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国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)

国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)
国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)

Unit 1~2 Mercantilism重商主义

Trade surplus 贸易顺差

Quota and tariff配额和关税

Zero-sum game零和博弈

Positive-sum game常和博弈

The theory of absolute advantage绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments要素禀赋理论

Product life cycle 产品生命周期

Economies of scale 规模经济

First mover advantage先占优势

Barrier to entry进入(市场)壁垒

Porter’s diamond theory波特的钻石理论

National competitive advantage国家竞争优势

The department of commerce 商务部

Letter of credit信用证

Draft /bill of exchange 汇票

bill of lading B/L 提单

Sight draft即期汇票

Time draft 远期汇票

Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑

Trade acceptance商业承兑汇票

Countertrade 对等贸易

Barter 易货贸易

Switch trading 转手贸易

Offset 抵消

Counter purchase 互购贸易

Compensation trade 补偿贸易

1.波特钻石理论的主要内容

①Factor endowments ②Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry

③ Demand conditions ④Relating and supporting industries

2.对等贸易的主要类型和优缺点

①Types of countertrade

Countertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five distinct types of trading arrangements: barter, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback

②The pros and cons of countertrade

优:

① The main attraction of countertrade is that it can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available.

② Thus if a firm is unwilling to enter into a countertrade agreement, it may lose an export opportunity to a competitor that is willing to make a countertrade agreement.

缺:

① Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitably

② In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably.

Unit 3

Strategic alliance 战略联盟

Licensing 许可证

Joint venture 合资经营

Contracting 承包经营

Partnership 合资人

Return on investment 投资回报率

Franchising 特许经营

Contract manufacturing 生产承包

Management contracting 管理承包

1.许可贸易的优缺点

优:

①The basic advantage in licensing as contrasted to other approaches is the

ease and low cost of entering a foreign market.

②Licensing is also advantageous in that it can be used to test a foreign

market without the risk of capital loss should the market not be receptive to the manufacturer’s product.

缺:

①The greatest disadvantages to the licensor are that a potential competitor

is set up.

②There is a lack of control over production and marketing.

③There may be incomplete market exploration.

Unit 4

Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资

Small and medium-sized firms 中小企业

Horizontal FDI 横向外国直接投资

Vertical FDI 纵向外国直接投资

Product life cycle 产品生命周期

Backward vertical FDI 后移纵向外国直接投资

Forward vertical FDI 前移纵向外国直接投资

Transportation costs 运输成本

Market impediments 市场阻碍

Market power 市场力量

Oligopoly 寡头垄断

Specialized assets 特殊资产

1.影响横向对外投资的因素

①Transportation costs ②Market imperfections

④Following competitors ④The product life cycle

2.What are the impediments to the sale of know-how?

①Licensing may result in a firm’s giving away its technological know-how to a potential foreign competitor.

②Licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to profitably exploit tis advantage in know-how.

③A firm’s know-how may not be amenable to licensing.

Unit 5

Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系

Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率制

OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Floating exchange rate regime 浮动汇率制

Plaza Accord 和平广场协议

Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议

Foreign exchange market 外汇市场

European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EMS

Exchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制ERM

European Currency Unit欧元 ECU

Trade deficit贸易赤字

Real interest 实际利息

Balance of payment 收支平衡表

Forward market 期货市场

Swaps 掉期交易

1. 布雷顿森林体系/固定汇率制瓦解的主要原因

As the only currency that could be converted into gold, and as the currency that served as the reference point for all others

①It was financed by an increase in the money supply, which, in turn, led to a rise in price inflation from less than 4percent in 1966 to dose to 9 percent by 1968

②The rise in government spending had stimulated the economy

③Gave rise to speculation in the foreign exchange market that the dollar would be devalued

④Weakening dollars lose its credibility.

2. What are the reasons for the unexpected rise in the dollar between 1980 and 1985, and what are the reasons for the rapid fall of the US dollar between 1985 and 1987?

The reasons for the unexpected rise in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985:

①Strong economic growth in the US attracted heavy inflows of capital from foreign investors seeking high returns on capital assets.

②High real interest rate attracted foreign investors seeking high vellums on financial assets

③Political turmoil in other parts of the world.

The reasons for 1985 and 1987:

The fall in the value of the dollar between 1985 and 198 was caused by a combination of government intervention and market forces.

Unit 6

Common law 普通法

Code civil law 成文法

Roman law 罗马法

Industrial property right 工业产权

Act of god 不可抗力

Element forces of nature 天灾自然因素

Arbitration 仲裁

Conciliation 调节

Litigation 诉讼

World court at the Hague 海牙国际法庭

Tribunals for arbitration 仲裁庭

U.N. convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign

Arbitral/Awards 联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约

International Chamber of commerce 国际商会

1. What are the differences between two legal systems in solving commercial disputes?

①Under common law, commercial disputes are subject to laws which may be applied to either civil or commercial disputes since there is no specific recognition of commercial problems as such.

②Code law differs in that there is a separate code specifically designed for business

2. What are the procedures used by formal arbitration organizations? The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor.

Unit 7

Intellectual property rights 知识产权

Trade mark copyright, patents, trade secrets 商标权,版权,专利权,商业秘密

Intangible assets, tangible assets 无形资产,有形资产

Trademark registration 商标注册

Generic terms 通称

Infringement 侵权

GATT 关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1. What does intellectual property right consist of?

①It consists of the products of individual’s minds—products that result from intellectual, creative processes.

②Trademarks, copyrights and patents are all forms of intellectual property

Unit 8

The TRIPS agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协议

Need Hierarchy 需求层次理论

Self-reference criterion 自我参考标准

The adoption process 接纳过程理论

High-context cultures 高背景文化

Low-context cultures 低背景文化

Poly-chromic time 多元化时间观

Mono-chromic time 单一性时间观

Perception 观念

1. What are the characteristics of culture?

①It is not innate, but learned

②The various facts of culture are interrelated-touch a culture in one place and

everything else is affected.

③It is shared by the members of a group and defines the boundaries between

different groups.

2. What are the main contents of Need Hierarchy theory?

①Self-actualization ②Esteem ③Social ④Safety ⑤Physiological

3. What is the concept of adoption process? How many stages will a person undergo before he can finally purchase a new product?

Adoption process─through which an individual passes from the time of his or her first knowledge of an innovation to the time of adopting or purchase of the innovation.

These stages are as follows: ①awareness ②interest ③evaluation

④trial ⑤adoption

4. What are the adopter categories? What is the feature for early adopter?

Adopter categories are classifications of individuals within a market on the basis of their innovativeness. They include innovators、early adopters, the early majority, the late majority and laggards.

The future for early adopter: They tend to be younger, have higher social status and in a more favorable financial position than later adopter. They must be responsive to mass-media information sources and must learn about innovation form these sources

because they cannot simply copy the behavior of earlier adopters.

Unit 9

Organizational behavior组织行为学

Multinational Corporation 跨国公司

Maquiladoras 马基拉朵拉工厂

Parochialism 地方主义

NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement

Kluckhohn-Strudtbeck framework 克拉克洪─斯托特柏克构架

Hofstede framework 霍夫斯诺德构架

BRICS 金砖五国巴西俄罗斯印度中国南非

APEC 亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

1. Identify the sic cultural dimensions in the Kluckhohn-strodtbeck framework.

①Relationship to the environment ②time orientation

③nature of people ④Activity orientation

⑤focus of responsibility ⑥conception of space

2. Explain the dimensions of national culture in Hofstede framework.

①Individualism versus collectivism

②power distance

③uncertainty avoidance

④masculinity versus femininity

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