英译汉和汉译英翻译实践报告
目录
目录 (i)
第一部分英译汉 A Red Sweater翻译实践报告 (1)
第二部分英译汉参考文献 (5)
第三部分汉译英《华威先生》翻译实践报告 (6)
第四部分汉译英参考文献 (9)
附录 (10)
1、英译汉原文A Red Sweater (10)
2、英译汉译文《红毛衣》 (17)
3、汉译英原文《华威先生》 (24)
4、汉译英译文Mr Hua Wei (29)
A Red Sweater翻译实践报告
A Report on Translation of A Red Sweater
摘要: 在华裔美国文学中，小说家伍慧明的这部《红毛衣》深受众多读者的喜爱，作者通过描写一个家庭中两代人不同的经历，展示了在美国社会中，华人是如何努力争取实现自己的梦想。作者以独特的角度观察和描写两代人的相同与不同之处，展现美籍华人的心路历程。该报告基于笔者A Red Sweater的翻译实践，旨在通过提出自己在翻译中遇到的困难及该注意的方面，对其翻译中的问题的处理进行了描述，最后得出一些译文的反思与总结，对原文有了更好的理解的同时进一步地提升自己的译文。
关键词：年轻的一代；年老的一代；美籍华人；美国文化
Abstract:In Chinese American literature, A Red Sweater written by the novelist Wu Huimin is popular with readers. The translator shows how Chinese strive to realize their dreams in American society by describing the different experiences of two generations in a family. The translator observes and describes the similarities and differences between the two generations from a unique perspective, and shows the psychological course of Chinese Americans. Based on this translation practice, the report aims to describe the solutions in her translation by proposing the difficulties and she encountered and the aspects she should pay attention to. At last, the translator draws some reflections and summaries of her translation, so as to has a better understanding of the original text and further improve his own translation.
Key words: The younger generation, the older generation, Chinese Americans, American culture,
1.任务的描述
本次翻译的实践内容是一篇英译中的短片小说A Red Sweater《红毛衣》，1一共3860个字符。故事主要描述的是一个美籍华人家庭的生活状态。两姐妹在唐人街的餐馆见面，谈论父母、她们自己以及过去的生活。聊到家常时，妹妹想到自己堕胎之事父母的不理解，同时又回忆起父母对自己的爱。通过本次的翻译实践，针对实践中遇到的翻译问题给出案例分析，阐述自己的处理方式，探讨更好的解决方案，进一步完善自己的译文。
2.译前准备
2.1 作者简介
伍慧明(Fae Myenne Ng)是美国新生代作家群的代表人物，她于1956年出生于旧金山的唐人街，是典型的第二代移民。大学毕业后，她利用业余时间完成了处女作《骨》。《骨》发表于1993年，此书不仅获得了福克纳小说奖提名，还被收录到“手推车奖文选”。处女作小说《骨》获得巨大成功，A Red Sweater中也出现了“骨”这个意像。她的母亲在A Red Sweater中，每次都要吮孩子们吃剩的鸽子“骨”，“骨”反映了父母这一代移民在美国生活的艰辛。伍慧明这一代美国移民的孩子，亲眼见证了中国移民在美国社会被边缘化，难以进入美国主流社会，却仍然努力实现梦想的现状。 2008年，她又出版了第二部长篇小说《望岩》，这部小说也是受到国内外评论者和读者的赞誉，荣获了美国的图书大奖。
2.2 文本分析
小说的篇幅较短，对话形式占主导，情节简洁，人物集中。整篇文章的基调，笔者认为是忧郁的。这种基调与作家本人的生活经历有着紧密的关系。作者在文章中的字里行间是有体现的。比如，谈到自己的父母认为自己未婚先孕堕胎的事，她在原文中用到这样的句子来形容自己的感受“They made me feel like dirt, that I was a disgrace.”由此，译者也能深刻地感受到原作者的情感。
3.译中
在动笔者翻译之前，笔者通读了全文，感觉原作者应该是一位华裔作家，因为从整体的用词方面，语言结构一直延生到一些思维上的问题，在某种程度上，显得有点贴近中国人表达英文的感觉，没有特别的欧化语言。可能还是受到母语的影响，使得文章的整体语言通俗易懂，靠近中文目标读者的接受思维和阅读模式。通读了全文但是对原文内容有多处不太理解，直到查阅了作者及小说创作背景后，才慢慢领会到原文的真正含义。以下就是笔者就其自身在翻译中所需注意的方面及所遇翻译问题的处理进行详细的描述。
在翻译的过程中，译者需要注意的两大的方面：1.视角的问题；2.情节的问题。首先是叙述视角的问题。简单的说，“叙述视角”是“指叙述时观察故事的角度”。也可以说，叙述视角其实就是指如何讲故事。按人称可以分为第一人称、第二人称、第三人称叙述视视角；按视域范围程度，又有全知型、参与者型、旁观者型、听众型等几种。本文主要是以第一人称和第三人称交叉来叙述。作者是这个故事的参与者她以第一人称来叙述故事。比如文中第四段，讲到家里的情况，家里是三个女孩子，生来生去，都是女儿。这个按中国的标准来看，有点晦气。作者在文章开头就开始大篇章的使用第一人称来叙述，所以译者在翻译的过程中要多加注意译文的遣词造句和感情色彩以及所要传达的信息的完整。比如
“Now, I try to make up for it, but the folks still won’t see me, but I try to keep in touch with th em through Lisa. ”在翻译的过程中不仅要揣摩作者的态度同时也要有篇章意识。因为这里为什么作者先表达出一种无奈之感，这是跟前后文的内容有关系。上文讲述了家里的情况，大姐至今未嫁，二姐早年纵身跳楼致死，当时家里整个状态是支离破碎的，作者却选择了离开，于是现在想好好的弥补整个家，但是家人都不接受，作者只能通过姐姐莉莎来了解家人。这里就不能直译，要结合上文的背景知识，注意用词得当，以及表达的内容要完整。所有我就处理成“现在，我试图努力去弥补过去，但家人仍不愿见我，我只好通过姐姐莉莎来了解他们的情况。”
以第一人称叙事的角度，在某种程度上作者自己对父母的态度也是显然易见的。比如文中有一段的叙述是关于大姐有份好工作的，然而父母的举止行为。“They tell everybody, “Yes, our Number One makes good pay, but that’s not even counting the discount. ”我译成“他们见到谁都说一下，我们大女儿的工作很好，工资待遇都不错，外加津贴。”短短的三句话就把中国传统父母的那种“好面子”的性格特点展现的活灵活现。这里的作者态度笔者推测不是抱怨，厌恶，只是为了凸显他们的人物性格。在文中后部分的时候我也读到了作者对父母从小给予她们的那种“爱”，通过回忆的方式与前文对父母的看法形成一个对比。其实，我们大多数的人对于父母的爱都是又爱又恨，恨的是他们有时候的不理解，爱的是他们全心全意地照顾我们。尤其是后面作者谈到鸽子肉的时候，对母亲自己舍不得
吃这么好的食材，把最好的都留给我们-------这种母爱的称赞（感动）。
文中作者在对话中也用“她，”的称呼来叙述故事，这里主要是针对姐姐莉莎与作者吃饭时的面部表情以及动作的描写。比如“Her lips make a contorting line; her face looks sour.”这里肯定不能生硬地译成“她的嘴唇在做一条控制线”，这显然不对。这里就要翻译就要做到具体化，嘴唇怎么能控制呢，只能将它的画面感跟现实中的情景联系起来，具体到一我们常见的动作上去。于是，我就将其处理成“姐姐抿了抿嘴唇，”后面的“sour”也不能直译要意译，所以在这里我就译成“没精打采的”，或者“脸色不太好”等之类的意思，使之更符合目标读者的用语习惯。
其次是情节。情节不是原事态的经历，而是使经历转化到话语叙述形态之中。情节的范畴可以大到谋篇布局的宏观组织，也可以小到单个句子的微观调整。把握小说话语，尤其是句子话语层面上的情节因素，这点很重要。同一个信息可以有种叙述方式，但每种叙述方式所产生的阅读效应是不相同的。比如，“We laugh. It makes us feel like children again”，这里不能直译成这件事让我们感觉我们还是小孩”，要考虑到整个文章的内容，这句话在这里指的是《我爱露西》这个电视让我们仿佛又回到了童年这个意思，像这种类型的例子文中还有很多很多。
另外，在这次翻译的过程中，对于一些小词的处理笔者也是花费了心思。比如，formica, Bok chog, well-bed等等这些词。我是通过将原文放在维基百科礼查询其大意之后，再将原文放在百度度图片里加一些范畴词进去一起搜索得出的参考译文。比如，bok chog它就是我们中国人经常吃的卷心菜，大白菜；然后well-bed不是什么挂在墙壁上的床，它指的是隐形床。formica也是，指的是一种抗热的塑料贴面板。还有酒牌子的翻译，比如文中出现多次的Johnny Walker.尊尼获加（英语：Johnnie Walker）又译翰尼·沃克，是世界著名的苏格兰威士忌品牌；Seagrams7，它是加拿大的一种威士忌酒——西格伦姆斯。在文中，出现频率也是很高的“Mah and Deh”，通过快速阅读该文章时候我就有意识注意到了这里其实不是指哪两个人，其实就是指的是母亲和父亲。英文里是没有这两个单词的，这里是指作者对家人的一种称呼。
除此之外，文中有两处是笔者觉得比较难措词的地方(1)another who-cares-where (2)Hung toh-vee-foo-won-tun前者我结合前后文的意思，我就处理成了远走高飞或者是毅然离开的意思。作者的母亲在小说里将三姐妹分了类，笔者根据文章意思推断就是指的原作者当时离开了家这个意思；而后者的处理，笔者暂时没有想到更为合适的措词，既能紧贴故事内容，又能符合对话的语言风格。
最后一点，小说A Red Sweater名字的翻译，正常情况下我们都是译成一件红色的毛衣。但是中英文的差异，就好像我们之前在文学翻译课上做过一篇萧红《当铺》的翻译，在中文中，我们没有冠词的概念，但是在英文中它就很重视这点。我们当时翻译《当铺》的时候，直接是译成“Pawnshop”，这是不对的，应该译成“The Pawnshop”才对。同样道理，在这篇小说中，我们应该把名字译成“红毛衣”比较符合小说的文本特点，名字听起来，主题明确富有故事性。
4.译后反思
翻译完此次任务后，笔者又重新倒回来看自己的译文，发现要想将这篇小说的内容
理解正确的前提就是得了解作者的背景及小说的写作背景，才能对原文的理解更加透彻，而不是拿着翻译材料就开始翻。这类小说，不仅仅是翻译字面上的意思，还要注意小说的写作背景和作者的思想情感等等。总的来说，我觉得翻译真的是一门让人时而绝望时而又充满希望的艺术。每经历过一次实践，都会有很大的收获和感悟。像英译汉小说这种题材的翻译，对英文原文的准确理解是翻译的第一步。形象地说，这一步就像是“踩点”，一定要踩得准、踩得到位，只有这样才能为下一步转换成中文打好基础。第二步就是用地道的中文表达原文的含义。这对译者的中文功底是一个十足的考验，尤其是小说这样的文学作品翻译。译者平时除了大量的翻译实践练习之之外，还应反复地思考和总结自己的翻译，课余的时间还需进行课外阅读，学会多积累一些用词素材，这样才有可能提高自己的翻译能力。俗话说，翻译能力非聚沙成塔、集腋成裘之功，不能成矣！我深信，日复一日，只要译者秉持初心、奋斗不息，定能厚积薄发。
参考文献
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[7]温秀颖,聂影影.叙事学视角下人物话语表达方式翻译研究——以《金瓶梅》两个英译本为例[J].天津外国语大学学报,2015,22(05):23-27.
[8]夏云.叙事虚构小说视角的文体学研究[D].曲阜师范大学,2001.
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《华威先生》翻译实践报告
A Report on Translation of Mr Hua Wei
摘要：中国现代著名作家张天翼的短篇小说《华威先生》，写于抗日时期，当时前方战事紧张，而后方的华威先生，也在天天忙碌着为抗战做“贡献“，他只不过是想把各个组织的权利抓到手罢了，作者巧用漫画式、夸张、以及对比写作的手法，刻画了一个自命不凡的国民党官僚形象，同时也讽刺了当时的国民党顽固派。该报告基于笔者《华威先生》的翻译实践，旨在通过提出自己在翻译中遇到的困难及该注意的方面，对其翻译中的问题的处理进行了描述，最后得出一些心得体会，为笔者下一次翻译此类型题材打下基础。
关键词：《华威先生》、抗战时期、漫画式
Abstract: Mr. Hua Wei, a short story written by Zhang Tianyi, a famous modern Chinese writer, was written during the Anti-Japanese War. At that time, the war ahead was tense, while Mr. Hua Wei in the rear was busy making "contributions" to the war. He just wanted to seize the rights of various organizations. The author used caricature, exaggeration and comparative writing to portray a pretentious and bureaucratic Kuomintang image and satirize the Kuomintang’s die-hards. Based on the translation practice of "Mr. Hua Wei", the report aims to describe the problems in his translation by proposing the difficulties she encountered in translation and the aspects she should pay attention to. Finally, some experiences are obtained, which will lay a foundation for her to translate this type of theme next time.
Key words: Mr. Hua Wei, Caricature, Anti-Japanese War
1.任务的描述
本次翻译的实践内容是一篇中译英的短片小说《华威先生》Mr.Hua Wei，共有44080个字符，其中包含了小说前上面出现的一小段有关作者简介的翻译。这篇小说是作家张天翼于1938年发表的一篇短篇小说。作者主要通过对华威先生匆匆忙忙以相同的方式，相同的发言，出席各种各样的会议，对各种组织进行所谓的“领导”的描写，讽刺了只对限制和控制抗日工作的“领导”感兴趣，而对加强和促进抗日的实际工作不感兴趣的国民党政客。同时，小说也满腔热情地写出了与这种“领导”相对应的人民群众的抗日要求与力量。通过本次的翻译实践，针对实践中遇到的翻译问题给出案例分析，阐述自己的处理方式，最后得出一些心得体会，为自己下一次翻译此类型题材打下基础。
2.译前准备
2.1 作者简介
张天翼，原名元定，祖籍湖南湘乡，出生于南京。中国著名的现代小说家和作家、文学家、儿童文学作家。他善用轻松明快的笔调，讽刺与幽默的手法暴露和讽刺生活中的庸俗、可笑和罪恶。是左联时期涌现出来的现实主义讽作家。代表作有《大林与小林》、《宝葫芦的秘密》等。《华威先生》发表于1938年4月16日。
2.2 文本分析
我们一般在阅读小说的时候都会发现，故事有开端、发展、高潮等等，但是这篇小说最大的特点就是没有这些完整的故事情节。甚至是连华威先生的年龄、籍贯、生平都不曾
交代。尽管如此，我还是能够在阅读后活生生地捕捉到他典型性格特征。这就是我不得不称赞的“漫画式写作手法”也可以称它为“漫画式人物速写”。作者以漫画家的夸张手法，粗线条地勾勒出几幅富有讽刺意味的典型人物活动剪影，凸现人物的本质。就比如作者写了华威先生赴了三个会和为两个会居然没有邀请他而大发其火的场面。总共就五个小小的人生片段，就像漫画家东涂一笔，西抹一下，一个官僚型的文化人的形象便奇迹般构成了。
3.译中
以下就是笔者就其自身在翻译中所需注意的方面及所遇翻译问题的处理进行详细的描述。
3.1作品名的翻译
首先是作者简介里的作品名的翻译。像这种涉及到很专业性的翻译，一般不能直接凭着自己的感觉直译，必须去查实这些书名的对应英文名字，这是作为译者最基本的职业素质。比如像文中出现的长篇小所《鬼土日记》，不能直接译成Diary of Ghost Land. 虽然我在网上查了半天也没查来这本书的英文版的书籍名字或者是有关的英文版的介绍，但我后来使用CNKI翻译助手来查找，找到了这本书名的相关权威例子，所以我译成The Diary of Hall. 除了这种搜素方法以外，我还用一些卖书的网站找到相对应时期该书出版的英文版的书名。比如儿童文学作品《宝葫芦的秘密》，我在一个名叫“孔夫子”的而搜卖书网站上找着了这本书的英文版。但我发现有好几个不同的英译本，我是以作者创作这本书的时间为据，选了其种年代相符合的一本，译文名字为The magic gourd，从表面上看，书名中并没有包含“秘密”这个词，猜想译者肯定是经过仔细品读后就其故事的内容而得出这个书名的翻译。说到书名的翻译，对于本次小说书名《华威先生》的翻译处理，我一开始边看边翻译的时候暂时把它翻译成Mr Hua Wei, 当我把把小说内容全部翻译完时，我突然就想能不能翻译成The Contradictory Mr Hua Wei, 这只是我自己个人的一个想法。因为阅读完整个故事，给我留下最深刻的印象就是他是个很矛盾的，说的是一套做的却又是另一套所以我在尝试能不能从故事内容或者是人物性格等方面上对小说书名的翻译进行近一步地完善。这样做的目的还是为了引起读者的兴趣。假设猜想读者读到这样一个名字，他（她）肯定就会事先猜想为什么说这个华威是个矛盾的人呢？他怎么矛盾了呢？这样就可以引出下文。
3.2词汇层面
3.2.1三大类词
①个别词的意译②象声词③量词④专有名词第一种对于个别的翻译，我采用了意译的翻译方法。比如文中开头处出现的“交涉”，仔细品读小说之后你会发现这的交涉并不是说华威先生与作者相互协商以便对某事得出来解决办法，就不能直接翻译成negotiation之类的；相反，我认为就只是指跟作者谈谈，说了一说自己的想法这种程度。所以我就只用了‘talk’这个词。比如，紧接着出现的“畅畅快快”，我将其理解成“畅所欲言”的意思，即痛痛快快地说出想说的话，大胆地交流。所以我将其意译成‘talk quite naturally’；又比如文中的“要是上面没有一个领导中心，往往要弄得不可收拾”，这里的“不可收拾”，我理解为如果没有人来领导的话，那么这项工作就不能完成，或者是就不能有效地完成这项任务。所以我意译为‘finish work effectively’. 第二种，文中出现了一
小部分的象声词，比如：“叮当”，译成‘ting’; “哇啦哇啦”，译成‘speaking loudly’；第三种数词的处理。“抽了两口雪茄”，“两口烟”这里出现的两口，在文中还不止两次。我没有直接翻译成‘twice’,而是前者处理成‘smoking a while’，后者处理成‘puffed twice’. 第四种有关专有名词的翻译。小说中出现的一些有关会议或组织的名字，都应该经过网上核实才行。比如：“工人抗战工作协会”，“通俗文艺研究会”，“文化界抗敌总会”等等，这些会议的名字都不应随意按照字面翻译，许得上网查找有关会议的官方介绍。
3.3句子层面
比如文中的“我的意见很简单，只有两点，”他舔舔嘴唇。“第一点，就是——每个工作人员不能够怠工。而是相反，要加紧工作。”这里，我采用的合并法，我把主要意思表达出即可。并怠工的意思就是要抓紧时间工作，所以我就处理成‘My idea is simple with the following two points. He licked his lips. First, every employee must work hard.’又比如文中的“你能不能够对我担保——你们会内没有汉奸，没有不良分子？你能不能担保——你们以后工作不至于错误，不至于怠工？你能不能担保，你能不能？”这属于典型的排比句，我在翻译的时候并没有用提取公因式的翻译方法来翻译，而是采取了尊重原文的形式。连用上排比，把华威先生的人物形象特征形象地呈现出。
此外，我觉得在做这次翻译实践的过程中还应值得注意的是“时态”的问题。文中有很多的对话、场景和人物动作的描写，有的地方用一般现在时，有的地方用将来时等这些都要视具体的内容而定。还有就是背景知识的注释，因为从传播学和目的论角度来说，作为译者我们是将自己国家的文学著作传入到外国去，对于很多涉及到历史文化背景的东西外国友人不是很了解，所以译后我在写翻译报告的时候才想到这个问题。
4.译后反思
虽说我们做笔译的工作，重点是放在翻译上面，但是通过这次的翻译实践我倒学会了不少有关小说写作手法方面的理论知识，这也是为了更好地理解原文的意思，掌握说话人的情感世界和意图，才能译出更贴近原文，传递作者思想情感的译文。学习翻译是需要实践的，但不是盲目的实践，而是动脑的实践。也就是在翻译前和翻译后都需要动脑去反思和总结。翻译学习“路漫漫其修远兮”，只有沉下心思，苦学苦练，才能做成一个合格的译者。
参考文献
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[4]李可. 先锋派小说英译管窥——以余华作品为例[J].当代外语研究,2013(04):42-46+78.
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附录
附录1：英译汉原文
A Red Sweater
Fae Myenne Ng
I chose red for my sister. Fierce, dark red. Made in Hong Kong.
Hand Wash Only because it’s got that skin of fuzz. She’ll look happy. That’s good. Everything’s perfect, for a minute. That seems enough.
Red. For Good Luck. Of course. This fire-red sweater is swollen with good cheer. Wear it, I will tell her. You'll look lucky.
We're a family of three girls. By Chinese standards, that’s not lucky. “Too bad,” outsiders whisper, “. . . nothing but daughters. A failed family.”
First, Middle, and End girl. Our order of birth marked us. That came to tell more than our given names.
FAE MYENNE NG made a stunning debut with her novel Bone. Born in San Francisco and raised in Chinatown, she attended the University of California, Berkeley, and Co- lumbia University. Her award-winning stories have appeared in Harper’s magazine, The American V oice, the Pushcart Prize Anthology, the City Lights Review, Home to Stay: Asian American Women’s Fiction, and other publications. My eldest sister, Lisa, lives at home. She quit San Francisco State, one semester short of a psychology degree. One day she said, “Forget about it, I’m tired.” She’s working full time at Pacific Tel ephone now. Nine hundred a month with benefits. Mah and Deh think it’s a great deal. They tell everybody, “Yes, our Number One makes good pay, but that’s not even counting the discount. If we call Hong Kong, China even, there’s forty percent off!” As if an yone in their part of China had a telephone.
Number Two, the in-between, jumped off the ‘M’ floor three years ago. Not true! What happened? Why? Too sad! All we say about that is, “It was her choice.”
We sent Mah to Hong Kong. When she left Hong Kong thirty years ago, she was the envy of all: “Lucky girl! You'll never have to work.” To marry a sojourner was to have a future. Thirty years in the land of gold and good fortune, and then she returned to tell the story: three daughters, one dead, one unmarried, another who-cares-where, the thirty years in sweatshops, and the prince of the Golden Mountain turned into a toad. I’m glad I didn’t have to go with her.
I felt her shame and regret. To return, seeking solace and comfort, instead of offering banquets and stories of the good life.
I’m the youngest. I started flying with Pan Am the year Mah re- turned to Hong Kong, so I got her a good discount. She thought I was good for something then. But when she returned, I was pregnant.
“Get an abortion,” she said. “Drop the baby,” she screamed.
“No.”
“Then get married.”
“No. I don’t want to.”
I was going to get an abortion all along. I just didn’t like the way they talked about the whole thing. They made me feel like dirt, that I was a disgrace. Now I can see how I used it as
an opportunity. Some- times I wonder if there wasn’t another way. Everything about those years was so steamy and angry. There didn’t seem to be any answers.
“I have no eyes for you,” Mah said.
“Don’t call us,” Deh said. They wouldn’t talk to me. They ranted idioms to each-other for days. The apartment was filled with images and curses I couldn’t per- ceive. I got the general idea: I was a rotten, no-good, dead thing. I would die in a gutter without rice in my belly. My spirit—if I had one—wouldn’t be fed. I wouldn’t see good days in this life or the next.
My parents always had a special way of saying things.
Now I’m based in Honolulu. When our middle sister jumped, she kind of closed the world. The family just sort of fell apart. I left. Now, I try to make up for it, but the folks still won’t see me, but I try to keep in touch with them through Lisa. Flying cuts up your life, hits hardest during the holidays. I’m always sensitive then. I feel like I’m missing something, that people are doing something r eally important while I’m up in the sky, flying through time zones.
So I like to see Lisa around the beginning of the year. January, New Year’s, and February, New Year’s again, double luckiness with our birthdays in between. With so much going on, there’s always some- thing to talk about.
“You pick the place this year,” I tell her.
“Around here?”
“No,” I say. ‘Around here’ means the food is good and the living hard. You eat a steaming rice plate, and then you feel like rushing home to sew garments or assemble radio parts or something. We eat together only once a year, so I feel we should splurge. Besides, at the Chinatown places, you have nothing to talk about except the bare issues. In American restaurants, the atmosphere helps you along. I want nice light and a view and handsome waiters.
“Let’s go somewhere with a view,” I say.
We decide to go to FOLLOWING SEA, a new place on the Pier 39 track. We’re early, the restaurant isn’t crowded. It’s been clear all day, so I think the sunset will be nice. I ask for a window table. I turn to talk to my sister, but she’s already talking to a waiter. He’s got that dark island tone that she likes. He’s looking her up and down. My sister does not blink at it. She holds his look and orders two Johnny Walkers. I pick up a fork, turn it around in my hand. I seldom use chopsticks now. At home, I eat my rice in a plate, with a fork. The only chopsticks I own, I wear in my hair: For a moment, I feel strange sitting here at this unfamiliar table. I don’t know this tablecloth, this linen, these candles. Everything seems foreign. It feels like we should be different people. But each time I look up, she’s the same. I know this person. She’s my sister. We sat together with chopsticks, mis- matched bowls, braids, and braces, across the formica tabletop.
“I like three pronged forks,” I say, pressing my thumb against the sharp points.
My sister rolls her eyes. She lights a cigarette.
I ask for one.
I finally say, “So, what’s new?”
“Not much.” Her voice is sullen. She doesn’t look at me. Once a year, I come in, asking questions. She’s got the answers, but she hates them. For me, I think she’s got the peace of heart, knowing that she’s done her share for Mah and Deh. She thinks I have the peace, not caring. Her life is full of questions, too, but I have no answers.
I look around the restaurant. The sunset is not spectacular and we don’t comment on it. The waiters are lighting candles. Ours is bringing the drinks. He stops very close to my sister, seems to breathe her in. She raises her face toward him. “Ready?” he asks. My sister orders for us. The waiter struts off.
“Tight ass,” I say.
“The best,” she says.
My scotch tastes good. It reminds me of Deh. Johnny Walker or Seagrams 7, that’s what they served at Chinese banquets. Nine courses and a bottle. No ice. We learned to drink it Chinese style, in teacups. Deh drank from his rice bowl, sipping it like hot soup. By the end of the meal, he took it like cool tea, in bold mouthfuls. We sat watching, our teacups of scotch in our laps, his three giggly girls.
Relaxed, I’m thinking there’s a connection. Johnny Walker then and Johnny Walker now. I ask for another cigarette and this one I enjoy. Now my Johnny Walker pops with ice. I twirl the glass to make the ice tinkle.
We clink glasses. Three times for good luck. She giggles. I feel better.
“Nice sweater,” I say.
“Michael Owyang,” she says. She laughs. The light from the candle makes her eyes shimmer. She’s got Mah’s eyes. Eyes that make you want to talk. Lisa is reed-thin and tall. She’s got a body that clothes look good on. My sister slips something on and it wraps her like skin. Fabric has pulse on her.
“Happy birthday, soon,” I say.
“Thanks, and to yours too, just as soon.”
“Here’s to Johnny Walker in shark’s fin soup,” I say.
“And squab dinners.”
“T LOVE LUCY,” I say.
We laugh. It makes us feel like children again. We remember how to be sisters.
I raise my glass. “To I LOVE LUCY, squab dinners, and brow bags.”
“To bones,” she says.
“Bones,” I repeat. This is a funny that gets sad, and knowing it,I keep laughing. I am surprised how much memory there is in one word. Pigeons. Only recently did I learn they’re called squab. Our word for them was pigeon—on a plate or flying over Portsmouth Square. A good meal at 40 cents a bird. In line by dawn, we wa ited at the butch: er’s listening for the slow, churning motor of the trucks. We watched the live fish flushing out of the tanks into the garbage pails. We smelled the honey-brushed cha sui bows baking. When the white laundry truck turned onto Wentworth, there was a puffing trail of feathers following it. A stench filled the alley. The crowd squeezed in around the truck. Old ladies reached into the crates, squeezing and tugging for the plumpest pigeons.
My sister and I picked the white ones, those with the most expres- sive eyes. Dove birds, we called them. We fed them leftover rice in water, and as long as they stayed plump, they were our pets, our baby dove birds. And then one day we’d come home from school and find them cooked. They were a special, nutritious treat. Mah let us fill our bowls high with little pigeon parts: legs, breasts, and wings, and take them out to the front room to watch I LOVE LUCY. We took brown bags for the bones. We balanced our bowls on our laps and laughed at Lucy. We
leaned forward, our chopsticks crossed in mid-air, and called out, “Mah! Mah! Come watch! Watch Lucy cry!” But she always sat alone in the kitchen sucking out the sweetness of the lesser parts: necks, backs, and the head. “Bones are sweeter than you know,” she always said. She came out to check the bags. “Clean bones,” she said, shaking the bags. “No waste,” she said.
Our dinners come with a warning. “Plate’s hot. Don’t touch.” My sister orders a carafe of house white. “Enjoy,” he says, smiling at my sister. She doesn’t look up.
I can’t remember how to say scallops in Chinese. I ask my sister, she doesn’t know either. The food isn’t great. Or maybe we just don’t have the taste buds in us to go crazy over it. Sometimes I get very hungry for Chinese flavors: black beans, garlic and ginger, shrimp paste and sesame oil. These are tastes we grew up with, still dream about. Crave. Run around town after. Duck liver sausage, beancurd, jook, salted fish, and fried dace with black beans. Western flavors don’t stand out, the surro undings do. Three pronged forks. Pink tablecloths. Fresh flowers. Cute waiters. An odd difference.
“Maybe we should have gone to Sun Hung Heung. At least the vegetables are real,” I say.
“Hung toh-vee-foo-won-tun!” she says.”
“Yeah, yum!” I say.
I remember Deh teaching us how to pick bok choy, his favorite vegetable. “Stick your fingernail into the stem. Juicy and firm, good. Limp and tough, no good.” The three of us followed Deh, punching our thumbnails into every stem of bok choy we saw.
“Deh still eating bok choy?”
“Breakfast, lunch and dinner.” My sister throws her head back, and laughs. It is Deh’s motion. She recites in a mimic tone. “Your Deh, all he needs is a good hot bowl of rice and a plate full of greens. A good monk.”
There was always bok choy. Even though it was nonstop for Mah —rushing to the sweatshop in the morning, out to shop on break, and then home to cook by evening—she did this for him. A plate of bok choy, steaming with the taste of ginger and garlic. He said she made good rice. Timed full-fire until the first boil, medium until the grains formed a crust along the sides of the pot, and then low-flamed to let the rice steam. Firm, that’s how Deh liked his rice.
The waiter brings the wine, asks if everything is alright.
“Everything,” my si ster says.
There’s something else about this meeting. I can hear it in the edge of her voice.She doesn’t say anything and I don’t ask. Her lips make a contorting line; her face looks sour. She lets out a breath. It sounds like she’s been holding it in too long.
“Another fight. The bank line,” she says. “He waited four times in the bank line. Mah ran around outside shopping. He was doing her a favor. She was doing him a favor. Mah wouldn’t stop yelling. ‘Get out and go die! Useless ‘Thing! Stinking Corpse!’”
I know he answered. His voice must have had that fortune teller’s tone to it. You listened because you knew it was a warning.
He always threatened to disappear, jump off the Golden Gate. His thousand-year-old threat. I’ve heard it all before. “I will go. Even when dead, I won’t be far enough away. Curse the good will that blinded me into taking you as wife!”
I give Lisa some of my scallops. “Eat,” I tell her.
She keeps talking. “Of course, you know how Mah thinks, that nobody should complain because she’s been the one working all these years.”
I nod. I start eating, hoping she’ll follow.
One bite and she’s talking again. “You know what shopping with Mah is like, either you stand outside with the bags like a servant, or inside like a marker, holding a place in line. You know how she gets into being frugal—saving time because it’s the one free thing in her life. Well, they’re at the bank and she had him hold her place in line while she runs up and down Stockton doing her quick shopping ma- neuvers.So he’s in line, and it’s his turn, but she’s not back. So he has to start all over at the back again. Then it’s his turn but she’s still not back. When she finally comes in, she’s got bags in both hands, and he’s going through the line for the fourth time. Of cour se she doesn’t say sorry or anything.”
I interrupt. “How do you know all this?” I tell myself not to come back next year. I tell myself to apply for another transfer, to the. East Coast. “She told me. Word for word.” Lisa spears the scallop, puts it in her mouth. I know it’s cold by now. “Word for word,” she repeats. She cuts a piece of chicken. “Try,” she says.
I think about how we’re sisters. We eat slowly, chewing careful'y, like old people. A way to make things last, to fool the stomach.
Mah and Deh bot h worked too hard; it’s as if their marriage was a marriage of toil—of toiling together. The idea is that the next gener- ation can marry for love.
In the old country, matches were made, strangers were wedded, and that was fate. Those days, sojourners like Deh were considered princes. To become the wife to such a man was to be saved from the war-torn villages.
Saved to work. After dinner, with the rice still in between her teeth, Mah sat down at her Singer. When we pulled out the wall-bed, she was still there, sewing. The street noises stopped long before she did. The hot lamp made all the stitches blur together. And in the mornings, long before any of us awoke, she was already there, sewing again.
His work was hard, too. He ran a laundry on Polk Street. He sailed with the American President Lines. Things started to look up when he owned the take-out place in Vallejo, and then his partner ran off. So he went to Alaska and worked the canneries.
She was good to him too. We remember. How else would we have known him all those years he worked in Guam, in the Fiji Islands, in Alaska? Mah always gave him majestic welcomes home. It was her excitement that made us remember him.
I look around. The restaurant is full. The waiters move quickly.
I know Deh. His words are ugly. I’ve heard him. I’ve listened. And I’ve always wished for the street noises, as if in the traffic of sound, I believe I can escape. I know the hard color of his eyes and the tightness in his jaw. I can almost hear his teeth grind. I know this. Years of it.
Their lives weren’t easy. So is their discontent without reason?
What about the first one? You didn’t even think to come to the hos- pital. The first one, I say! Son or daughter, dead or alive, you didn’t even come!
What about living or dying? Which did you want for me that time you pushed me back to work before my back brace was off? Money! Money!! Money to eat with, to buy clothes with, to pass this life with!
Don’t start that again! Everything I make at that dead place I hand...
How come... What about. . . So...
It was obvious. The stories themselves meant little. It was how hot and furious they could become.
Is there no end to it? What makes their ugliness so alive, so thick and impossible to let go of?
“I don’t want to think about it anymore.” Th e way she says it surprises me. This time I listen.I imagine what it would be like to take her place. It will be my turn one day.
“Ron,” she says, wiggling her fingers above the candle. “A fun thing.”
The opal flickers above the flame. I tell her that I want to get her something special for her birthday, “. . . next trip I get abroad.” She looks up at me, smiles.
For a minute, my sister seems happy. But she won’t be able to hold onto it. She grabs at things out of despair, out of fear. Gifts grow old for her. Emotions never ripen, they sour. Everything slips away from her. Nothing sustains her. Her beauty has made her fragile.
We should have eaten in Chinatown. We could have gone for cof- fee in North Beach, then f or jook at Sam Wo’s.
“No work, it’s been like that for months, just odd jobs,” she says.
I’m thinking, it’s not like I haven’t done my share. I was a kid once, I did things because I felt I should. I helped fill out forms at the Chi- natown employment agencies. | went with him to the Seaman’s Union. I waited too, listening and hoping for those calls: “Busboy! Presser! Prep Man!” His bags were packed, he was always ready to go. “On standby,” he said. Every week. All the same. Quitting and looking to start all over again. In the end, it was like never having gone anywhere. It was like the bank line, waiting for nothing.
How many times did my sister and I have to hold them apart? The flat ting! sound as the blade slapped onto the linoleum floors, the wooden handle of the knife slamming into the corner. Was it she or I who screamed, repeating all their ugliest words? Who shook them? Who made them stop?
The waiter comes to take the plates. He stands by my sister for a moment. I raise my glass to the waiter.
“You two Chinese?” he asks.
“No,” I say, finishi ng off my wine. I roll my eyes. I wish I had another Johnny Walker. Suddenly I don’t care.
“We're two sisters,” I say. I laugh. I ask for the check, leave a good tip. I see him slip my sister a box of matches.
Outside, the air is cool and brisk. My sister links her arm into mine. We walk up Bay onto Chestnut. We pass Galileo High School and then turn down Van Ness to head toward the pier. The bay is black. The foghorns sound far away, We walk the whole length of the pier without talking.
The water is white where it slaps against the wooden stakes. For a long time Lisa’s wanted out. She can stay at that point of endurance forever. Desire that becomes old feels too good, it’s seductive. I know how hard it is to go.
The heart never travels. You have to be heartless. My sister holds that heart, too close and for too long. This is her weakness, and like to-think, used to be mine. Lisa endures too much.
We're lucky, not like the bondmaids growing up in service, or the new-born daughters whose mouths were stuffed with ashes. Courte- sans with the three-inch foot, beardless, soft-shouldered eunuchs, and the frightened child-brides, they’re all stories to us. We’re the lucky generation. Our parents forced themselves to live through the humil- lation in this country so that we could have it better. We know so little of the old country. We repeat the names of Grandmothers and Uncles, but they will always be strangers to us. Family exists only because somebody has a story, and knowing the story connects us to a history. To us, the deformed man is oddly compelling, the forgotten man is a good story. A beautiful woman suffers want her beauty to buy her out.
The sweater cost two weeks’ pay. Like the 40-cent birds that are now a delicacy, this is a special treat. The money doe sn’t mean any- thing. It is, if anything, time. Time is what I would like to give her.
A red sweater. 100%. The skin of fuzz will be a fierce rouge on her naked breasts.
Red. Lucky. Wear it. Find that man. The new one. Wrap yourself around him. Feel the pulsing between you. Fuck him and think about it. 100% angora. Hand Wash Only. Worn Once.
附录2：英译汉译文
《红毛衣》
伍慧明
我给姐姐挑了件红色毛衣，十分特别的深红色毛衣，产于香港。
因为它的材质是绒毛的，所以只能手洗。她一定会很开心的。哪怕她只是高兴那一分钟，那也足也。
红色，乃好运的象征，火红色的毛衣让人外观给人充满活力的印象，精神饱满。穿这种颜色的毛衣，我相信能给她带来好运。
我们家是姐妹。按中国的标准来看，这不是件幸运的事。“不好呀”，门外边的人窃窃私语道。“生来生去，都是女儿，这就是一个失败的家庭。”
首先，按年龄从大到小，我们出生的顺序是各自的标志。这间接的告诉我们的名字的由来。
伍慧明创造了一部令人惊叹的小说《骨头》。她出生于旧金山，在唐人街长大，曾在加州伯克利分校和哥伦比这两所大学里就读过。她的获奖故事在《哈珀》的杂志，《美国之音》，《手推车奖选集》，《城市之光评论》，《留守之家》，以及《美国：亚裔女性小说》和其他出版物里边都刊登过。我的大姐莉莎住在家里。还差一学期退学旧金山州立大学心理学专业。有一天，她说：“算了吧，我累了。”她现在正在太平洋电话公司做全职的工作。一个月的薪水为九百，外加津贴。妈妈和爸爸认为这十分很好的工作。于是，他们告诉所有人，“是的，我们家的老大工资很高，还有其它的福利呢。如果我们打电话给中国香港那边，那么只需付百分之四十的费用！“只要是在中国的范围内，任何都可以优惠。
我们家排行第二的妹妹，在三年前，从M层纵身跳下。这不真实！发生了什么?为什么会这样?为什么呢?这太可怜了！该说的我们都说了，这就是她的选择。
我们送妈妈去香港。三十年前，她去了香港，她就是我们都羡慕嫉妒的那个“幸运女孩！你将不用工作了”。嫁给一个居家的男人，拥有美好的未来。在金财满贯的地方待三十年，她回来就写了这个故事：三个女儿，一个死了，一个至今未嫁，另一个远走高飞。剩下我这个谁都要我去照顾的人。在血汗工厂干了三十年，金山的王子都变成了癞蛤蟆了。我很庆幸我没有同她一块儿，她的羞愧和遗憾我感受到了。说道底，她应该去寻安慰，而不是想着有美食宴会，好日子的念头。
我是最小的那个儿。那年，我妈要回香港，我正好在泛美航空公司当空姐，所以我给她拿到了很优惠的折扣。她认为我定会有什么好事情发生，当她回来时，我怀孕了。
“去把孩子打掉（做人流）”她说。“放过孩子”她尖叫道。
“不”
“那就结婚”
“不，我不想结婚”
我一直都在做着打胎的准备。我只是不喜欢他们谈论整个事情的方式。他们说得我
无地自容，说我给家里抹黑，这对我来说是一种耻辱。现在我在想我该如何将它作为一次机会。有时我想知道是否有其他办法。那些年的所有一切都是如此的让我激动和愤怒。似乎没有任何答案。
“我没有时间来管你”妈妈说道。
爸爸说道“不要打电话给我们”。他们不再跟我说话。家里充满着我察觉不到的气氛。我怨我是一个破烂，没用，不好的东西。我饿着肚皮死在阴沟里。我的精神也得不到满足——如果我是这样子的话。在这样的生活中，无论今生还是来世，我都看不到美好的日子。
我的父母总是用一种特殊的表达形式来说事情。
现在我住在檀香山。当我二姐跳楼，她感觉自己与这个世界融合了。从此以后，这个家庭变得支离破碎。那时我离开了（毅然出走）。现在，我试图努力弥补过去，只是家里人仍不愿见我，但我尝试通过姐姐莉莎了解他们的信息。从事空姐这个职业会缩短你的生活，在节假日时最繁忙。那时起，我总是很敏感。我总觉得我错过了一些东西，当人们正在做一些非常重要的事情时我却在高空中值班，越过了彼此的时区。
因此我喜欢在一月过新年的时候去看我的姐姐莉莎。一月，是过新年的时候，二月，是过农历新年的时候，我们彼此的生日就是在这双重幸运的月份里。经历了那么多事情，总有一些事说的。
“这地儿是你选的？”我问她
“这儿啊？”
“不”，我的意思是说，这里的食物是很美味，可是不能常消费。你来这吃了一碗蒸米饭，然后你就急着回家去缝补衣服去或组装收音机零件或搞其他的事。我们一年在一起只聚一次，所以我觉得我们可以适当挥霍（吃得好一点）。此外，在唐人街的地方，除了国事，你没有什么可谈的。在美国餐厅，氛围可以让你尽请享受。我想要浪漫（柔和）的灯光，美丽的景色，还有帅气的服务员。
去一些有风景的地方看风景吧，”我说。
“我们决定去一个叫“滨海餐厅”的饭馆吃饭，沿着海走，一直到往旧金山39号码头，就是这个新地方。我们来得早，餐馆人不多也不拥挤。一整天都很晴朗，所以我想日落会很美。我要一张靠窗的桌子。我转过身去和姐姐说话时，她在跟服务员说话。他有她喜欢的黑岛腔调。他在上下打量着姐姐。姐姐眼也没眨一下，保持看着他。她要了两杯约翰尼·沃克牌的苏格兰威士忌酒。我拿起一把叉子，便拿着它转过身去。我现在很少使用筷子。在家里，我是用叉子吃盘子里饭。我唯一的筷子，我用来插在我的头发上：过了一会儿，我感到不自在，坐在这张陌生的桌子旁。这不是我熟悉的亚麻色桌布和蜡烛。一切似乎都是异国情调（都那么陌生）。感觉到我们应该很陌生。但每次当我抬起头时，她依旧没变。她就是那个我熟悉的人,我的妹妹。我们坐餐桌前横跨过贴有塑料贴面的桌面时，把筷子，碗，辫子，支架什么的都给打翻了。
“我喜欢只有三个叉尖的叉子”我边说哦边用拇指按在尖尖上。
我的姐姐翻了翻白眼，接着点了一支烟。
我也问她要了一只。
我终于问了句，“那，有什么新消息？”
她一脸不悦回了我句“没什么”。她没有看我。一年我就来一次，我才问她这些问题。她知道答案，但她讨厌回答这些问题。在我看来，我认为问心无愧，她知道自己尽了孝敬爸妈的责任了。她以为我用不在乎他们，我也心安理得。她的生活也充满了问题，但是不能为她解答。
我环顾餐厅的四周。日落不是那么的壮观我们不做出任何评价（感叹）。服务员正点着蜡烛。我们的饮料送上来了。服务员停在离我姐姐很近的地方，似乎全神贯注地看着她。她抬起头面对着他。“准备好了吗？”他问。姐姐还未做出任何指令。于是他趾高气扬地走了。
“完蛋了”我说。
“这才是最好的”她说。
我的苏格兰威士忌味道不错。这让我想起了爸爸的约翰尼·沃克和西格伦姆斯，它们是在中国宴会上会喝的酒。九道菜一瓶酒，没有加冰。我们用茶杯学会了中式的饮酒方式。爸爸是用碗喝，就像喝热汤一样小抿一口。快吃完饭时，他就像喝冷茶一样大口大口的饮完。我们坐着看着，我们的茶杯还在我们的腿上，里面的苏格兰威士忌酒还没喝，我们就这样坐着一边傻笑地望着他喝酒。
慢慢地放松下来，我正在想约翰尼·沃克和现在的约翰尼·沃克这里边定有有联系。我又要了一支烟，这支我很喜欢。现在我的这杯约翰尼·沃克里有气泡加冰，我转动玻璃杯，冰块碰撞杯身发出叮当声。
我跟姐姐碰杯三次，说了三次祝福语。她吃吃笑起来，我感觉好了些了。
“毛衣不错”我说。
“迈克尔·欧扬牌的，”她说。她笑了笑。她的眼睛在烛光的照耀下显得闪闪发光。她遗传了妈妈的眼睛。这一点是你最想说的。丽莎又瘦又高。她的身材穿衣服都很好看。她套了一件衣服在外边，整个皮肤看起来很白，这种布料显得她很有活力。
“生日快乐，就要到了”我说。
“谢谢，你也是呢，你的生日不久也快到了呢”。
“为了鱼翅汤里的约翰尼·沃克”我说。
“还有鸽子饭呢”。
“为了我爱露西”我说。
我们都笑了，仿佛又回到了童年。记忆中姐妹感情深似海。
我举杯说道：“为那么幸运的一天，为鸽子饭，干杯”。
“为了骨头，”她说。
“骨头，”我重复了一遍。这是一个有趣的，令人伤心的事。想起来后，我一直在笑。我很惊讶一个词里怎么会有那么多的记忆。鸽子。直到最近我才知道原来指的是乳鸽，不管是餐盘里的，还是经常在朴茨茅斯广场的拍翼的，我们搜叫它鸽子。一只鸽子吃一顿要凑40美分。黎明时分，我们排起队来，在那里等着：呃，听着卡车缓慢而翻腾的马达声。我们看着活鱼从鱼缸里跃进垃圾桶。我们闻到了煮茶，茶水里加了蜂蜜的味道。当白色的洗衣卡车停下来转向温特沃斯时，后面跟着一片羽毛。一股恶臭味弥漫在小巷里。卡车周
大学英语(三)英译汉 汉译英
1. Those who accomplish their tasks carefully are worthy of praising. 那些认真完成工作的人都值得表扬 2. Children tend to believe that their fathers are infinitely resourceful and versatile. 孩子们通产会认为他们的父亲是个智多谋多才多艺的人 3. He was shivering from fear as if he had seen a ghost. 他恐惧的发抖就像看见鬼一样 4. His speech was constantly interrupted by applause. 他的讲话不断被掌声打断 5. People have proposed all sorts of hypotheses to explain why dinosaurs have become extinct. 人们提出各种各样的假说来解释恐龙为什么灭绝 6. The church dates back to 1173. 此教堂建于1173年 7. The wish of fully utilizing the natural resources will eventually come true. 充分利用自然资源的愿望终究会被实现的 8. The child was accustomed to having her way. 这个孩子已经习惯一意孤行 9. We should pay more attention to the conservation of rare animals. 我不该更加注重保护稀有动物 10. The institution set aside a large of amount of money for research and development. 研究所留有一大笔前日子研究和开发 11. We must try all means to block the spread of the epidemic. 我们不惜一切代价阻止流行病的蔓延 12. Our love can blow away the hazes involved around children in the disaster areas. 我们对灾区孩子的爱唤起了困扰他们的阴霾 13. The meeting between A and B took place in New York. A B对方在纽约开了会议 14. The bike was damaged beyond hope of repair. 自行车严重损坏已经修补好了 15. He found a niche in the academic world. 他在学术界有了一席之地 16. He wanted to build up a large company. 他想开一间大公司 17. Doctors connect crime with mental disorder. 医生认为犯罪与精神错乱有关 18. The contestant got the nod from the judges. 选手得到了裁判的同意 19. All good things must come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席 20. The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug. 该药价昂贵限制了其他的应用 21. They have been trying their best to impart knowledge and offering help to those students who are eager to learn. 他们一直尽力向那些渴求知识的学生传授知识提供帮助
英译汉-文体翻译(1)新闻
第六单元文体翻译 第一节新闻报道 一、新闻翻译的特点 1、翻译讲求实效 2、可以适当增减 ?翻译：遵循翻译标准进行全文翻译。 ?编译：紧扣原作主题思想，从原作选取最有价值的内容，遵循篇章构建的一般规律，基本按照原作的时间先后顺序和逻辑关系组织行文，再按照翻译的一般原则，将其译成目的语的过程。（王涛2004） ?摘译：摘取一些认为重要的或者说传达了重要信息的段落和内容。（俞建村2001）（注意：必须完整地翻译抽取的内容。） ?参见教材第十章“翻译的类型” p135. 3、符合写作要求 （1）手法： ?以尽可能有趣的方式将一定事实展现出来。 （2）结构： ?编年史法（chronological method ）： 依照事实发生先后按时间顺序叙述。 ?新闻导语法（news lead method ）： 依照事实的重要性来铺陈、排列事实。 （3）语言： ?具体、准确、简明、通俗、生动。 4、内容力求准确 二、新闻的翻译 ?标题的翻译 ?电头的翻译 ?导语的翻译 ?正文的翻译 ?了解背景知识 例： US Missile Targets Iraqi Radar Site W ASHINGTON: A United States Air Force F-16 fighter plane fired a missile at an Iraqi radar site after the jet was tracked electronically while in the “no-fly” zone over southern Iraq, the Pentagon said yesterday. But the White House, explaining a long delay in announcing the strike, said it was unclear whether Iraqi radar has “locked on” to the plane on Saturday. A Pentagon spokesman said the F-16 returned safely to its base in Saudi Arabia. It was not immediately known if the Iraqi site was damaged. The spokesman, confirming the strike about 18 hours after it occurred, said an investigation was under way. Iraq denied any such incident had taken place. 美导弹击中伊拉克雷达基地 华盛顿电：五角大楼昨日宣称：一架美空军F－16战斗机在伊拉克南部禁飞区被电子跟踪后，向伊一雷达基地发射了导弹。 但是白宫在解释拖延很久才公布这次打击行动的原因时称：星期六时尚不清楚伊雷达是否已“锁定”了这架飞机。 五角大楼的一位发言人说，该F—16战斗机已安全返回设在沙特阿拉伯的基地，伊雷
英语翻译实践报告
英语翻译实践报告 《翻译1》课程实践报告 翻译课程介绍 翻译是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业本科阶段的一门必考课程。英汉翻译包括英译汉和汉译英，是一门实践性很强的课程。 通过学习本课程，学生应该熟悉英汉两种语言各自的特点;能将中等难度的英语文章译成汉语，内容准确，文字流畅;能将比较简易的汉语文章译成英语，用词得当，语法平稳。本课程与英语专业其他课程相辅相成。它作为一门实践课，有赖于英语专业其他课程为应考者打下良好的基础，使应考者掌握一定的词汇量和语法知识，初步达到阅读英文原著的水平，并有一定的写作能力，因而具备从事英汉翻译的条件。另一方面，通过大量翻译实践和语言对比研究，学生可以进但在翻译时，往往因受原文的影响，而容易一步认识英汉两种语言各自的特点。 忽略在译文中体现原有的特点。这也就是本课程的难学之处。但通过学习本课程，了解了英汉两种语言的各自特点，并能在翻译实践中恰当地加以运用，定会提高使用两种语言的能力和翻译水平。 课程实践目的及过程 为了将课堂上所学知识更好地运用于实践，10级翻译3班在王静老师的带领下，来到了位于德胜工业园区的百瑞源枸杞养生馆和厚生记食品有限公司进行参观学习。 在参观之前，王老师要求同学们查找关于枸杞的相关资料，基本上了解了枸杞的种植技术、生产流程、营养价值等知识。
宁夏枸杞产业在宁夏省外也有不少公司，而且，百瑞源是宁夏唯一一个进驻2010年上海世博会的企业，这不仅提升了宁夏在国内外的知名度，也让更多国内外朋友了解了宁夏枸杞的与众不同，同时也为百瑞源走出中国，迈向国际舞台提供了良机。 在参观过程中，同学们品尝了味美色鲜的枸杞、其他枸杞制品和，可谓是大饱了口福。但同学们并未忘记此行的目的，大家一边参观，一边了解相关的知识，对于枸杞的营养价值和种类有了进一步了解;同时，在参观过程中，同学们发现了不少汉英翻译的错误，对于一个企业来说，要想进入全球市场，对外宣传和对外交流是至关重要的，所以企业品牌的跨文化交流成为了一种必然趋势。这让同学们不禁为企业的进一步发展担忧。作为翻译专业的学生，对此比较敏感，于是，大家纷纷把有错误的地方拍下来，准备参观结束后再进行更正。 回校后，王老师把全班分成若干组，每组负责一部分企业的宣传资料，然后让同学们查找翻译的错误并改正。我们组分到的任务比较少，但是，在我们仔细读过之后发现了不少错误，而且有些还是由于英汉表达习惯的不同导致的比较明显的错误。虽然字数不多，却涉及不少商贸以及新闻语体。我们小组成员认真思考，经过讨论后把我们最后的翻译结果交给了王老师。 课程实践的收获 通过这次的翻译实践，我更加清楚的认识到自己英语相关方面的知识还远远不足，也让我更加清醒的认识到，丰富自己的词汇量及语境英语句型的重要性。我对翻译充满了热爱，怀着这份热爱，我要跟加严格的要求自己。今后，把更多的时间和精力投身到翻译知识中去，争取在翻译方面有所突破和发展。 翻译是一项很困难的工作，要做到精益求精，专业性非常强，而且要与时俱进，这让我知道了仅有翻译技巧是远远不够的，需要平时大量的艰苦练习，不断积累，才能在翻译中获得巨大收获。而且，作为翻译专业的学生，只凭课堂上学到的
段落翻译练习-汉译英答案
汉译英： 1徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全 国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书 本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全 靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多 奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名 山，反复观察变换的奇景。 Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime, covering almost the whole of China/ the whole country. When he was carrying out his investigations, he never took blind belief in the conclusions in the books. Instead he found a lot of unreliable points in the geographic records taken by his predecessors. In order to make his investigations reliable and thorough, he seldom traveled by carriage or boat. Instead, he took long, arduous trips on foot almost all the time, climbing mountains and hills. In order to learn about the truth of nature, he always chose to conduct investigations in mountainous areas with dangerous roads and in lonely / untraveled woods, where he discovered a lot of magnificent peaks and beautiful sights. ( During his life time, Xu Xiake visited and explored 16 provinces, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. He never blindly accepted the conclusions given in books in his exploration. He found that many of the geographical records by other people before him were inaccurate ( He found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors ) . He seldom traveled by horse cart or boat but climbed mountains and ridges and took long, difficult journeys most of the time
(完整word版)英语专业翻译实践报告
实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周，这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅，收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际，综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能，独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年，实习是一个很重要的环节，对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以，我们要端正态度，认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践，为此在实践的过程中，我总结了四种必备的翻译工具：一是灵格斯翻译工具，里面可安装各式的词典；二是百度搜索工具；三是有道词典；四是英汉词典；五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组，寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法，并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典，可以对我们翻译之中的词汇，进行最后的确认，确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难，这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟，不进则退，只要每天我认真学习，那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折，但我们若不跨过这道坎，就不会有进步，滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值，勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈，光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过，“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游，或只听教练讲解，是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类，直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践，就是自己亲身参加的实践，也就是自己动手翻译。一回生，二回熟，日积月累，第一手经验多了，做起来得心应手，翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”，就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的，从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此，还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践，就是研究别人的译文。比如，一篇文章在手，准备翻译，这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看，在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物，看了别人的译文，就是从事间接实践。
翻译报告参考
本次翻译实习有四天的时间，实习的内容很多，我在这有限的时间内，翻译了第一部分。我觉得这篇文章比较有难度，文章中很多单词都是我不了解的。但是，我通过查字典，查辅导书，请教同学，解决了绝大部分的问题。 英语的句子是通过一整套完整系统的语法结构和连接词将单词和词组组合在一起，强调结构上正确，逻辑上严密，思维上严谨。而汉语不是这样。一个汉语句子的分句与分句之间，或是短语与短语之间，在意思上有联系，但很少用关联词，是用每一个分句或是短语的意思组合成一个完整的句子的。比如，“Around the grave in the rundown cemetery were a few of his former advertising colleagues from New York, who recalled his energy and originality and told his daughter, Nancy, what a pleasure it had been to work with him.”我的译文是“在衰败的墓地周围，有几个他以前的纽约的广告公司的同事，他们使他想起了他曾经的精力和独创性，他告诉他的女儿南希过去和他们在一起工作是多么地愉快。”英语的句子是一个整句，但是翻译成汉语不需要连接词，却要把每个分句都翻译成单独的句子。我认为英语翻译就是理解和表达的结合，翻译力求做到信、达、雅。翻译的质量取决于我们应用两种语言的水平。但是，有一点不容忽视，那就是说英语的人的思维和说汉语的人的思维方式有很大差异。同样，英语和汉语本身也有很大差异。这是我感觉最困难的事情。例如，“If you gave my brother a box of envelopes, he could count them faster than anybody because his fingers were so dexterous and because he counted the envelopes by fives.”我的译文是“如果你给我弟弟一盒信封，他比谁都数得快，因为他的手指十分灵巧，数起信封都是用五个手指。”经过请教同学，我知道了“he counted the envelopes by fives”不应翻译成“数起信封都是用五个手指”而英翻译成“五个一数”。 英汉两种语言，除了一些专有名词之外，几乎没有绝对等值的词语，那是因为英语与汉语的词汇都普遍存在一词多义、一词多类的现象。就像一位语言学家所说：“在新的上下文里使用的每一个词都是新词。”正是词的这种多义性和变义性，决定了对英语词义的理解及其汉语表达是英译汉的难点所在。所以，我觉得，对于英译汉中每个词语的翻译都需要仔细斟酌，不可轻易地凭感觉而译。词的含义是复杂的，它不仅有直接的、表面的、一般的意思，还有引申的、内涵的、特定的含义。这是语言的共性，英语尤其如此。随便翻开英语字典，几乎每个词都有多种含义，有的甚至有几十个意思，错综复杂。比如标题“Everyman”,我翻译的是“每个人”，但是后来听说其他同学翻译的是“凡人”。我顿时恍然大悟，还是自己之前思考地不周全，没有像到引申义。
考博英语英译汉、汉译英专项练习(含详解)2
人大考博英语汉译英专项练习（1-10，含详解） 专项练习1 科技是人类文明进步的动力源泉。古老的中国，曾在世界科技史上占有重要地位。今天的中国人民，不仅与全世界共享科技文明的成果，也在各个领域推动世界科技的进步。科技奥运将反映科技最新进展，集成全国科技创新成果，推出一届高科技含量的体育盛会；提高北京科技创新能力，推进高新技术成果的产业化及其在人民生活中的广泛应用，使北京奥运会成为展示高新技术成果和创新实力的窗口。 【参考译文】 Science and technology is the source power which can drive civilization of Human being. China, an old-line country, has had a high position in the world’s technology history. Today, Chinese people are not only sharing the harvest of technology and civilization with people from rest of the world, but promoting the science and technology in all kinds of field as well. High-tech Olympics means that we will closely follow the latest high-tech developments home and abroad and integrate the high-tech achievements nationwide so as to host a magnificent sports event in high-tech achievement. In doing so, Beijing’s capacity in high-tech innovation will be improved and the application of high-tech achievements in production and people’s life promoted. Beijing Olympic Games will be a window to showcase our high-tech achievements and innovative capacity. 专项练习2 去年，美国联邦航空管理局把用来计算飞机载荷的乘客平均体重提高了10磅。因为当时原油价格创下了历史新记录，作为应对措施，很多公司不得不提高机票价格中的燃料费用。 美国人和欧洲人不断发胖的趋势促使政府发动健康运动，同时人们严厉谴责许多食品公司。麦当劳连锁店在谴责声中受到冲击，因而不得不在最近几个月里修改菜单，增加了一些更有利于健康的食物。这一举动促使麦当劳的盈利增加。然而，据专家预测，人类注定会越来越胖，会对航空公司的利润空间形成不断增加的压力。 【参考译文】 Last year, the Federal Aviation Administration increased by ten pounds the average passenger weight they use to calculate aircraft loads. Since then crude oil prices have hit record levels, with many firms responding by raising the fuel surcharge they add to ticket prices. The rising level of obesity in the US and in Europe has prompted government health campaigns and harsh criticism of a number of food firms. Restaurant chain McDonald’s has taken the brunt of the attack and has in recent months reworked its menu to include healthier options. The move has helped lift profits. The prediction by experts, however, is that humans are set to become bigger, putting increasing pressure on airline profit. 专项练习3 据最新估计，雅典奥运会的开支已达到100亿美元，这对于希腊这样的小国来说可是一笔不小的数目，何况它曾经是欧盟中最贫穷的国家。 希腊对这次奥运会可能带来的美好前景寄予厚望，并想借此机会（向世界）展示一个“焕然一新”的希腊，以吸引新的投资者和游客。但是，本国运动员的兴奋剂丑闻和旅游业的低靡破坏了希腊的形象，这使希腊政府十分恼火。希腊财政部的一位重要官员告诉记者，希腊只有正确处理好公众关系，才能使雅典奥运会的开销变成投资。
汉译英
汉译英 基本教材：陈宏薇主编<汉英翻译基础> ?本书采用的翻译方法：社会符号学翻译法 ?(sociosemiotic approach) ?这个翻译法是由美国翻译理论家尤金。奈达提出的。他说： ?人一生中从事的最主要的活动便是理解并解释符号的意义。翻译实质上是一种符号转变活动。?鉴于翻译是一种极其复杂的符号转换活动，人们期望的―等值‖或―等效‖翻译只是一种理想。于是本书提出的汉译英的标准是： ?意义相符，功能相似 ?(correspondence in meaning and similarity in function) ?严复：信达雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance） ?陈宏薇：意义相符，功能相似 ?我对同学们的要求：忠实，通顺。 ?(faithful in meaning and smooth in language) 一．中西思维方式的差异和中英表达方式的差异 ?1. 中国人注重伦理（ethics），英美人注重认知（cognition） ?由于几千年来受到儒家思想的影响，中国人更注重伦理道德，西方人更注重自然和科学。例如，汉语中亲属关系称谓特别复杂，英美人的称谓相对简单，比较笼统，aunt, uncle, cousin 都是相对笼统的称谓。 ?在表示时间和地点时，汉语习惯上是从大到小，英语刚好相反。汉语说2009年8月31日，英语说31 August, 2009 或August 31, 2009. 我们学校的地址，汉语说：中国重庆沙坪坝区烈士墓壮志路33号四川外语学院，邮编400031 英语说： ?SISU ?33 Zhuangzhi Rd., Lieshimu, Shapingba ?Chongqing，400031 ?PR China ?2. 中国人重整体（integrity），偏重综合思维（synthetic），英美人重个体（individuality），偏重分析性思维（analytic）。例如，中医把人体看做一个有机整体，讲究阴阳五行，对立统一；西医注重量化分析，查血压血糖血脂，做透视、B超，CT, 往往更多地看重局部。中国的京剧是综合艺术，讲究唱念做打，而英美的歌剧、舞剧，话剧，都是单一的艺术形式，歌剧无舞蹈，舞剧不唱歌，话剧只对白。中国画也是综合艺术，集绘诗词书法篆刻于一体；西洋画只是绘画，至多加上画家签名。如果在油画上提上一首诗，那就不伦不类了。 ?3. 中国人重直觉（intuition）, 英美人重证实（evidence）. ?中国人讲究―天人合一‖（the Unity of Man and Heaven），在语言上重主观联想、综合和领会，英美人重理性思维，讲分析，重科学性。所以，中文句子往往比较松散，语法也不严密; 而英语的语言分析十分系统、全面，句中各部分的关系明确清晰。 ?在川外校园里，有时可以看到这样的―启事‖： ?出租（限女生）123-4567 8900 ?凡是生活在这个环境中的人，没有人会误解这个广告的含义。
英译汉篇章翻译2
英译汉篇章翻译练习（2） Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. When a neighbor?s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora: …There?s no pot so ugly it can?t find a lid.?” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.” One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband?s parents, and Imelda was in sisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can?t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they?re too poor. So today when they wouldn?t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, a ll I did was say something that I?ve heard you say a hundred times: …If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?” “Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, …What the tongue says, the neck pays for?? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, …What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!” Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, …If the saint is annoyed, don?t pray to him until he gets over it.? Can?t I leave it for tomorrow?” “No, no and no! Remember: …If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.? You know, my child, you did wrong. But, …A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.? I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora?s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: …One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.?”
新视野大学英语读写教程第三册英译汉_汉译英_相互翻译的_答案
1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在这 样嘈杂招待会上发表演讲 No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们 Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3.汽车的生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗车辆 Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了 If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2.教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划。他们就得面对新计划所带为他们的压力 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and a cademic achievements are stressed equally. unit4 1.从各方面考虑，这座城市都是世界上最令人激动的城市 Everything considered, this city is the world’s most exciting city. 2.尽管没有得到父母的赞同,他还是继续他的计划出国学习 Though with no approval from his parents, he went ahead with his plan to study abroad. 3.这座桥是以一位英雄的名字，这位英雄为人民的事业献出了生命 The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of people. 4.据说，画家是以他母亲为模特的，他母亲的面容沧桑却不失坚定 It is said that the painter used his mother as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength. unit5 1.直到看到弥留之际躺在床上的母亲，他才意识到自己是多么地爱她 Not until he saw his mother lying in bed, dying, did he realize how much he loved her. 2.考虑到他最近的身体状况，我认为他这次考试成绩还不错 Taking into account of his recent physical condition, I think he has done quite well in the exam. 3.克拉克夫人躺在床上一动不动，一时间我都纳闷她是否和活着 Mrs. Clark lies in bed motionless, and I wondered briefly if she is still alive. 4.整栋楼一片黑暗，只有三楼的某个窗户透出一丝光 The building was darkened except for a single light burning in a third-storey window.
考博英语汉译英高分秘籍
说明：这是我早期写的一篇考博翻译方面的文章，现在修改了一下，分享给大家，祝福成功。 一、翻译中的一个悖论 英汉翻译和汉英翻译，哪一个更难？大多数人会答曰：汉英翻译更难。显然，这看起来是一种合理的问问题的方法，其实并非如此。英汉翻译和汉英翻译，没有哪一个更难和不难的问题，只是因人而异，视个人的英语水平和翻译水平而定。那么，为什么大多数中国人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢？有回答这个问题，我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。 其实，无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。弄明白理解和表达这两个过程，我们就可以清楚的看到，为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。 首先，有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。如果做英汉翻译的话，我们第一步需要理解英语，然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。因为英语毕竟是我们的外语，所以大多数人认为，我们不懂英语是正常的。所以，无论英译汉这个过程汇总，英语有多难或者有多简单都没有关系，我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。然后，换过来，汉译英则不一样了。那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为，明明我们认识汉语，却不能用地道的英语来翻译，所以，汉译英很难做。但是，如果我们这样来想，在英译汉的过程中，我们连第一步（理解英语）可能都无法完成；而汉译英的话，好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步（理解汉语原文）。没有人能否认我们中国人，看不懂汉语吧？ 既然如此，我们就能够克服那种长期以后认为“汉英翻译更难”的心理障碍了。那么如何比较有效的完成汉英翻译呢？根据长期以来积累从事翻译教学的经验，笔者认为可以从以下步骤来着手： 二、汉英翻译策略之一：定主语 1．翻译的单位 在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。 什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的
《翻译英译汉》word版
翻译——英译汉 英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、翻译技巧一 一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。 (一)重点分析句子结构 其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和 一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。 2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。 (二)确定语法现象和惯用结构 英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、 同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如: ?Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) ?The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) ?You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ?Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) ?It was not until last night that I noticed this matter. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其 余成分)
翻译实践心得体会
笔译实践 院系名称：外语学院 专业年级:英语ｆ１101 姓名:王欢 学号:201１190102０９ 心得体会 在做这次笔译实践题目之前，关于笔译我是完全不了解的。在我的感觉中笔译相对于口译而言应该算是比较简单的，但是在做完全部题目之后我就彻底改变了原有的这种认知，原来看起来简单的事情并不定就像表象上呈现出的那样容易做到。表面看来笔译能够看着文本逐字逐句翻译，貌似很简单,只要把文本内容真实的翻译出来就可以达到要求了。实际上则不然。这学期我们有一门专业课就是关于英汉翻译的。课堂上老师曾经讲述过关于翻译的历史、理论、要求等一系列相关知识，所以在简单翻阅这次翻译之后,我觉得看似简单的题目确实需要投入大量的精力才能较好地完成任务。在翻译过程中我发觉自己存在以下几点问题: 1、对某些专业术语了解甚少。例如第一篇ｔhｅ hiｇh－tｅch student中出现的gophｅr ｐrograｍ,generｉc2ｄatａbaｓe,moby dick，等等，类似这样的词汇我就需要上网查阅相关资料才能进而推测了解作者想要借此来表达怎样的意思。再如a roller-coaster rｉde in the stock market中，关于股市的一些专用名词，doｗand naｓdaq,cnｂｃ等也是这样。 ２、对统计数字的描述能力较差。如何用不同的描述性词汇来体现数字的增长和下降及其各自升降的幅度，如何准确把握那些不同用词之间细微的差别,较好地描述数字变化,这对我来说是比较困难的。此次翻译题目中出现的仅仅只是一些已经被数字化的统计数据,但是要用合适的词汇来体现尚且不简单,倘若是给出ｂar chart, ｐie cｈart， lineｃｈart等这一类图标来自行描述其内容，就会更加困难了。题目中出现数字最多的莫过于描述汶川大地震的这一部分了。各种数字，表示年月的,表示伤亡人数、经济损失的,以及各个地区经济损失所占的不同比例，这对我来说无疑是亟待加强训练的部分。 3、关于某些长句翻译起来较困难。长句出现最多的就是最后一篇题目描述“我”的文本。这片文章涉及不同领域大家的杰出作品及其艺术特色，各式各类的建筑，建筑中体现出的精湛的技巧,还有各种被写入经典的景物,所有的描写都交织在一起，翻译起来很容易找不到方便。摸不清头绪，到底哪里才是开始,应该如何结束。在翻译课上老师曾经说过长句的翻译技巧，要先根据谓语动词进行切分,之后再根据逻辑顺序进行重新组合，之后才能慢慢进行翻译,听起来就很繁琐的程序。我一直在试着这样做，却发现这要求太难达到了,而且每次被提问翻译总是被说翻译的一塌糊涂。关于长句，我可能还要经历一段很艰难的路程。 虽然完成所有题目有点困难,但是我觉得收获还是很不小的。这是第一次这么耐心的昨晚这么多翻译题目，最大的感触就是那些翻译工作者们真的是好辛苦,之前还以为翻译是我们英