研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译

Lesson1

II. Vocabulary

A. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.

1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.

A. straightforwardly

B. notably

C. virtually

D. exceptionally

2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.

A. predominant

B. credulous

C. inclusive

D. sustainable

3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewarding

A. tough

B. demanding

C. diverse

D. benign

4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.

A. prejudice

B. verification

C. verdict

D. punishment

5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.

A. sizeable

B. adverse(negative)

C. beneficial

D. consequential

6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.

A. engage

B. pursue

C. abandon/ abundant

D. invoke

7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.

A. regime

B. hegemony

C. complex

D. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)

8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.

A. evolve

B. Constitute形成

C. tolerate

D. aroused

9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.

A. apparatus

B. constitution

C. insistence

D. promotion

10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.

A. endangered

B. domesticated

C. indigenous

D. extinct

B. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.

point up by and large take in descent for good or ill

leave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of

1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.

2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.

3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.

4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.

5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as

simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.

6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.

7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.

8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)

9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.

10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.

III. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]

A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.

The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.

Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,

a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)

1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated

2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted

3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties

4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever

5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of

6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)

7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional

8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)

9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending

10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case of

II. Translation

Put the following passages into Chinese.

1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining

Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.

因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.

同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。

3. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.

总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。

4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus.

然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。

5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized.

讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。

6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse.

这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。

VOCABULARY ITEMS

1.sizable: adj. fairly large相当大的

2. virtually: adv. almost but not quite; nearly几乎，差不多; virture

3. constitute: v. to amount to; equal形成，等同于

4. aggrandis(z)ment: n. increase in power or importance 扩张，增加, expansion

5. predominantly: adv. mostly or mainly卓越地，支配地，主要地president, dominate(v)

6. default: n. failure to do sth.疏忽, default value.

7. hegemonic: adj. of the predominant influence of one nation over others 霸权的

8. benign: adj. tending to exert a beneficial influence; favorable有利的

9. dispassionately: adv. calmly; reasonably平心静气地，不带偏见地

10. verdict: n. decision or opinion given after testing or examining判断，裁决, verify

11. straightforward: adj. plain; clear明确的，清清楚楚的,

12. aboriginal: adj. of races of people belonging to a region from the earliest times土著的, a man of humble origin

13. adversely: adv. unfavorably不利地

14. indigenous: adj. native; originating in an area本土的，土生土长

15. endanger: v. to cause to be in a dangerous situation危害

endangered: adj. in danger of being damaged or destroyed濒于灭绝的

16. apparatus: n. structure or method of operation组织，机构

17. descent: n. hereditary derivation血统，遗传, ascend<->descend (v)

18. apartheid: adj. racial separateness种族隔离

19. regime: n. system of government or rule政权

20. vernacular: adj. native; commonly spoken by the members of a country or region本国语的，方言的

21. invoke: v. to make a particular idea, image, or feeling appear in people's minds引起, 造成;

22. point up to: emphasize强调, stress; point out

23. take in: to include包括

24. for good or (for) ill: whether the effect of a situation is good or harmful无论好坏

25. by and large: on the whole, generally总的来说，大体上; (be) at large.

26. die out: to become extinct死光，绝种

27. lay(put) sth at the door of...: to blame (sb. or sth.) for sth 归咎于…

28. leave aside: put aside, to make no discussion of a subject不谈论，把话题搁置一边, put away

29. crystal clear: absolutely clear非常清楚的，显而易见的, obvious, apparent

Lesson 2

II. Vocabulary

Choose the best word from the four choices given to complete each of the following sentences.

1. "It was a(n) _____ task," Sybille recalled, "because it was really the first big party Laura had given in her life."

A. ridiculous

B. rigorous

C. accountable

D. Mammoth巨大的

2. About one-third of the adult homeless are _____ mentally ill, and about half are alcoholic or abuse drugs.

A. chronically

B. sparsely

C. adequately

D. individually

3. We spent a wonderful day at her home, and all the guests were well _____.

A. implemented

B. acknowledged

C. contended

D. accommodated

4. Compared to voter participation rates of citizens in other democracies, participation in American elections is low; slightly more than 50 percent of those _____ participate in national presidential elections.

A. feasible/ practicable

B. available

C. eligible

D. accessible

5. I can only reduce the painful uncertainty and _____ of those first few days by learning relevant information quickly.

A. swamp

B. bewilderment

C. chronicle

D. publicity

6. The _____ in the 1960s and early 1970s were marked by protest and violence on college campuses over United States involvement in the war in Vietnam

A. exodus

B. option

C. Turmoil骚动暴乱

D. squeeze

7. Non-nuclear Weapons Agreements signed in 1972 restricted or eliminated the production and use of biological and chemical weapons. It also _____ destruction of existing stocks of weapons by the year 2005.

A. mandated / ordered

B. advocated

C. seized

D. banned

8. Nor am I suggesting that black children are somehow linguistically _____, or unable to separate standard English.

A. deficient

B. demanding

C. lagged

D. accelerated

9. When twelve women who _____ to be virgins were found, only two would swear an oath to that effect, but the executors decided to take the women's word for it.

A. deemed

B. tutored

C. professed

D. donated

10. Pessimism has prevailed for some time, and now the economic optimism is back on the road.

A. chart

B. core

C. statute

D. Bandwagon流行

B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.

let alone wind up draw lots vow weigh

in a row bail out hop on lofty brief

1. Only I don't know how I should set about finding a home, let alone one that she would be happy in.

2. The players alternate between the white and black pieces and draw lots to determine who plays white in today's first game.

3. Three negative reports i n a row would be a strong indication that the disease had been arrested.

4. But it was now three o'clock in the morning and the debate was quickly wound up with the money being voted for the site and foundations.

5. It argues that even though the Italian authorities may no longer bail out(舀出, 跳伞) any old bank that gets into trouble, the likelihood of government support for big banks has not changed enough to affect its ratings.

6. A very lazy way to spend a day in the sun, is to buy a day ticket and hop on and off the boats and in and out of the many cafes and restaurants dotted around the lake.

7. They won't quit. They vow to fight the system in court, if necessary.

8. You have to be careful and weigh the advantages of their appearance against the disadvantages of their potential to distract from the message.

9. But while their leaders considered these lofty goals, the party's bureaucrats had more immediate problems on their hands—the prospect of unemployment.

10. I'm well briefed on the subject, this isn't my own knowledge.

III. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.

in response to live with reassure matter given (if consideration is given to sth.)

predictor rank by contrast/ compare with all but (except) generation When our daughter went to public school, she came home talking about the subjects she was taught at school and we learned to 1 live with her courses. But then, one evening when she was in eighth grade, I saw her using a calculator to compute ten percent of 470. I asked her, "Are the other kids this(so) dumb(dull)?" My straight-A child 2 reassure me: "Oh, they are much dumber."

That night I began researching math education and the educational reform. 3 Given what I learned, it didn't surprise me that the United States 4ranked only 28th among 41 nations surveyed in the Third

International Mathematics and Science Study. With new and untested theory of the educational reform, today's U. S. math educators have all but5 eliminated numbers. They are creating a 6generation of mathematical fools.

The problem is the textbooks. I thought my daughter's math book was her social-science text. It has color photos, essays on African tribes and questions such as "What role should zoos play in today's society?" By contrast 7 the Japanese, who ranked third in the international survey, have texts all about math.

My daughter's textbook and others like it were created 8in response to standards developed by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The idea behind the standards is that a "conceptual understanding" of math, not problems and practice, is what matter s9. These standards fail to recognize that the memorization of basic math facts is an important skill and 10 predictor of future success.

IV. Translation

Put the following parts into Chinese.

1. Early 2002, President Bush signed the mammoth No Child Left Behind Act, vowing to free "children trapped in schools that will not change and will not teach". Now, students in 8, 652 chronically Low-performing schools announced by the U. S. Department of Education July 1, 2002 must weigh whether to jump ship in the next few days—while school districts scramble to accommodate thousands of students eligible to seize that option.

2002年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来。2002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学,同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。

2. But the immediate impact for many principals, teachers, and students struggling in the educational trenches is bewilderment—and turmoil. The law, they contend, sets lofty standards without telling school districts how to reach them.

对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。

3. We need to be accountable to our public, but we need to look at all the measurements.

“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。”

4. Schools are deemed deficient if they fail to show "adequate yearly improvement" on state proficiency tests for two years in a row. But there's no federal master list of poor performers that parents can consult. Instead, the government requires states to identify individual laggards and break out scores by race and income. Few have stampeded to publish user-friendly rosters, something the new law also mandates.

一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。

5. "Implementation is going to be messy," acknowledges Under Secretary of Education Eugene Hickok, the former Pennsylvania school chief, adding that states shouldn't profess surprise. Education Secretary Rod Paige has briefed superintendents and spoken nationwide about the reforms. And even if there's not "a whole lot of room for a whole lot of choice" yet in cities like New York or Chicago, says Hickok, "the law's the law."

教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监Eugene Hickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长Rod Paige已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说,即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律”。

6. "It's easy to bail out and hop on someone else's bandwagon," says Wooten. "But we have the potential to be great, just like everyone else in this nation. Why don't we create our own bandwagon?"

Wooten说：“人很容易放弃自我,而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？”

Lesson 3

II. Vocabulary

Read the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.

A. connection

B. exchange

C. fight

D. interaction

2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.

A. calm

B. brave

C. polite

D. mild

3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.

A. betrayed

B. frightened

C. gathered

D. cheated

4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.

A. presently

B. reasonably

C. willingly

D. Reluctantly不情愿的

5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into the street without looking blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.

A. utter

B. conduct

C. make

D. crush

6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless aren't we?"

A. claimed

B. acknowledged

C. proposed

D. muttered

7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program, but his efforts hurt his cause more than they helped. This exasperated 激怒him into heated and undignified arguments.

A. hit

B. beat

C. angered

D. stirred

8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation.

A. negotiate

B. contact

C. impose

D. stimulate

9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.

A. deteriorated

B. changed

C. relieved

D. solved

10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.

A. verified

B. sorted

C. extracted

D. composed

B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.

take a toll on end up pore over slap bully

lose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly

1. Human-made structures also take a toll on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds.

2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool.

3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.

4. We should remember from Mayhew's account that the boots also come in handy for kicking policemen and other traditional foes of the costers.

5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis of his life's work.

6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really furious, I'd just love to slap him on his nasty face."

7. I could tell by the look on his face that something was up.

8. Essential information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly.

9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed in communication.

10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice boy, a bully and rather stupid.

III. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.

New York City has a highly centralized municipal government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .

There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character: the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New York and Connecticut.

Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker, who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.

1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive

2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer

3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense

4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called

5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition D. After all

6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. Granted准予

7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single

8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present

9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary

10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majority

IV. Translation

Put the following parts into Chinese.

1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.

能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。他们能够帮助别人；能够控制局势，并能使情况转危为安。如果一个拳击手挨了第一下就失去了冷静的话，那他最终一定会被打倒在拳台上。

2. Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho, but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down from a fight is so that it doesn't get to that point often.

勇敢地面对强者听上去像是很轻松地叫你去作个男子汉大丈夫，但实际做起来是要付出代价的。在一场拳击中要让恃强凌弱的对手知道你不会倒下的最佳理由之一就是你不轻易倒下。

3. The upper management of TW A incompetently handled the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated by their not telling the truth about what happened.

环球航空公司的上层管理人员没能及时、准确地向遇难者家属通报，更严重的是他们隐瞒了事实的真相。

4. Three months later, Erickson resigned. But that wasn't the point. In a city the size of New York, disasters are inevitable. I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood.

三个月后Erickson 辞职了，但这不是最重要的。在纽约这样的大城市中灾难在所难免，我只是希望今后任何公司遇到灾难时，公司的领导应该明白在灾难发生时，公众希望他们能清楚、诚实并及时地告知事实的真相。在环球航空公司的事件中我没有保持沉默就是想要明确地告诉他们，如果他们把公司的需求放在人民生命损失之上会有什么样的结果。

VOCABULARY ITEMS

1. whup：v. (chiefly used in Southern U.S.) to defeat, e. g. by whipping, striking or beating (whip的变体)(美俚)大胜

2. unruffled：adj. calm; not upset or agitated平静，镇定

3. canvas：n. the floor of a boxing ring拳击场的地板

4. nasty：adj. dirty; unpleasant肮脏的，令人不快的

5. intimidate：v. to frighten esp. in order to force sb. into doing sth.胁迫

6. in-house：adj. originating within an organization, company, etc.内部的

7. jab：n. sudden rough blow or thrust 猛击，猛刺

8. slob：n. unpleasantly dirty and rude person肮脏粗鲁的人

9. bully：a person who uses his strength or power to frighten or hurt those who are weaker恃强凌弱者

10. boom：n. deep hollow sound低沉的声音

11. shinner：n. black eye (跌，打伤的)黑眼圈

12. slap：v. to hit sb. with the flat part of one's hand掴；拍

13. mumble：v. to speak indistinctly 嘟噜

14. begrudgingly：adv. showing unwillingness or dissatis不情愿的

15. darn：adj. used to emphasize how bad, stupid, unfair, etc. sb. or sth. is; damn it该死的

16. licking：n. beating打，鞭打

17. blurt：v. to tell sth. e. g. a secret thoughtlessly脱口说出某事

18. glib：adj. ready and smooth but not sincere圆滑的，口齿流利的

19. macho：n. having the characteristics of man男子汉，大丈夫

20. confrontation：n. an argument, fight, or battle冲突，对抗

21. manifest：n. a detailed list详细名单

22. compile：v. to collect and put together many pieces of information搜集，编制

23. liaise：v. to establish link or connection建立联系contact

24. exasperate：v. to irritate; make anger worse激怒，加深愤怒

25. runaround：n. an indecisive or evasive response借口；躲闪；拖延

26. exacerbate：v. to make pain, disease or situation worse加重，使恶化

27. come in handy：to prove to be useful发现后来有用

28. pore over：to study with close attention仔细研究

29. take a toll on sb.：to bring heavy losses to使遭受损伤

30. be up：to be going on发生了什么事

Lession4

II. Vocabulary

A Read the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. As the year progressed, the war in Vietnam undermined national unity, compelling the president and his advisers to spend much of their time explaining U. S. policy in Asia.

A. weakened

B. stressed

C. broke

D. split

2. The picture was different from all the others. It consisted of a lot of discrete spots of color.

A. mysterious

B. surprising

C. separate

D. bright

3. The preparation for the great military overseas operations entailed months of careful planning and preparation.

A. entitled

B. required

C. provided

D. deprived

4. It was reported that a 19-year-old college student at Berkeley was taken from her apartment. And two days after the abduction a tape recording was sent to a local radio station.

A. burglary

B. murder

C. hijack

D. kidnapping

5. Mott suffers financially and emotionally as his series of delusional get-rich-quick schemes goes bad.

A. expected

B. extravagant

C. dreamed

D. drained

6. Then for a number of African Americans the strategy of the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to appear demeaning and even irrelevant.

A. degrading

B. destining

C. deviating

D. descending

7. The member countries of the organization would act only with the sanction of United Nations.

A. punishment

B. sustenance

C. approval

D. authorization

8. Miracles are instantaneous they cannot be summoned, but come of themselves, usually at unlikely moments and to those who least expect them.

A. evident

B. immediate

C. inevitable

D. hidden

9. The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that the cost to industry of compliance with the new rules could be as high as $ 1 billion a year.

A. following

B. execution

C. accomplishment

D. agreeableness

10. On the basis of the law, the woman's right is absolute and that she is entitled to terminate her pregnancy at whatever time, in whatever way, and for whatever reason she alone chooses.

A. pause

B. complete

C. expire

D. stop

B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Ike each word

or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.

extraterrestrial jurisdiction to be sure pertain to follow suit

a measure of be bound by after all acknowledgment attest to

1. In the U. S. the FBI has the broadest jurisdiction of all federal law enforcement agencies. It is authorized to investigate all federal criminal violations that the United States Congress has not specifically assigned to other federal agencies.

2. Many Scandinavian words were introduced into Old English by the Norsemen, or Vikings, who invaded Britain periodically from the late 8th century on. Introduced first were words pertaining to the sea and battle.

3. At a conference on space exploration, a Moscow astronomer proposed that two intense radio sources might indicate attempts by extraterrestrial creatures to let their presence be known.

4. Little is known of the earliest inhabitants of England. A prehistoric temple found at Stanton Drew in 1997 attest to the early presence of an able people.

5. To be sure, some people may disagree, but that doesn't mean I'm wrong.

6. The first player to the left plays any card, and the rest of the players , follow suit.

7. He has not become rich in business, but he has had a measure of success.

8. The representative of the United Kingdom argued unsuccessfully that such interference would only make negotiations more difficult; he declined to accept them or be bound by them.

9. I know he hasn't finished the work, but, after all, he is a very busy man.

10. The Clinton administration, reversing the policy of the previous Bush administration, supported acknowledgment of the growing North-South division of the world into rich and poor countries.

III. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.

involve resource spouse unconventional universally at the same time complicate furthermore committed illustrate

Marriage is commonly defined as a partnership between two members of opposite sex known as husband and wife. However, scholars who study human culture and society disagree on whether marriage can be universally defined. The usual roles and responsibilities of the husband and wife include living together, having sexual relations only with one another, sharing economic 2 resources and being recognized as the parents of their children. However, 3 unconventional forms of marriage that do not include these elements do exist. For example, scholars have studied several cultural groups in Africa and India in which husbands and wives do not live together. Instead, each 4 spouse remains in his or her original home, and the husband is a "visitor" with sexual rights.

5 Committed relationships between homosexuals (individuals with a sexual orientation toward people of the same sex) also challenge conventional definitions of marriage.

Debates over the definition of marriage 6 illustrate its dual nature as both a public institution and a private, personal relationship. On the one hand, marriage 7involves an emotional and sexual relationship between particular human beings. 8 At the same time marriage is an institution that transcends the particular individuals involved in it and unites two families. In some cultures, marriage connects two families in a 9 complicated set of property exchanges involving land, labor, and other resources. The extended family and society also share an interest in any children the couple may have. 10 Furthermore , the legal and religious definitions of marriage and the laws that surround it usually represent the symbolic expression of core cultural norms (informal behavioral guidelines) and values.

IV. Translation

Put the following parts into Chinese.

1. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute for a ceremony with legal force,

has further undermined the concept of wedlock as a discrete and distinctive state. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon the Adam-and-Eve template.

无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。不管怎样，所有这些打破传统的结合方式一直以来都是建立在亚当一夏娃模式的异性恋基础之上的。

2 While the reports of individual abductions here on Earth for the purpose of reproductive experiments may rightly or wrongly be dismissed as delusional, the intent of the people of Earth to explore the universe in search of extraterrestrial life is a practical reality.

有报告说曾发生过外星人为了做繁衍后代实验而绑架地球人的事件，但不论这些报道是否只是人们的幻觉，地球人探索宇宙寻找外星人却是事实。

3. As evidence, pet cemeteries exist where the last remains of loyal and loving pets have been interred with a measure of dignity and respect equal to that accorded to human relatives and friends.

证据是，有人为宠物修建墓地，埋藏他们忠实的、亲爱的宠物的遗骨，这些宠物就和人的亲友们一样获得尊严和敬意。

4. Why then, one might ask should not an individual choose to affirm the emotional attachment he or she feels for a pet with the formality of a documented ceremony in which the human particular promises to love and honor the animal companion?

尽管忠实于主人的宠物不能用言语表达愿意结成这种关系，但它们的誓言可以从见证宠物与主人间关爱和亲密联系的旁观者那里获得。

5. Though the devoted pet would be unable to verbally acknowledge its willingness to enter into such a relationship, affidavits could be obtained from witnesses attesting to the caring and affectionate bond between pet and owner.

提出异种间婚姻的可能性实际上意味着只要双方因明确的关爱之情和一生不渝的忠诚而休戚相关，那么婚姻作为从社会角度和心理角度被认可的关系就不一定仅仅限于人与人之间。

6. Rather, it is meant to suggest that the concept of marriage as a socially and spiritually sanctioned partnership need not be restricted to humans alone if the partners to the arrangement are bound by a clear sense of loving and lifelong commitment.

毕竟，这种结合不会给无生命物体带来多少法律收益。无论它能给我们增加任何收益，我们都已经拥有了这些物质财产。

7. Few legal benefits, after all, would accrue to inanimate objects from such an arrangement. And whatever benefits would accrue to us, we already have.

实际上，有朝一日，婚姻原本的概念也可能会成为失落的世界中语义学上的一个古董而己。

8. Someday, in fact, the original notion of marriage may seem a semantic artifact of a lost world. VOCABULARY ITEMS

1. communal: adj. of or relating to a commune公社的，团体的

2. cohabitation : n. unmarried people living as married ones同居

3. prelude: n. an introductory performance, event, or action preceding a more important one; a preliminary or preface前奏，序幕

4. undermine: v. to weaken by wearing away a base or foundation削弱，破坏

5. wedlock: n. the state of being married; matrimony结婚生活，婚姻

6. discrete: adj. constituting a separate thing; distinct his不连续的，离散的，个别的

7. heterosexual: adj. sexually oriented to persons of the opposite sex异性的

8. homosexual: adj. of, relating to, or having a sexual orientation to persons of the same sex同性的

9. template: n. ( =templet) a pattern or gauge, such as a thin metal plate with a cut pattern, used as a guide in

making sth. accurately, as in woodworking模板

10. gay: adj. of, relating to, or sharing the lifestyle and concerns of the homosexual community同性恋

11. lesbian: adj. a gay or homosexual woman(女)同性恋的

12. entail: vt. to have, impose, or require as a necessary accompaniment or consequence使必需

13. pertain: v. to have reference; relate有关联，关于，适合

14. guardianship: n. in a state of guarding, watching over, or protecting保护，守护，

15. alien: n. a creature from outer space外侨，外星人

16. abduction: n. carrying off by force; kidnapping诱拐，诱导

17. delusional: adj. of false belief or opinion错觉，幻觉

18, extraterrestrial: adj. originating, located, or occurring outside Earth or its atmosphere

19. inter: vt. to place in a grave or tomb; bury埋葬

20. jurisdiction: n. the right and power to interpret and apply the law司法权，裁判权

21. screen: vt. a system for preliminary appraisal and selection of personnel as to their suitability for particular jobs初选，筛选

22. mistress: n. a woman owner of an animal or a slave女主人

23. verbally: adv. expressing with words口头地

24. affidavit: n. a written declaration made under oath before a notary public or other authorized officer宣誓书

25. attest: vt. to affirm to be correct, true, or genuine证明

26. demean: vt. to debase, as in dignity or social standing贬低

27. sanction: n. authoritative permission or approval that makes a course of action valid批准，认可

28. inanimate: adj. not having the qualities associated with active, living organisms; not animate无活力

29. sexuality: n. the condition of being characterized and distinguished by sex性

30. validate: vt. to declare or make legally valid [律]使有效

31. terminate: vt. to bring to an end or a halt停止

32. monogamous: adj. of the practice or condition of being married to only one person at a time一夫一妻制的

33. acknowledgement: n. the act of admitting or owning to sth.承认

34. instantaneous: adj. occurring or completed without perceptible delay瞬间的

35. compliance: the act of complying with a wish, request, or demand; acquiescence顺从，默许

36. accrue: vi. to come to one as a gain, an addition, or an increment自然增长（产生）

37. semantic: adj. of or relating to meaning, especially meaning in language语义的

38. artifact: n. an object produced or shaped by human craft; a typical product or result人工制品

39. group marriages: 群婚

40. open marriages: 开放式婚姻

41. follow suit: 跟着做

Lesson 5

Science and Technology (->technique)

By Judith Raughman (Editor)

II. Vocabulary

A. Read the following sentences and decide which of the me choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent)

tradesmen.

A. size

B. expansion

C. development

D. termination

2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.

A. practicable

B. sufficient

C. deficient

D. impractical

3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking. [oral presentation]

A. ease [(1)n. feel at ~; (2)to relieve pain]

B. express

C. prevent

D. dispose (get rid of)

4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.

A. influence

B. damage

C. end

D. complicate (a./ vt.)

5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.

A. retain

B. repress (suppress)

C. crash

D. abandon (abundant: a. enough)

6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [be keen on sth.]

A.disheartening (discouraging<->encourage)

B. sympathetic [sym-: same; pathy: feeling

C. harsh (severe)

D. polite [be sympathetic with sb./ sympathize with sb.]

7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).

A. emerged (appeared)

B. continued

C. dominated

D. resumed (restore)

8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).

A. shocking (=surprising)

B. (tolerate->)tolerable

C. uncontrollable [high ~<->low ~]

D. distasteful (disgusting)

9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.

A. small

B. digital

C. concealed (hidden)

D. sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]

10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.

A. disturbing

B. tempting

C. promising

D. offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)

B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.

predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunction

at one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize

1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is — it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!

2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).

3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.

4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.

5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition () partners

manage to (try to) reach a compromise. [win-win situation]

6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.

7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.

8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro]

9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.

10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]

III. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank.

A U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs 1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs 2 engineered to keep their organs from being 3 by humans.

The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is because the organs are 7 .

The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.

1. A. detailed B. denoted (imply) C. desired D. (=devised)

2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially D. essentially

3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected (repel) D. abandoned

4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with

5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such

6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other

7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same) D. unique

8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts (=kind/ category)

9. A. off B. of C. for D. from

10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seek

IV. Translation

Put the following parts into Chinese.

1. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.

20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。

2. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic waste to grocery shopping—genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial

sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise a refrigerator that could sense when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more.

科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案―遗传科技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。

3. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested that human cloning had become viable as well, raising concerns—no longer quite theoretical—that humanity might be moving toward a "brave new world" of genetically engineered people.

1997 年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。

4. While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to such material, attempts to regulate the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant ideas could receive a hearing.

尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但试图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突，在这种媒体中，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也可以发表。

5. Still, some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the diversion of space was no longer as necessary when there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here.

但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。

VOCABULARY ITEMS

1. empowerment: (strength) investing with power, especially legal power or official authority; abuse of power/ drug; superpower [en-: enable: ~sb to do sth. ; possible->impossible]授权

2. demise: n. the end of existence or activity; termination/ death终结

3. usher: v. to precede and introduce; inaugurate宣告，开创

4. digitize: v. to put (data, for example) into digital form; a three-digit number] to be as clever as Chinese programmers将（资料）数字化

5. microbe: n. a minute life form; a microorganism, especially a bacterium (bacteria) that causes disease; micro-: <->macro-: four ~ skills微生物，细菌

6. sludge: a. thick mud 烂泥，淤泥

7. allay: v. to cause sth. to be felt less strongly; to relieve sb/ sb.s pain/ go to sb.s relief/ to rescue sb.减轻，缓和恐惧

8. ethics: n. the study of question about what is morally right, and wrong 伦理学，道德学

9. viable: adj. capable of success or continuing effectiveness; practical/ feasible可行的可望成功的

10. genome: n. (in biology and genetics) the particular number and combination of certain chromosomes necessary to form the single nucleus of a living cell 基因组

11. (encode<->)decode: v. to convert from code into plain text/ plain water/ plain-clothed policemen译码，解码

12. implant: v. to put or insert (a tissue) within the body移植

13. stifle: v. to stop sth. from happening or developing 压制，抑制

14. tinker: v. to make small changes to sth. in order to repair it or make it work better 修理

15. customize: v. to make or alter to individual or personal specification s；customer: n.定做

16.abhorrent: adj. disgusting and hateful, completely unacceptable (because sth. Seem s morally wrong) ;

horror/ terror->horrible/ terrible; terrorist; aboriginal; normal->abnormal令人厌恶的

17. overarching: adj. including or influencing every part of sth.; arc/ arch-: above; bishop->archbishop首要的

18. proprietary: adj. exclusively owned; private 私人的

19. replicate: a to duplicate, copy->copier, reproduce, or repeat;复制，复印

20. malicious: adj. having the nature of or resulting from malice; deliberately harmful; spiteful ; mal-: bad/ wrong; treat->maltreat/ ill-treat 恶意的

21. outlaw: v. to declare (sth.) illegal宣布为违法

22. pornography: n. magazines, films, etc. that show sexual acts and images in a way that is intended to make people feel sexually excited; photography (n.); dirty / blue/ naughty film/ magazine; yellow: ~ page; green page 色情资料

23. repellant: adj. distasteful or very unpleasant; disgusting令人反感的

24. surveillance: n. close observation of a person or group, especially one under (suspect->)suspicion; sur- above/ from above, e.g. surpass 监视

25. malfunction: n. / vt. a fault in the way a machine or computer operates 故障

26. aeronautics: a. the science of designing and flying planes; aero- =air- 航空学

27. tantalizing: adj. making one feel a strong desire to have sth. that one cannot have; attractive 逗引的

28. extraterrestrial: adj. originating, located, or occurring outside Earth or its atmosphere; extra pay for extra work 地球外的

29. meteor: a piece of rock or metal that floats in space, and makes a bright lighting in the night sky when it falls through the Earths (atom->)atmosphere 流星

30. Mars: (Marsian: a.) n. the planet in the solar system that is fourth in order from the sun, is nearest to the Earth, and is a red color; Mars Square 火星

31. nanotechnology: n. the science of making or working with things that are so small that they can only be seen using a powerful microscope 纳米技术

32. fullerene: n. any of a class of carbon molecules in which the carbon atoms are arranged into 12 pentagonal faces and 2 or more hexagonal faces to form a hollow sphere, cylinder, or similar figure

33. usher in: to be the start of sth. new; lead 开始，开创

34. at one’s fingertips: at hand, ready to use conveniently; be thoroughly familiar 近在手边，随时可用

35. plug in to: connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity, or to another piece of electrical equipment; plug<-> socket 插上电源，接入

36. fool round with: to behave in a careless and irresponsible way; fool: vt.

37. hock into: to secretly find a way to get into the information on sb. else's computer system in order to use or change it; hack

38. wreak havoc: to bring about; cause a situation in which there is a lot of confusion or damage; make a mess of sth.

39. receive a hearing: to get the chance to voice one's idea or defense; get public attention or assessment (=evaluation)

40. spy on: to act as a spy on; watch secretly

41. turn of the century: beginning of a century

Lesson 6

II. V ocabulary

A. Read the following sentences and decide winch of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).

A. complicated

B. unavoidable

C. customary

D. incomprehensible

2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and)

a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.

A. immense

B. fascinating (attractive)

C. magnificent (great/ noble)

D. enchanting (attractive)

3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).

A. sponsors(vt./n.)

B. supporters

C. advocators

D. (advise->advice) advisors

4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country (Churchill: iron-curtain country).

A. negative

B. (astro-/ aster-:星象) disastrous

C. official(a./n.)

D. reliable

5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.

A. dipped

B. pressed

C. forced

D. pushed

6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.

A. dissolve(->solvent)

B. upraise (bring up)

C. surpass

D. depress (->suppress)

7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.

A. indifferent

B. resentful

C. unvalued

D. (dignity->)indignant (->angry)

8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]

A. failure

B. transition

C. (lose->lost->)loss

D. depression [the Great Depression]

9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]

A. miserable

B. hard (=difficult)

C. unbearable

D. harsh(=severe)

10. Modern and implicit (<->explicit) censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.

A. released

B. arrested

C. retarded (->retardant)

D. prohibited [pro-: (1)officially; (2)forward]

B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.

in control of within the framework variables it turns out on paper

take away from once in a while trade... for make sense take heart

1. The most famous (<->eminent) private boarding schools are open to the public on paper, but in reality are attended by those who can afford (=pay for) the fees (->fare). [(1)boarder房客/border; (2) 边界]

2. She loved her dog so much that after years of its death she still thinks of it once in a while (now and then/ occasionally).

3. An (equal: a./ vi.~to sth.) equation is said to be satisfied for certain values of the variables if the expression on the left side of the equation is equal to that on the right side. (->equator)

4. The Commission (->committee) was to formulate plans for establishing an international control organ (organization) within the framework of the Security Council. [city council]

5. He lost his confidence after he lost the first two (try->) trials, but his coach told him to take heart (<->lose one’s heart), so that he could win at last.

6. His (refuse->)refusal to accept the prize does not takes away from his success in writing it.

7. The presentation of his paper (oral presentation) was highly praised, but it turned out that the paper was copied from the Internet. [think great/ much of sb./ think highly of sb.<->think little of sb./ look down upon sb.; Turn out: (1)The police turned out to the site of the crime; (2)The produce or product the factory/the farm turned out; (3) It has been proved that…;]

8. Maria has read it for four times, but the letter still doesn't make sense to her. [She doesn’t understand it; French: It’s Chinese.是天书].

9. Susan was in control of (in charge of sth.) the meeting, and after singing and prayer (n.) she introduced a strange friend from America (the US/the U.S.).

10. The early (settle: vi./vt.) settlers (settlement) traded copper for corn from natives. [to settle in somewhere/ ~ an argument][scorn=look down (up)on sb.]

IV. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the

right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.

supposed to be unless all too often which external

thoroughly that on the other hand in return ironically

Although, as we have seen, people generally long (vt.,want/ desire) to leave their places of work and get home, ready (=willing) to put their hard-earned free time to good use (n.), 1 all too often (frequently) they have no idea (=don’t kno w) what to do there (home). 2 Ironically , jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like (pre.) flow (happy) activities they (work) have built-in (内建，内在) goals, feedback, rules and challenges, all of 3 which encourage one (anybody/ worker) to become involved (join) in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself (be absorbed) in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand (on the contrary), is unstructured (unorganized), and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something (meaningful) that can be enjoyed. Hobbies that demand skill, habits that set goals and limits, personal interests (tastes), and especially inner discipline(n./vt.), help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5 supposed to (should) be chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole (in general), people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure even more 6 thoroughly (completely) than they do with working time. It is in the improvident (unwise/ wasteful) use of our leisure time, I suspect (think), 7 that the greatest wastes of American life occur. [tourism and recreation industry] Mass leisure, mass culture, arid (meaningless) even high culture when only (they are) attended to (actively<->) passively and for 8 external Reasons — such as the wish to display (show) one's status — are

parasites (寄生虫) of the mind. They absorb (=exhaust) psychic energy without providing substantive (considerable) strength (energy) 9 in return. They leave (=make) us more exhausted, more disheartened (depressed) than we were before. 10 Unless a person takes charge (control) of them, both work and free time are likely (possible) to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities —especially those involving the passive consumption of mass media — are not designed (intended) to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work. [attend: (1)vt.~ a meeting/ a class; (2)vi. ~to sb.; attendant服务员]

IV. Translation

Put the following party into Chinese.

1. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs, says that distinction is a false one. "Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are present," he writes in his book Good Business. "Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment than one ever thought possible."

米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。他发明了“强感受” (flow)这个说法, 信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道: “只要存在强感受因素, 任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这一观点, 从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。”

2. But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent bust had much impact in either direction, indicating that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings of the economy.

但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊, 这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。

3. Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker in a law firm six years ago. She has more time and flexibility but feels stifled by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. "I am a misfit in that department," she says. "No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad atmosphere at work, it takes away from it."

41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理, 虽然工作压力大, 但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作, 到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了, 自由度也大了, 但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑, 也得不到老板的赏识。她说: “我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意, 如果工作单位氛围不好, 个人生活就会大受影响。”

4. In fact, engagement at work is less a function of your personality than is happiness in general. Harter estimates that individual disposition accounts for only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.

事实上, 对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然, 不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。哈特认为, 对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异, 员工的个性只起30%的作用, 其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。

5. Until recently, businesspeople would dismiss employee well-being as "outside their domain and kind of fringe-ish”, says Thomas Wright, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno.

内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说, 直到不久前, 企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题, 认为这“不属于他们关心的范围, 和他们的职责范围相去甚远”

6. But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings were inconsistent. Broader measures of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.

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Lesson 1 II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese. 1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. 因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。 2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion. 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界里，主要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播，这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3.By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat. 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做是很安全的，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么大的威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如庞大的交流网络、发达的文字与传媒体系以及强大的文化教育设施。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. 这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。

研究生英语系列教材综合教程课文翻译

研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译 Unit 1 核心员工的特征 1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit 4 爱和情感连系 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8

Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。

研究生英语阅读教程(提高版)课后翻译(带原文)

Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。

研究生英语课文翻译

Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族

研究生英语阅读答案

Unit 1 Genetically Modified Foods—Feed the World? (2)Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there (3)to have no access to the health service (4)an important role in prospering and developing (5)a depression in yield and a reduction in quality (6)could have made a good salary (7)We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much. (8)The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood. (9)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastating consequences to all people of the world. (10)T his University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over 2.3 million volumes. It supports the University’s research and teaching across a full range of subjects, and provides information about the Library’s collections and services in each subject area. (11)T he recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening the economic gap between the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets. (12)C hina's government declared two strains of genetically modified rice safe to produce and consume, taking a major step toward endorsing the use of biotechnology in the staple food crop of billions of people in Asia. China is the world's top producer and consumer of rice, so its use of modified varieties has the potential to alter the grain's global supply patterns. China's officials have been less constrained by public pressure over the sometimes-controversial use of biotechnology in food than officials in other countries. The government has long supported research into agricultural biotechnology as part of a drive to ensure the nation remains self-sufficient in staple crops. IV. Cloze 1. species 2. predictable 3. unrelated 4. different 5. into 6. produce 7. seeing 8. also 9. obvious 10. inserted 11. nobody 12. approved 13. apparently 14. humans 15. risks Unit 2 The Biology of Skin Color: Black and White (2)He was not severely punished for his crime (3)advance our knowledge of the HIV virus. (4)when taken according to the instruction (5)to have no access to the health service (6)He has some vague ideas about what to do