托福写作讲义

写作讲义

梁坚实

新东方梁坚实

I、xdf/liangjianshi

一、Introduction

综合写作:

客观题——情景再现

听听力时努力记笔记,听懂且能记下来,否则不得分

字数要求:

Integrated Writing :200-300

Independent Writing:求>400,越多越好,一般写够500以上都就是good 如果只写够最低值,得不了高分

打字速度:

30min400字以上

格式:

如何分段:

缩行式

空行式

不要又缩又空

标点符号后要空格,前面不空

如何用TPO作文:

综合写作:33道题——全部复习材料(1-10,22-27,其余模考),练能力

独立写作:33道题一道不要做,做机经。讲得30道题必须会写。

二、综合写作

（1）听力永远反驳阅读

(2)阅读与听力得文章结构(一总三分)

阅读听力

总观点总观点

分论点一分论点一

解释

例子+细节

细节

分论点二分论点二

分论点三分论点三

Tips:

对应性反驳,三三对应,逐条反驳

分论点=要点

(4)综合写作行文构架(共四段):

阅读主要说。。(阅读总观点)。。听力主要说。。(听力总观点)。。听力反驳了阅读; 阅读认为。。(阅读分论点一)。。听力认为。。(听力分论点一)。。那就是因为。。(听力分论点一后得细节)。。听力反驳了阅读;

阅读认为。。(阅读分论点二)。。听力认为。。(听力分论点二)。。那就是因为。。(听力分论点二后得细节)。。听力反驳了阅读;

阅读认为。。(阅读分论点三)。。听力认为。。(听力分论点三)。。那就是因为。。(听力分论点三后得细节)。。听力反驳了阅读;

综合写作不需要标题,不要写结尾

补充:

[1]阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。

[2]阅读中论点为主观想法时,可以直接加not反推听力论点;阅读中论点为客观事实时,听力认为阅读中论点不充分。

[3]阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时,论点常为主观想法,直接+not

[4]当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时,至少有一种论证方式为主观想法,听力只反驳主观想法

[5]听完后先不要动笔写,回忆一下听得与读得就是否能对得上

关于行文框架得几点说明:

A、综合写作2,3,4段每段必须包含3部分:

阅读材料要点;听力材料得要点与细节;两者关系——反驳

B、阅读得细节不重要,可以不写,一般不写。如果写阅读细节得话,则需要归纳改写阅读得核心细节,最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文

C、阅读分论点得位置:段首或者段尾(占80%);不明确(能归纳)。如出现在段首或者段尾,同义改写:分论点比较短得,同义词稍稍改写个别词即可;分论点比较

长得,归纳一下。有三种改写方式:同义词改写(everyday=daily),同根词改写(necessary=necessity),全新表达方式

D、听力材料无论就是分论点还就是细节用原词原句最准确,不需要改写,把原文都记下来就是一个理想状态,如果达不到得话自己去归纳,归纳必须遵照听力原文,不允许发挥。

E、核心思想就是“替换”,表现用词用语得多样性,避免重复

Reading material,the author, the writer、

F、得分得不就是模板,就是填得空

综合写作重要句型:

1.The lecture discusses、、、, which differs from the main idea in the reading that、、、

2.The professor makes the point that、、、、 The reading, in contrast, holds

a different view that、、、

3.An important point shown in the reading material is that、、、, but the listening presents a conflicting idea that、、、

4. The professor states that、、、, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that、、、

5.The professor discusses that problem of、、、 , and the reading views in

a contrary (different) angle that、、、

6.The professor makes the point that、、、On the contrary (in contrast), the writer demonstrates an idea that、、、

模板:

The reading material discusses、、、, which differs from the main idea in the listening that、、、

An important point shown in the reading material is that、、、, but the listening presents a conflicting idea that、、、

The writer makes the point that、、、、 The lecture, in contrast, holds a different view that、、、

The author states that、、、, which challenges the standpoint made by the professor who says that、、、

综合写作笔记要点:

笔记不求完美,符号记笔记,中英文结合,首字母缩写。笔记就是练出来得,形成个性化笔记。每个听力段落至少听10遍,练习记笔记。

记完笔记后练习复述。

独立写作

一、写作流程

2分钟审题

题型分类(9种,价值判断、现象证明及其她)

解题方法(万金油、拆分举例)

文章结构

论证方法

开头

主体段落(主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论)

结尾

2分钟检查

二、托福作文观点得要求

由于托福作文题目都就是可争论性得话题,所以同意或者反对,选A或者选B都就是可以得;

观点得选取不需要完美得逻辑,只要自圆其说即可;

观点也不需要思想深度,也不需要创新;

---------------------------永远写好写得,自己能写得。

尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题。

三、文章结构

四或者五段都可。

开头结尾独立成段,中间可以写2-3段都可以。

字数分配

开头 50词

结尾 30词

即开头+结尾大约100词

中间写3段,每段100词,100词不容易出现语言重复,所以五段比四段(每段150

词)好

时间分配

开头 3分钟

结尾2分钟

中间每段100词 7分钟

每段150词 10分钟

四、论证结构

绝对论证:所有得观点指向一个方向

五段:A A+ A+ A+/B- A

四段:A A+ A+ A

让步论证:一定要写五段;让一小步

五段:A A+ A+ A- A

五、开头(观点明确)

1、三部分内容:

引言(重要性/影响/趋势)

论题(同义改写题目)

观点

2、句型

(1)第一句话

重要性 Importance

、、、play an essential role in、、、

、、、be of equal importance to、、、

、、、be considered to be important means/role to、、、影响 Influence

、、、had a widespread/positive/negative impact on、、、趋势 Prevalence

There is a general trend that、、、

There is a mon practice that、、、

(2)第二句话

论题(同义改写题目:同义词;同根词;全新表达方式)

、、、 Is a controversial topic、

、、、is under fierce discussion、

However, people have conflicting/differing opinions about whether、、、(3)第三句话:观点

Eg:

1.Agree or disagree: Technology makes people’s lives more plicated、Technology has had tremendous impact on every aspect of modern life、However, whether technology made our lives more plex or not is a controversial topic、 From my perspective, I believe technology has made our lives more convenient、

2、Many people have a close relationship with their pets、 These people treat their birds, cats, o r other animals as members of their family、 In your opinion, are such relationships good?

Pets are an integral/ess ential part of the modern life、 However, people are having differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them、I believe such a relationship brings benefits to people in various ways despite some potential harms、(典型让步) 3.People should not pay for public transportation、

试写:

Public transportation plays an essential role in our modern daily life、 However, whether people should pay for using public transportation or not is a controversial topic、 From my perspective, people should not pay for public transportation、范例:

There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious、 Wether public transportation should be made free is under fierce discussion、 I believe the plan should be implemented、

六、中间段落得写法

结构:主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论

1.主题句:前置于段首,陈述句。(不要套长模板,长模板不算有效字数)

2.解释:

解释得适用范围:

在任何情况下都可以解释,尤其在以下两种情况下必须要解释:

当主题句抽象难懂之时,要用解释得方法使主题句具体化,为举例子打基础。

当例子细节难以写出(如艺术),写不够字数时,用解释得方法充字数。

解释得实现方法:

为什么就是这样/为什么要这样

Eg1:吸烟有害健康。

属于常识,不抽象,可以直接举例子,不过任何情况都可以解释,所以也可以解释并且举例子。Eg2:

主题句:电影模式化导致电影产业发展缓慢。

解释:情节过于一致,导致在影片一开始得时候,观众就能轻而易举得猜出结尾。

举例:王子公主土匪得故事,一开始我就能猜出谁与优雅得公主结婚了,谁被打死了。观众不爱买票,就缓慢了。

范例:

To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops、 It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot、Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring、 For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, do you think who will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious、 In this case, people will be reluctant to put movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer、试写:

From my perspective, The stereotype of movies will lead to a decrease of the development speed in movie industry、 The consistent plots are likely to cause the situation where the audience can guess the ending of the story without efforts at the very beginning of the movie、 Take the story of prince, princess and thief for example、 I can surmise who will finally marry the princess and who will be hit to death from the start、 Thus the audience would not like to but tickets to watch such story, so the development process will be delayed、

3.举例

真与假(托福作文考试不考察真实性)

本人与别人

中国人与外国人

一例与多例(一段中举一例后字数不够,相同类型得例子继续举)

例子种类:

物(东西)、事(人)、数例(根据、、、调查,得出、、、结论)

找素材得方法:维基百科

事例(取决于话题大小)

话题大:名人创新、成功两类话题

Eg:

亨利福特,史蒂夫乔布斯,沃尔特迪士尼,比尔盖茨,扎克伯格(科技进步,创造力);

奥巴马,赖斯(黑人得成功);

默克尔,希拉里克林顿(女人得成功)

包括:生平简介(20词)创造贡献(50-60词)社会评价(20词)

话题小:凡人 my uncle

数例:背两个模板,只要套模板没数字也可以

缺点:字数太少

解决方案:数例+事例(举多例)

数例+事例(举多例)

物例+事例(举多例)

总结:使段落变长得方法

1 主题句后得解释

2 举一例深入挖掘细节

3 举多例平行给出细节

4 物、事、数例搭配使段落变长

5 以上方法结合起来

Eg:People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members so there’s no need for the government to help them、

观点:不赞成

Firstly, people cannot solve the problem of unemployment either by themselves or with the help from their family members、(主题句)

Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide or even world-wide problem, It largely depends on the economic situation and government policies、(解释)

According to a report issued by China Economic and Financial Research Center(CEFRC), the rate of unemployment soars from a normal value of 3% to a horrible number, around 10%, when the financial crisis happens、(数例)

In this case, government is responsible to carry out effective policies, like to increase government’s expenditure, to create more job opportunities in the whole society, and to cut down the negative impact of the economic disorder、(attention:economic disorder=financial crisis) In contrast, a person’s individual willingness and ability seems useless and it is barely possible for him to remedy the social disease、九、结尾

结尾呼应主题,重述分论点(同义改写)

十、回顾

开头

第一句话(重要性,影响,趋势)

第二句话:主题句

第三句话:观点

中间段

主题句+解释+举例子(物、事、数例)+细节+结论

结尾

独立写作题型:

价值判断

现象证明

今昔对比与预测

绝对词

抽象词之“成功”

抽象词之“幸福”

资源分配

薪水问题

选课问题

(一)价值判断

价值判断就就是分析一个事物得优缺点

基本特征:should, important, necessary, prefer(单纯得价值判断)

better, more、、、than、、、(带有明显比较关系得价值判断)

段落展开要用对比法

每一段都写A得优点与B得缺点

解题方法:

1.万金油

10个常用分论点:便利,健康,经济,交流,幸福,成功,环保,品德,科技,国家社会

“便健经交幸成环品科国”

便利(convenience):

节省/浪费时间

时间灵活

交通

休闲、娱乐

购物

教育

医疗

健康与安全:

营养(well-balanced nutrition)

压力过大(get stressed out)

缓解压力(relieve the stress/pressure)

生活习惯(life style: stay up)

财产安全(property /possession/esteem safety)

经济:

就业问题

工资(wage/salary)

收入(ine)

支出(spending/expenditure/expense)

盈利(make profits)

交流:

交友(make friends)

集体活动(collective activity)

人际关系(interpersonal relationship)

社交圈子(enlarge social circle)

幸福(happiness):

基本生活需求(basic needs)

安全感(safety)

感情(family love/friendship/love/interests/好恶:personal favor/preference/taste)

成功(success):

成就感(a sense of achievement/acplishment/fulfillment)

荣誉感(a sense of honor)

自信(self-confidence)

竞争(petition)

压力(pressure/stress)

环保:

生态平衡(ecological balance)

沙漠化(desertification)

滥砍滥伐(deforestation)

可持续发展(sustainable development)

濒危动物(endangered animals) Dinosaurs have been extinct、

环境污染(environmental pollution)

品格(virtue):

坚韧不拔(perseverance/tenacity)

勤奋(industrious/diligence)

独立(independence)

团队合作(team spirit)

诚实(honesty/integrity)

科技与教育:

学习知识(acquire knowledge) 注意动词

科技得发展与创新(scientific development and innovation)

国家与社会(nation and society)

社会福利(social welfare)

思乡情结(nostalgia/homesickness)

爱国情怀

政府声誉

让步段得写法:教材76页

让步段:

Admittedly, 让步段得主题句。+展开+反驳

Admittedly, financial management at a younger age may allow children to bee more responsible and organized、 When parents ask their children to budget their pocket money, instead of being taken care of everything, children are actually treated like independent adults、 This sense of trust and expectation may not only motivate them to bee more attentive to price and market, but also teach them to resist shopping urges when they grow up、 Besides, it is conceivable that those who have received early money-managing education would hardly get into debts or make reckless investments、

Admittedly, media has had certain negative effects on children、 The increasing scenes of violence and pornography inevitably cause imitation among teenagers, since they are at that particular stage in life where anything they are exposed to seriously impacts their minds、 According to a recent survey conducted by Chinese Children Delinquency Association(CCDA) which polled hundreds of young criminals aged 12 to 18, most of respondents claimed that they copied violent behaviors learnt from television shows and movies、 Thus to some extent, television shows and movies are responsible for some of the problematic behaviors、However, television and movies also bring us many benefits、

2.拆分举例 78页

两个原则:

（1）拆题干中得名词,可以有好几种拆法

（2）拆分得结果之间彼此互斥即可,而不需要无穷无尽

两个都拆得情况:一般不需要两个都拆

中国人 city buses

美国人 highway

日本人 trains

(二)现象证明类

判断标准:

证明现象就是否存在

解题方法:

1.找事发理由(万金油)

2.拆分法

(三)薪水问题

一、出题方式

主项 + 小项

高薪与低薪长与短

离家远与离家近

易失去与不易失去

假期短与假期长

亲友时间短与长

二、解题思路

不管怎么问,永远选高薪 (四大好处,选两个)

First, money meets basic needs、 I would not have to worry about paying rents or mortgages、 I can send my children to expensive private schools、 I would not have to worry about medical bills、不要展开基本需求

Second, money allows me to pursue personal interests、 Since I’m a big fan of luxurious cars, like Mercedes Benz or BMW (Dior, Gucci, Chanel, Louis Vuitton), if I have a high-paying job, I can own all my dream cars、 I also like to travel、 If I have enough money, I can travel to remote places like Africa, the Arctic or even the outer space、

Thirdly, money makes it possible for me to help others in need、If my job pays well enough, I will donate part of my ine to charity, helping the African kids to bat AIDS or the Cambodians get rid of the deadly landmines、

如何捐钱？

教育(软件--请好老师,硬件--电脑)

医疗(医学研究,病人救济--AIDS,cancer)

Fourthly, a high salary job receives more respect、 People roll out the red carpet for lawyers, medical doctors and business leaders、 In contrast, a construction worker or a supermarket cashier usually does not receive that treatment、 It is because these professionals play a tremendous role in the society、Lawyers defend the innocent、 Medical doctors make the difference between life and death、 Investment bankers make

millions of dollars for their investors、

三、论证方法

让步论证(兼谈小项)

Admittedly, 离家远可以买近得房子、、、

Admittedly, a job with more vacations allows us to spend more time on our hobbies, such as painting, shipping and traveling、Usually, a businessman seldom has chances to go for a trip due to his workload、 It is quite possible that he suffers from much plaint from his wife and children、 However, without enough financial supports, we cannot really enjoy our hobbies but bee indoors men in contrast、

（四）选课问题

一、选课主体

大学生、高中生、小孩儿

二、选课科目

历史课

基础理科课

经济学课程

外国文化课

外语课

音乐美术课

三、解题思路

学不同得课得好处不同,危害相同

所以思路:

永远不选课

因为:

经济压力大

精神压力大

四、论证方法

让步论证:学这些课还有点儿用

Never take the courses:

1、The选课科目 courses put more pressure on students、选课主体students now have already had to learn many subjects such as 除题干外五个任意科目,which make students over burdened、In this case, schools should not add this course、 Not difficult might it be, students have to worry about whether they can finish the homework on time and how they can pass the final examinations、 If things go on like this, some psychological diseases may follow, such as frustration, anxiety, melancholia and mania、 We could not expect such students to perform well academically、

(提到pressure必有这四个病)

2.The选课科目 courses will make学校unaffordable for parents and students、 To guarantee the quality of lecturing, 学校

have to hire talented professors and elites, such as professors from the best-known universities and business leaders、 That will make the schooling cost skyrocket、 Normally, a lecture given by a famous entrepreneur may cost the school over 1,000 dollars and finally, all of the costs will be reflected in the tuition fee, making many underprivileged students drop out from schools、

3.Admittedly, taking the 选课科目courses has its own merits、、、、(分别写每门课得好处,30-40词)、、、However, considering the soaring tuition fee, a mandatory policy requiring all students to take the courses should not be adopted、 In contrast, these courses can be set optional, allowing students who are really interested in the subjects to choose and it is reasonable for schools to charge a higher tuition fee to those students、

3门里面选一门课:

一门课得优点

其她两门课得缺点(2个缺点)

（五）今昔对比与预测类(现象证明)

今昔对比

判断方法:

、、、 than in the past

、、、than in today

解题方法:

1、找事发原因:

科技得发展;环境得污染,观念得扭转,社会福利得发展

2.拆分法:黑人与女人

预测类

解题方法:

找事发原因(为什么会/不会发生):

科技得发展;环境得污染;观念得扭转;社会福利得发展

In twenty years, there will be fewer cars in use than in today、科技

Firstly, new transportation vehicles will soon replace automobiles and change the world significantly、 The new transportation vehicles, using only electricity as energy, as more environmentally friendly than the conventional

fuel-powered vehicles、 Now, in the suburb of my hometown Beijing, the new electric buses have been put into use、Accordingly, the gas stations will be gradually replaced by the “electricity stations” if the electric buses can win supports from public、 It is foreseeable that the electric buses bee more

popular among families、 The number of cars will reduce in the ing years、

环境

Secondly, people in increasing numbers are aware of the urgent requirement for a cleaner environment and then, they might refuse to use automobiles(私家车)most of the time in daily life、 The automobile business went through tremendous development over the past century, which has brought convenience to car owners but disasters to our environment、Strong evidence shows us that the hole in the Ozone Layer over the Antarctic region has expended at an alarming rate beyond prediction、 Besides, polar glaciers quickly melt down by serious global warming、 It is the emission of cars that has been accused of being the prime suspect for these environmental problems、

观念

Thirdly, people’s traditional conceptions of cars will change in the future、 In the past, an expensive car, a big house and a large number of savings in the bank used to be a symbol of a successful person、 A car owner was more popular among young girls pared with a man who did not afford a car、 However, in the recent years, whether the man has a car is no longer a key factor when a girl considers her marriage、 Girls nowadays pay closer attention to a man’s educational background and virtues, so I predict that fewer cars will be bought as a necessity for family life、

(六)绝对词[一大类]

6种绝对词:

best, only, most important, all, every, never

解题思路:

承认题设得合理性(去掉绝对词),批驳其绝对性(加上绝对词)

推荐方法:反对

论证方法:让步

(1)best 类

批驳best 得方法:

1、指出还有事物比它好,谈不上最好

2、指出该事物有弊端,谈不上最好

The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers’salary、

开头:引言论题(best)+However, to say that、、、(best) is an overstatement、

让步段:Admittedly, 提高教师得工资就是一种有效地提高教学质量得方法。(承认题设得合理性。)+展开+However, it overstates that、、、(best)

支持段一:让老师参加培训课可以提高教学质量

支持段二:更新教学设备可以提高教学质量

结尾:In conclusion, to say that (best) is too exaggerated、

(2)only 类

批驳only 得方法:

1.指出还有事物比它好。

2.还有别得事物也符合条件

(3)never类

A person should never make decision alone、 (2006,ML) Admittedly, a group discussion can minimize the risk of making a wrong decision、 By discussing together, one can gather opinions and advice from others and then, choose the best idea or solution、 It is quite mon to see that a business leader gives out a topic, claiming that all kinds of opinions are weled、Through this way, he may collect different business proposals from his subordinates、 Finally, it is not hard for him to make a best decision and minimize the risk of improper investment、However, to say that a person should never make an important decision alone is an overstatement as the speaker may have ignored two exceptions、

Firstly, a person has to make a quick decision all by himself in emergencies、 Let’s suppose a scenario、 A man should decide quickly whether to save the injured old lady with all his savings or not when he walks on the street, witnessing a horrible traffic accident、 Any discussion or hesitation is not allowed in that situation、

Secondly, when facing some private issues, asking others for advice may sound ridiculous、 For example, marriage is quite important for a person、 But whether to marry the girl should fully depend on the man’s own feeling and willingness、 Even advice from close friends should not have any effect in making the decision、

Alone=all by himself

如何确定拆那个？为什么不能用事发原因

（七）成功类

写作难点:将success从抽象写到具体

影响成功得因素:知识、人脉、运气、品格、细节。

一般,一个“品格”拆开就够了,运气最不好举例。

92页

Secondly, keeping rooms clean and tidy could help people to bee better organized、Those who can keep their rooms neat are most likely better at space management, which is an important ingredient in success、 We all have friends or relatives whose rooms

are in a state of utter disarray、 My cousin John is a good example、 When he was 12, he missed his school's opening ceremony for the new semester because he couldn't find his school uniform、 When he was in college, he went to an interview without shaving and in casual dress because he has misplaced his electric razor and forgotten to clean the soup stain off his suit、 He did not get the job finally、 He is recently turning 35, yet still works as an entry-level employee in a local small firm、 Thus, we can say that without the ability to stay organized, people are less likely to be successful、(小错因为练得少)

91页

Take IT entrepreneurs for instance、 With the widespread use of puters and the Internet all over the world, people are starting IT business all the time、 However, only a few of them ever survive and bee profitable、 These panies succeed so because of the progressive spirits、 For example, Bill Gates, despite already being one of the world's wealthiest people, never stops researching and exploring new products, even though he risks failing and receiving criticism、 Similarly, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of the popular social networking website Facebook, is relentless in his pursuit of excellence、 He is always looking for ways to make his products better、 It is said that he once abandoned a year-long research project after he found a product that was better than what he was researching、 These people would never had made their fortune if they had just stayed in their familiar field、

Few=几乎没有

（八）幸福类

写作难点:将happy从抽象写到具体

影响happy得四大因素:

Basic needs, safety, love(affection), a sense of achievement/a sense of honor 我穷我欢乐

基本生活需求得到满足

人穷感情真挚

对社会贡献与成就感与贫富无关

In the second place, they can be happy because they can attain a sense of achievement by spending their money wisely、 With enough money and no need to work, people are able to realize their dreams and make their families happy, which would give them a sense of achievement、 For one thing, they can journey to the top of Himalayas or retrace the route of Columbus、 Doing so would give them a sense of acplishment and keep them feeling proud for the rest of their life、 For another thing, rich people can give their children best education available by sending them to the most distinguished schools on the plant、 When they succeed in the future, they will thank to their parents, which would definitely give them a feeling of achievement、

（九）资源分配类

The government/university should spend more money on A than B、

价值判断

解题方法

(一)[建议]

支持段1:证明A比B花钱多:钱花在了哪里

支持段2:证明这个钱确实由政府花(current use/future benefits)

让步段:先证明B确实也需要钱,再指出这个钱可以有别得主体代替政府花,比如慈善机构、基金会、企业、个人等

(二)

A+

A+

A+/让步段:B也需要钱,但就是钱可以由其她机构(比如慈善机构、基金会、企业、个人等)出

段落展开:钱可以花在哪里

To increase economic growth, the government should ignore environmental concerns、

There is a general trend that economic development and environmental protection are increasingly contradictory、 Some people maintain that government should pay more attention on environmental issues、 I agree for reasons listed below、Firstly, it is for the sake of sustainable development、Undoubtedly, economic target cannot be met without some degree of environmental sacrifice、 Therefore, government should strive to pensate for such loss、 Take chemical industries for example、 In the past, the panies used to pour waste directly into rivers in the proximity, which leads to degradation of water supply and death of aquatic life、 In the long run, the factories are about to be shut down because of the damage they cause、 This could have been avoided if they used the proper waste disposal system, but panies were reluctant to do so because they want to cut costs and maximize profits、 It is in this case that government should take a stand、 Government could provide funding for waste purification systems or eco-friendly equipment in order to reduce waste and minimize pollution、 That is because customers are keen to buy products made by a pany with an environmental conscious、 Green industries are likely to enjoy better growth and a longer lifespan、

Secondly, environmental protection helps to strengthen a country’s international status、 China has bee one of the world’s largest polluters、 According to the survey issued by National Development and Reform mission of People’s Republic of China, China’s greenhouse gas emission has grown by a sharp growth of over 30% from 1999 to 2009、 If the government does nothing about environmental issues, the country is about to receive more pressure from the international society, which is harmful

to global trade and international cooperation with other countries、

Lastly, governments should solve environmental problems simply because they are in the best position to do so、 Environmental issues necessarily depend on government, because environmental protection needs overall planning, regulation, and funding on a massive scale、 The capacity of private individuals and organizations are limited、 Thus, the task of saving the environment falls to governments which have greatest power as well as the social responsibility、 Therefore, only by the practices the government carries out will the environment be better、(only+状语,倒装)

All in all, it is strongly advisable for government to be more attentive to the problem of environmental protection、

总结:

优缺点类:

首选万金油

现象证明;

事发原因(万金油)

薪水:高薪4个优点

选课:永远不选 2个缺点+1个让步(选修或其她方式获得)

今昔对比:4个原因

政府投资类:2种思路,第一种

幸福类:4大因素

成功类:5大因素,最好用得就是品格

绝对词:去掉绝对词肯定

补充:准备无话可说得三道题(写全文)

1、白皮书22910、0

2、27

2、 Middle school students should not use mobile phone on campus、 (只能用why)

3、Agree or disagree: children should be honest to friends、(只能用why)

综合写作

TPO1,11,13 全部反驳

TPO4,3,12,6 部分反驳

TPO10 均有

一年半之前范围内半年得题

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