you use the in-text documentation when the source materials are copied or paraphrased?
c)Are you sure that your paraphrasing is rewriting substantially instead of changes of a few words?
d)Are you sure the direct quotation is used less and an independent paragraph is used to highlight it if the quotation runs more than two lines?
6）引用
a)你当你借用文件的一些内容，无论是直接复制还是释义都能标出它的出处吗？
b)当源材料是复制或释义时你会用文本文件记录吗？
c)你确定你的释义是完全的重写而不是改变几个单词？
d)你确定摘要是简短的并是单独一段的来突出它如果摘要超过两行？
7)Reference
a)Are all the sources you used in the essay listed in full detail in the reference?
b)Does each citation in the reference include the author,title,date and place of publication and sometimes page numbers?
c)Are the citations arranged in an alphabetical order by authors’ last names?
d)Do the citations follow one style consistently?
7）参考
a）你在论文中所用的全部来源详细的提及吗？
b）参考文献中的每一个引用都包括作者、标题、日期和地点，有时有页号？
c）作者的姓氏是按字母顺序排列的吗？
d）引用遵循一种风格吗？
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：
研究生专业英语 第一到第六单元 句子翻译 修改版
Unit 1 1.他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。 Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5.每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6.他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1.有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2.不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3.只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4.穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access. 5.因为有了因特网，在不同国家从事类似工作的人们之间收入上的不平等减少了，但是贫穷
研究生学位英语翻译
0501 戒严与其说是个人的选择, 不如说是对自己毅力的考验, 因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的. 尽管专家的建议和药物疗法确实能增加永久戒严的可能性, 但是避免这种困境的最好的方法就是不要涉猎吸烟. 吸烟的负面影响在各个程度上是不同的, 它与吸烟的数量以及烟龄的长短, 还有开始吸烟的年龄有关. 这份报告向以下观点提出了质疑, 这种观点认为吸烟几年不会产生永久的危害性的后果. 我们希望阻止这种普遍的但是却是生死攸关的习惯, 并且提醒大家戒烟的时间越长, 和吸烟有关的健康问题就会大幅度地减少. It is increasingly realized that ( There is a growing realization /awareness that ) developing environment-protecting products really count. To fulfill the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago. 0506 本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶.它基于以下观
研究生英语课文翻译第十单元
10.科学危险吗？ 1．知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。圣经中的亚当和夏娃被禁食“智慧之树”上的果实，而弥尔顿《失乐园》中的蛇将此树称为“科学之母”。当亚当试图向天使长拉斐尔询问有关宇宙本质的问题时，拉斐尔建议他最好“知之甚少”。事实上，西方文献中有大量关于科学家扰乱自然界，而后导致灾难后果的记载。科学家被描绘成一群冷酷和无视伦理道德的人。 2．那么科学真地是危险的吗？科学家需要肩负起特定的社会责任吗？我们必须认识到，可靠的科学知识并不负载道德或伦理的价值。科学只告诉我们世界为何等模样：我们人类不处于宇宙的中心这一事实本身无好坏之分；基因会影响我们的智力和行为这一可能性亦无优劣之别。道德义务 3．当科学研究在现实生活中进行时，就会带来危害性及有关的伦理问题，例如涉及人或其它动物的实验；或是将研究成果用于技术实施；又或是相关的研究涉及到人们的安全问题。由此可见，科学和技术之间有一重要区别：科学知识旨在了解自然，而技术却是运用这一知识制造产品或将这一知识运用于实际目的。 4．科学研究推导有关世界本质的观念，而技术观念则旨在制造可使用的产品。技术远比科学源远流长。而且没有科学的指引，单凭技术也发展了诸如农业和金属制造业之类的行业。我认为19世纪之前，科学实际上未对技术做出太多的贡献——即使是那些辉煌的技术成果，如蒸汽机和文艺复兴时期的大教堂，也是在没有任何科学观念的影响下，通过当时人们富于想象的反复试验完成的。 5．无论发明什么样的技术，科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦
理方面的决策，因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务，并赋予他们特权进行相关的决策，那么将会出现严重的危机。科学家所承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务（例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益），这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质，而普通人未能拥有这些知识。科学家的义务是公开他们的研究成果以及有关的技术应用对社会可能产生的影响，同时还需对研究的可靠性加以评价。在大多数的科学研究领域，就公众而言，某一理论的对错无关紧要，然而在某些领域，如有关人类和植物基因的研究，理论的是非会变得至关重要。 6．如果客观冷静地审视以往的事实，我们很难发现科学家在有关研究中表现出有悖伦理的行为。例如最近在英国和其它地方出现的疯牛病现象，以及在法国引起轩然大波的由输血导致的艾滋病丑闻中，我们发现与某些人所宣称的现象完全不同，科学家在这些事件中并未表现出任何违反公共伦理道德的行为。 7．科学研究中最明显的不道德行为是优生运动。这一运动的科学理据至为关键：人类绝大多数的特征（好的或不好的）均为遗传。进行此项研究的科学家未能全面评价这一观点的可靠性，对这一观点的后果也是考虑不周。更有甚者，也是更应受到谴责的是，这批科学家似乎在一种他们认为是有益于社会的观念的驱使之下，得出有关的结论。与此相反，那些共同研究原子弹的科学家的行为表现得十分合乎伦理。他们承担各自的社会责任，知会政府有关原子理论可能会产生的社会影响。是否制造原子弹的决策权在于政治家，而不是科学家。那么应不应该赋予科学家同样的决策权呢？对那些进行优生研究的德国科学家而言，他们本应该感到作为科学家和公民之间的义务冲突。
2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间 为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯 请关注我们网站的更新! 2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。它的主席叫大卫格兰多的 一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。 很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。 今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中 有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。我认为稳中上升。 第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。翻译里没有考过。(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻 译都是可以的。这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大， 这是一个(英文)状语从句。后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的 迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。 fade(英文)略微有难度。我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000 年出现过。如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。 第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。他们有一次词，是(英语) 如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。但是会 终结年轻一代的能力。 但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。语序颠倒一下会更好。
最新考研英语自我介绍及各个专业所对应的英语翻译
考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译自我介绍(self-introduce) (1开场白)Good morning, my dear my dear professors. I feel so glad to meet all of you here.( 2.姓名，英文名，毕业院校，毕业专业，毕业学院) My name is ****, I am *** years old. I major in***** in the institute of****in china university of petroleum in Qingdao , My undergraduate period will be accomplished in July this year; and now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to your university. (3．性格，爱好，实践经验)Generally speaking , I am a hard working student. I had an outstanding performance during my college life, and had won the scholarship for two times. When I decided to take part in The first National Petroleum Engineering Design Competition organized by your university, our group overcame several difficulties, we searched for information on the internet or in the library, used special software s such as petrel and Eclipse to create model and make analysis, we tried our best and had learned a lot in the process, and our hard work paid off , we won the Excellence Award . What’s more, i am a person with great perseverance. I will try my best to finish a thing no matter how difficult it is. i once used C programming language to write a application programs about “how to query personal information quickly ” in a competition .when i was sophomore(['s?f?m?:]), i found public elective course ****very interesting, so i persisted in studying it throughout the second semester while most of my schoolmates chose to give up. My**** name **** ,which means ****t, was given by my teacher. In my spare time, I like reading books, especially history books, I also like playing tennis and ping pang, I also like English very much, I am fond of watching English films, I do believe learning a foreigner language is a way to communicate with aliens, and maybe a tool to change one’s life. There is still a
研究生英语翻译答案
Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版)
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.
英语研究生专业分类
与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。
研究生英语 翻译+答案
1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。
研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课后部分翻译答案 (1)1
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝