2003年张剑黄皮书考研英语真题及解析
2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not just
in ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8 ，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.
In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance
3. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure
4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because
5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance
6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed
7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense
9. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging
10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
11. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
14. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short
15. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game”of espionage—spying as a “profession.”These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-clic k spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6b233528.html,.
Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a
spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
21. The emergence of the Net has .
[A] received support from fans like Donovan
[B] remolded the intelligence services
[C] restored many common pastimes
[D] revived spying as a profession
22. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to .
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the US
[C] give an episode of the information war
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA
23. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probably
means .
[A] causing the biggest trouble
[B] exerting the greatest effort
[C] achieving the greatest success
[D] enjoying the widest popularity
24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that .
[A] straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true
[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information
[C] straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability
[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information
25. Straitford is most proud of its .
[A] official status
[B] nonconformist image
[C] efficient staff
[D] military background
Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now
seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and p resent their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to .
[A] call on scientists to take some actions
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .
[A] cruel but natural
[B] inhuman and unacceptable
[C] inevitable but vicious
[D] pointless and wasteful
28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s .
[A] discontent with animal research
[B] ignorance about medical science
[C] indifference to epidemics
[D] anxiety about animal rights
29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,
scientists should .
[A] communicate more with the public
[B] employ hi-tech means in research
[C] feel no shame for their cause
[D] strive to develop new cures
30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .
[A] a well-known humanist
[B] a medical practitioner
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights
[D] a supporter of animal research
Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning
fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely
because .
[A] cost reduction is based on competition.
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail
industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
34. The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those .
[A] who work as coordinators.
[B] who function as judges.
[C] who supervise transactions.
[D] who determine the price.
35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused
by .
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years
ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians —frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.
36. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
37. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that .
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
38. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.
[A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent
[C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support
39. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.
[A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably
40. The text intends to express the idea that.
[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives
[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.（41）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（42）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political, science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（43）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.（44）Tylor defined culture as “…that complex
whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.
（45）Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
Section III Writing
46. Directions:
Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should
1）describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and
2）point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
第一部分英语知识运用试题解析
一、文章总体分析
文章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化，并采取方法帮助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。
第一段第一、二句是主题句，点明文章主题。从第三句开始介绍了青少年的各种变化，如：自我意识很强，需要从成功中获得自信等。接下来是对老师的建议：设计有更多优胜者的活动，组织各种小型俱乐部，让成年人在幕后支持。
第二段特别强调教师在设计活动时要注意保持其多样性，以适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。此外，成年人要帮助学生在活动中培养责任感。
二、试题具体解析
1. [A]（give）thought (to) 想过，思考
[B]（give sb. an/some）idea（of）使了解……的情况
[C]（have a good/bad）opinion (of) 对……印象很好
[D]（give）advice（to）提建议
[答案] A
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+ 固定搭配。
首先，从文章结构上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teachers need to be aware of（教师应该注意）和And they also need to give serious 1 to（同时他们须认真……）。注意第二句中的两个they分别指代了第一句中的teachers和young adults，第二句中的give serious 1 to与第一句中的be aware of（知道，意识到）也应在意义上相呼应。
其次，考生需要判断四个选项中哪一个能与 give...to 构成短语。idea这个词词义很丰富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意识、打算、建议”等，但通常与介词of而不是to连用；opinion意为“意见；看法”，一般不与give搭配；advice（建议）虽然可与give 及to搭配，但介词to后应接人，即建议的接受者，如果要表达“提出…方面的建议”，应该用“give advice on sth.”。只有give thought to是一个固定搭配，其中的thought 不能替换为别的词汇，它放入句中表示“同时他们也应当对这些年轻人如何最好地 2 这些变化加以思考”。
例句补充：I gave much thought to what he said yesterday.（我对他昨天说的那番话做了许多思考）；T he book gives you a good idea of life in ancient Greece. (这本书能让你对古希腊的生活有一些了解)；Everyone has a poor opinion of a coward.（每个人对懦夫的印象都不好）；Now I want to give you some advice. (现在我想给你提些建议)。
2. [A] strengthen加强，巩固 [B] accommodate适应，调节
[C] stimulate刺激，激励 [D] enhance提高，增强
[答案] B
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：动宾搭配。
本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与such changes构成动宾搭配。such changes在这里指的是第一句提到的the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes。从结构上看，空格所在部分是由how连接一个句子做give thought to的介词宾语。句子中they指代的是young adults（年轻人）。从语意上看，考生关键要判断“年轻人”对他们“情感、心智和生理上的变化”做什么动作，四个选项中accommodate表达的含义最恰当，即“适应变化”。整个句子的含义是“教师也需要认真考虑年轻人如何最好地适应这些（情感、心智和生理上的）变化”。常与change搭配的动词请参见2004年第13题。
知识点补充：accommodate表示“适应”时，还常用accommodate oneself to sth.结构，例句：He has to accommodate himself to changed situation.（他不得不适应变化了的形势）。
3. [A] care关心，照顾 [B] nutrition营养
[C] exercise练习，锻炼 [D] leisure空闲，安逸
[答案]C
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语意 + 名词词义辨析。
文中相关部分是“成长的身体需要运动和__3__，但不仅仅是在强调竞赛的方面需要这些”。因此考生需要判断空格处应填入什么名词，与movement并列做need的宾语。首先，考生判断四个选项中哪一个是身体成长时所需要的（除运动以外的）另一样东西。从某种意义上说，选项中所提到的四种东西都是需要的，但是下文对这里所需要的东西进行了限定，即，和movement同样都可以通过竞赛的方式来实现。这样只有exercise合适，它与competition 属于同一语义范畴，并可以用于竞赛。
4. [A] If（表条件） [B] Although（表转折）
[C] Whereas然而，反之，但是，（表转折） [D] Because （表因果）
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
空格所在长句中包含了两个由逗号隔开的分句：__4__ they are adjusting to…，teenagers are especially self-conscious。两个分句有共同的主语，前一句中的they
就指代下一句中的teenagers。考生需要判断这两个分句之间是什么逻辑关系。从语意上看，前一分句意为“青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战”，下一分句意为“他们的自我意识很强”，显然这之间不是条件或转折关系，而是一个因果关系，即“由于适应变化，所以自我意识强烈”。因此because最为恰当。
知识点补充：a host of表示“一大群，好些”，常接可数名词，例句：I have a host of things to do today. ( 我今天有一大堆事情要做)。
5. [A] assistance帮助，协助 [B] guidance引导，指导
[C] confidence信心 [D] tolerance容忍
[答案] C
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+名词词义辨析。
文中相关部分是：（teenagers）need the 5 that comes from achieving success （青少年需要由获得成功而得到的……），其中that引导的定语从句修饰空格处的名词。因此考生只需要判断四个选项中哪一样东西可以从成功中得到。一般来讲，获得成功后，我们常常得到的是confidence（信心）。
6. [A] claimed（根据权利）要求，索取，主张 [B] admired羡慕，赞美
[C] ignored忽视 [D] surpassed超越
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：常识+动词词义辨析。
本题的考点与上题有重合的地方。文中相关部分是：（teenagers）need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others （青少年需要自信，自信来自成功，也来自知道他们的成绩受到别人的……）。首先，考生要注意分析其中定语从句的结构：句中主语是that指代的先行词confidence，谓语是comes from，宾语是两个动名词结构achieving success和knowing that…。因此考生关键要判断青少年的自信来自于知道他们的成绩（accomplishments）受到别人的什么。根据常识，只有当自己的成绩受到别人羡慕时，人们才会产生信心。显然只有admired符合文意。
知识点补充：accomplishment的构词法是：accomplish（完成）+-ment（名词后缀表行为），类似的词还有achievement，development，establishment，fulfillment等。
7. [A] improper不恰当的 [B] risky危险的
[C] fair公平的，美丽的 [D] wise明智的
[答案] D
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+形容词词义辨析。
空格所在句子的句型结构是so much competition that…，句意为“青少年典型的生活中已经充满了这么多的竞争，以至于策划胜者多败者少的活动将是__7__的”。考生需要判断在充满竞争的青少年生活中，设计一些不那么具有竞争性的活动是怎样的。由于上文一再强调，青少年需要成功和信心，因此这里应该填入一个表示肯定态度的词，来肯定这种胜者多败者少的活动，这样就可以首先排除improper和risky。在剩下的fair和 wise中，后者更符合句意，因为这里的问题不是公平与否，而是是否明智。让更多青少年在活动中通过取胜来获得信心是明智的做法，是适合他们成长需要的。
8. [A] in effect实际上 [B] as a result结果，（表因果关系）
[C] for example例如，（表例证关系） [D] in a sense在某种意义上
[答案] C
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
空格前文是to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers（策划一些胜者多败者少的活动），后文是publishing newsletters with many student written book reviews（出版刊有许多学生撰写书评的通讯）。本题要求考生判断两部分之间是什么逻辑关系。从语意上看，前文是泛指一些活动（activities），后文是具体的活动（publishing newsletters），因此两者之间是综述和例证的逻辑关系，“发表学生写的书评”是“胜者多败者少的活动”的例子。能够表达例证逻辑关系的只有for example。
9. [A] displaying展示 [B] describing描写
[C] creating创造 [D] exchanging交换
[答案] A
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动宾搭配。
从句子结构上看，__9___student artwork和前面的publishing newsletters以及后面的sponsoring book discussion clubs在结构上并列，都是教师策划的胜者多败者少活动的例子。因此考生需要判断选项中哪个动名词中的核心动词能与student artwork（学生的艺术品）构成动宾搭配，并体现出胜者多败者少的特点。四个选项中，只有“展示（displaying）”符合句意。
10. [A] durable耐用的，持久的 [B] excessive过多的，额外的
[C] surplus多余的，过剩的 [D] multiple众多的，多样的
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义 +形容词词义辨析。
文中的相关部分是A variety of small clubs can provide 10__ opportunities，它要求考生判断各种各样的小型俱乐部可以提供什么样的机会。解题的关键词是前面的variety（多样，多样性），多种多样的俱乐部应该提供多种多样的（multiple）机会，而不是持久的（durable），过多的（excessive）或多余的（surplus）机会。
词汇补充：四个选项中，durable原义是“能够抵抗磨损，撕扯或腐蚀的”，引伸义是“持久的”，如：a durable friendship（持久的友谊）；excessive指“过多的，过量的”，多为贬义，如：excessive drinking（酗酒）；surplus指“比需要的或必需的更多”，如：surplus population（过剩人口）；multiple 指“复合的，由多个部分组成的，多样的”，如：a man of multiple interests (兴趣广泛的人)。
11. [A] group团体，组，群，批 [B] individual个人（的）
[C] personnel人员，职员 [D] corporation公司
[答案] A
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。
文中的相关部分是clubs can provide opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 _dynamics，注意其中的连词as well as（而且）表明for practice和for leadership并列修饰opportunities，即“俱乐部不仅提供（学生）培养
领导才能的机会，也提供成功地参与…的练习机会。”dynamics意为“动力学”，“动态关系”，这里表达一种动态的人际互动关系。考生需要判断学生在俱乐部里可以进行哪方面的动态关
系的练习。注意上下文中的club和leadership显示了这是一种团队活动，选项中的individual概念与之相矛盾，personnel和corporation不适合文章谈论的对象。对于学校
学生来说，在“团体动态关系即集体活动”方面提供练习的说法比较合理，因此，group为
正确答案。
12. [A] consent同意，赞成，允诺 [B] insurance保险
[C] admission允许进入，承认，坦白 [D] security安全
[答案] D
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。
文中相关部分说，“交朋友对青少年极端重要，许多腼腆的学生都需要某种团体所提供
的 _12 _”。考生要判断“团体”能够为腼腆的学生提供什么。最恰当的选项是security，
因为腼腆的学生需要交朋友，需要加入某种团体以获得安全感。最具干扰的选项是admission，它可以表示“获得加入某个团体或机构的权利”，但它必须与to或into搭配，例句：China’s admission to the United Nations（允许中国加入联合国）。
13. [A] particularly特别地，异常地，显著地 [B] barely 仅仅，几乎不，勉强
[C] definitely肯定无疑地，明确地 [D] rarely很少地，难得
[答案] B
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 副词用法辨析。
文章相关部分是shy students need the security with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background，空格处将填入一个副词修饰visible，其含义是“腼腆的学
生需要一定的安全感，这种安全感来自一位成人在背后……能看见的地方提供支持”。根据
文意可推知，青少年需要成人的支持，但不需要成人过多的参与，因为他们需要独立地去完
成事情。选项中particularly和definitely是程度副词，在visible前可表强调，但“特
别看得见”和“肯定看得见”不合文意；rarely为频率副词，加进去表示“有时看得见，
有时看不见”，因此也不合适。成人既在场，又不显眼，barely visible（几乎看不见）最
符合文意。
知识点补充：barely表示否定概念，如：I could barely see the road in the fog. (我在雾中几乎不能看清路)。该词含义与hardly和scarcely相近。
14. [A] similar相似的 [B] long 长的
[C] different不同的 [D] short 短的
[答案] D
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：常识的运用。
空格后的attention span指“注意力的持续时间”。本题要求考生判断青少年的注意
力持续时间是长还是短。按常理青少年一般比较好动，往往不能持续地关注某一件事。据说，小学生注意力的持续时间大约为半小时，超过半小时后，他们就不能够集中精力。随着年龄
的增长，人的注意力持续时间会增长，成人一般能够持续工作3～4小时。在此题中，应该
选择short，即“青少年的注意力持续时间较短”。此外，下文提到“应当组织各种各样的
活动，以便让参加者保持活跃”，从而可知这也是为了适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。
15.[A] if only只要，要是……就好，但愿，（表条件）
[B] now that既然……，（表条件）
[C] so that以便，以致，（表目的）
[D] even if即使……，（表让步）
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
空格前文是A variety of activities should be organized（组织各种各样的活动），后文是participants can remain active（让参加者保持活跃）。本题要求考生判断这两部分之间是什么逻辑关系。从逻辑上讲，让活动多样化应该是为了让参与者保持兴趣，两者之间是手段与目的的关系，这里需要一个表目的的连词，因此只有so that符合文意。
知识点补充：if only常用于虚拟语气，如：If only Mother were here.（要是妈妈在这就好了）；now that表条件，常置于句首，如：Now that everyone is here，let’s start the meeting.（既然所有人都到了，我们开会吧）；even if 表让步，如：Even if he came，the result would be the same.（即使他来了，结果还是会一样）。
16. [A] everything（else）其他每件事物[B] anything (else)（任何）其他的事物
[C] nothing (else) 无其他事物 [D] something (else) 其他的事物
[答案] D
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：不定代词用法辨析。
本题要求考生判断哪个选项可与else搭配并适合句意。在不同情况下，四个选项都可与else搭配。但是，根据语法的要求，anything用于疑问句和否定句中，所以在此不适合。空格所在句子的含义是“应当组织各种各样的活动，以便让参加者保持活跃，然后转而参与其他……活动，而不会感到内疚”，显然，everything 和nothing与else搭配后表达的“其他所有活动”和“没有其他任何活动”不符合文意，只有something else表示的“（继续参与）其他某种活动”符合句子语法和前后语意关系的搭配，为正确选项。
知识点补充：else可与something这类代词连用。如：Let’s try something else.（我们尝试一下其它的事吧）；I don’t think there is anything else we need discuss tonight. (我不认为今天晚上还有其他什么事情要讨论)；He had nothing else to do except to return to his room.（除了回房间，他没有其他事情可做/别无选择）；Everything else depends upon that.（其他的每件事都取决于此）。
17. [A](let) off 放出，饶恕，准许……暂停工作 [B](let) down使……失望
[C](let) out放掉，泄露，放大，出租 [D](let) alone不管, 不打扰
[答案] B
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：短语动词用法辨析。
文中相关部分说，“（教师）应该组织各种各样的活动，以便让参加者保持活跃，然后转而参与别的活动，既不会感到内疚，也不会让其他参加者_ 17 _”。显然这里需要一个和feeling guilty并列的贬义词组。即考生需判断“不断参加其他活动”除了可能让参与者自己内疚外，还会让其他人怎么样。选项中的副词都可以与 let 搭配，但只有let others down（让其他人失望）符合这个要求。
知识点补充：这个题目反映出对短语动词的辨析是英语知识运用的一个重要考点。短语动词指的是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的固定词组。最常见的几类短语动词包括：动+介，动+副，动+名+介，动+副+介。其中有部分动词形成的短语动词特别丰富，考生需要专门对他们进行总结和区分，这些动词包括：bring，call，cast，catch，come，cut，get，give，go，keep，leave，let，look，make，put，set，take，turn，throw等等。
18. [A] On the contrary相反 [B] On the average 按平均数计算
[C] On the whole总的看来 [D] On the other hand另一方面
[答案] A
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系 + 短语用法辨析。
空格前后是两个完整的句子，因此填入的短语应反映出它们之间的逻辑关系。前面部分是“这并不是说成人没有责任”，后面部分是“他们还可以帮助学生获得一种责任感”，两者的意思是完全对立的，即后一部分与前一部分相反。选项中只有 On the contrary能够准确表达这种含义。注意On the other hand强调的是事物存在两面性，并存两种可能性。如：He is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many mistakes.（他很聪明，但从另一方面来说，他也犯了不少错）。
例句补充：“Have you nearly done?”“On the contrary, I have only just begun.”（—你差不多做完了吧？—恰恰相反，我刚刚开始）；Women make on the average only two-thirds of what men earn.（平均算来，女性的收入仅是男性收入的三分之二）；You have made a few mistakes but on the whole you have done well.（你犯了几个错误，但总体来说，你做的很好）。
19.[A] making (for) 走向，有利于，倾向于，导致
[B] standing (for) 代表，代替，象征，支持
[C] planning (for) 计划，打算，策划
[D] taking (for) 当作，误认为
[答案] C
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：短语动词辨析。
文中相关部分是they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles （成人能够帮助学生获得一种责任感，通过（为他们）……一些角色），其中介词by 表明_19__for roles是help students acquire a sense of commitment的方式和手段。commitment意为“承担的责任和义务，承诺”。由于四个选项都可以与for搭配构成短语动词，考生关键需要判断哪个短语动词可与roles搭配，并符合文意。planning for填入空格后表示“策划创造一些（合适的）角色”，可以看作是“帮助学生获得责任感”的手段，而且它还与前面提到的plan activities，a variety of activities should be organized 相呼应。
知识点补充：与介词for构成短语动词的还包括：account for（解释），allow for（考虑到），answer for（对……负责），apply for（申请），arrange for（安排），ask for（问候），crave for（渴望），fall for（深信，倾心于），go in for（爱好），hope for（希望），hanker for（渴望），hunt for（寻找），have a taste for（喜好），long for（渴望），pray for（祈求），speak for（为……辩护），search for（要求，寻找），thirst for（渴望），want for（缺少），wish for（希望），yearn for（思慕）。
20. [A] capability能力，性能，容量，接受力 [B] responsibility责任
[C] proficiency熟练，精通 [D] efficiency效率，功效
[答案] A
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
空格所在句子是help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles that are within their_ 20__ and their attention spans，其中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词roles，表示“通过涉及一些在学生……范围之内和其注意力持续时间之内的角色，帮助学生获得一种责任感”。因此考生需要判断这些角色在青少年的什么范围之内。四个选项中首先排除proficiency和efficiency，它们不能和within搭配，且句意不符。选项responsibility有很大干扰性，因为它是“commitment”的近义词，但考生需仔细考虑一
下，此处“responsibility”修饰的是“roles”，“角色”是需要付诸实践的行动，和“responsibility”不能搭配，不可以说“在责任范围内的角色”。只有capabilities符合句意的要求，填入空格后意为“一些学生能力范围和在其注意力持续时间之内的角色”，既表示学生有能力完成，也承接上文，说明学生的注意力还可以集中。
知识点补充：-ency/-ence和-ility/-ity是常见的形容词变为名词的后缀，都表示“性质、状态、情况”，如：proficiency=proficient精通+cy，efficiency=efficient有效率的+cy，innocence=innocent天真的+ce，urgency=urgent紧急的+cy，emergency=emergent 紧急的+cy；capability=capable能干的+ility，responsibility=responsible有责任的+ility，juvenility=juvenile青少年的+ity，servility=servile奴性的+ity，fragility=fragile易碎的+ity。
三、全文翻译
教师应当意识到青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化。同时他们还应当对这些年轻人如何适应这些变化加以思考。青少年成长中,身体需要运动和锻炼，但这并不是仅仅通过竞争的方式来进行。因为青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战，所以他们的自我意识很强。他们需要有成功后的自信，并且需要自己的成就受到别人的钦佩。然而，典型的青少年生活中已经充满了竞争，因此策划一些胜者多败者少的活动是十分明智的。例如，出版有许多学生撰写书评的通讯，展示学生的艺术作品，组织读书研讨俱乐部等。各种小型俱乐部可提供多种多样的机会来培养青少年的领导才能，也能提供青少年成功参与集体活动的练习。交友对青少年极为重要，许多腼腆的学生需要某种团体所提供的安全感。在这个团体里，成人提供的支持处于几乎看不见的隐蔽地位。
在这些活动中，需要记住的是青少年的注意力持续时间非常短，所以应当组织各种各样的活动，以便让参加者保持活跃，然后转而参与别的活动，而不会感到内疚，也不会让其他参与者失望。这并不是说成人没有责任。相反，成人可以通过策划一些学生能力范围和在其注意力持续时间之内的角色来培养他们的责任感。
第二部分阅读理解试题解析
A部分
第一篇
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了互联网技术给间谍工作带来的变化。该文章独特之处在于整篇文章主要引用斯特雷福公司为典型例子，说明互联网对间谍工作带来的影响。文章通俗易懂，论证特点是夹叙夹议。
第一段：以著名间谍比尔?多诺汶为引子，段尾提出文章的主题：互联网正在改变谍报工作。
第二、三段：进一步说明互联网促使了一种新的情报行业的诞生，运用这种互联网技术可以获取更多的情报。接着文章以斯特雷福公司为典型事例，说明很多公司在这一趋势中获益。在写作手法上，以时间顺序为主线，利用例证法说明段落主题。
第四、五段：文章依然以斯特雷福公司为典型事例，通过引用该公司董事长的话，介绍了该公司的一些经营管理理念，总结了该公司的许多成功的经验。
二、试题具体分析
21. The emergence of the Net has .
[A] received support from fans like
Donovan
[B] remolded the intelligence services
[C] restored many common pastimes
[D] revived spying as a profession 21. 互联网出现后。
[A] 得到了多诺汶这样的网迷的支持
[B] 改变了情报收集工作
[C] 恢复了许多平常的消遣活动
[D] 使谍报复兴成为一个职业
[答案] B
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
关于A选项，文章第一句指出，若Wild Bill Donovan还在世的话，他会爱上互联网的，即一定会利用它来进行情报工作。句子使用的是虚拟语气（would have loved），这说明多诺汶在世时并没有互联网。而且我们从文章的后面的几句话也能证实这一论断，因此，多诺汶是互联网的爱好者的说法是错误的。关于B选项，文章第一段结尾指出：“These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.”。其中的“Donovan’s vocation”指的就是“intelligence services”（情报工作）。此外，解答本题的另一个关键是对“reshape”一词的理解，它的含义是“recast，remold”即“改造，给···以新形式”，因此B选项为正确答案。
选择D选项的考生在于对“reshape”和“revive”的词义差别区分不清。这里的“revive”是主要意义是“to come or bring back into use or existence”(<使>恢复，<使>复兴，<使>复归使用)，暗含的意思是某事物已经不存在或已经丧失作用。在第一段中并没有谈到间谍行业曾经消失的信息。在第二段中，我们知道互联网的出现推动了情报行业的发展，也没有找到任何有关情报行业曾经中断的信息。而选项C所对应的原文是“re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail”，意思是：互联网改变了人们的日常生活方式，如买书，发邮件等。考生要注意区别“restore”和“re-make”的含义。原文中的“re-make”的含义是“re-create”（改变，重新创造）。即重新创造一种消遣方式：人们现在足不出户，通过网络就可以实现购书或发电子邮件。这当然不是恢复平常的消遣活动。
知识点补充：re-是个常见的前缀，表示“再，重新”，该题中涉及到的词汇都和这个前缀有关。restore的含义主要有：①bring back into existence or use；reestablish（使恢复存在或使用；重新建立）；②bring back to an original condition（使回到原来的状态）；③put (someone) back in a former position（使复职，把（某人）放回原来地位）。
22. Donovan’s story is mentioned in
the text to .
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the US
[C] give an episode of the information
war
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA 22. 文中提到多诺汶的故事是为了。
[A] 为网上谍报这个话题提供开头
[B] 展示多诺汶是如何为美国效力的
[C] 提供信息战的一个片断
[D] 表彰他为中情局所做出的杰出贡献
[答案] A
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。
题干要求考生识别作者的写作意图。回答本题时，考生需要从整段或全文的角度去考虑。
作者在写文章时举出某一个具体的例子来表达他所要表达的观点。在解答文章的主旨题时要注意充分利用文章中提到的细节，读懂了这些细节，弄清了文章的篇章结构有助于把握文章的主旨，反过来，了解文章的大致主题和观点也可以帮助我们吃透细节。
本文只在第一段提到比尔·多诺汶，其余部分讨论的都是情报工作在互联网时代的巨大变化，以及它面临的机会和挑战。文章列举司特雷福公司的例子去说明互联网为谍报工作提供了巨大的可能性，因此文章的中心议题是情报工作和互联网的关系。多诺汶作为一个大间谍只是为文章展开讨论前提供了一个引子，因此A选项为正确答案。其他B、C、D选项虽然可能都与多诺汶的生平事迹有关，但是与文章主题无关，因此都不正确。
23. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph3) most probably means .
[A] causing the biggest trouble
[B] exerting the greatest effort
[C] achieving the greatest success
[D] enjoying the widest popularity 23. 段落中的“making the biggest splash”（第三段第一行）最可能的意思是。
[A] 引起最大的麻烦
[B] 做出最大的努力
[C] 取得最大的成功
[D] 受到最广泛的欢迎
[答案] C
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：词义题。
题干要求考生根据上下文猜测短语。文章第二段谈到，在互联网时代对“公开来源情报”的收集具有越来越重要的影响，中央情报局也对它十分重视。然后第三段又列举了“司特雷福公司”这个典型的例子，说它是在这个领域的佼佼者。making the biggest splash的含义是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”，即创造一种强有力的、良好的和引人注意的效果，也就是取得了最大的成功，而不是“引起最大的麻烦”。
此外，如果司特雷福公司“做出最大努力”而未取得成功，它也不会成为一个典型例子，因此B选项也是错误的。D选项在文中根本没有提及。
24. It can be learned from paragraph 4
that .
[A] straitford’s prediction about
Ukraine has proved true
[B] straitford guarantees the
truthfulness of its information [C] straitford’s business is
characterized by unpredictability [D] straitford is able to provide fairly
reliable information 24. 从文章第四段推论出其中的暗示
是。
[A] 斯特雷福公司关于乌克兰的预测已经
被证实
[B] 斯特雷福公司保证它提供的信息的真
实性
[C] 斯特雷福公司公司的业务特征是不可
预测性
[D] 斯特雷福公司能够提供相当可靠的信
息
[答案] D
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
第四段的主要内容是：Friedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具，既用来收集信息，又用来发布信息。然后以Ukraine的例子说明网络互动的实际作用。该段的最后两句指出：公开来源的谍报活动有它的风险，因为情报的真伪难辨。司特雷福公司就是靠辨别情报的真伪吃饭的。这就暗示司特雷福公司能够提供相当可靠的情报，因此，D选项为正确选项。
B选项的说法太绝对，因为司特雷福公司既然担有风险，它就不能够保证信息100%可靠。从常理上来说，这也是不可能的。A选项的说法没有根据，因为司特雷福公司只是对乌克兰的局势作出了预测，但没有提到预测已经被证实是真的。文章只提到一旦信息被公布，会收到一些人的反馈。C选项的说法在文中也找不到根据，因为文中只提到司特雷福公司提供的
信息具有不可预测的特点，并不是说它的业务也有不可预测的特征。
知识点补充：reliable（可靠的、可信赖的）的近义词有：dependable，responsible，trustworthy，trusty。这些词的中心含义都是“worthy of reliance or trust”（值得依赖和信任）。
25. Straitford is most proud of
its .
[A] official status
[B] nonconformist image
[C] efficient staff
[D] military background 25. 司特雷福公司最引以自豪的是。
[A] 官方地位
[B] 不随大流的形象
[C] 它的有效率的员工
[D] 它的军方背景
[答案] B
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
文章最后一句直接指出，司特雷福公司对其“independent voice（独立的声音）”感到自豪。与其他公司不同，司特雷福公司避免外界的左右。公司不同于政府，它具有“outsider （局外人）”的地位，不对官方的腔调随声附和，可以独立地宣称自己的主张，因此它给人的印象是“不随大流的形象”，这也就是它引以为豪的地方。虽然公司某些员工来自军事情报机构，但是公司本身并不附属于军方，因此D选项不正确；C选项在文中也找不到依据。知识点补充：nonconformist中前缀non-表示“非，不”，conformist原来的含义是指“宗教上遵奉国教”，引伸义是“墨守陈规者”，noncomformist的含义包括“非国教徒，不墨守成规的（人）”。
三、试题命制分析
考点设计点评：
命题专家设置的5道试题考查的范围覆盖了全文，既考查了考生理解具体信息的能力，也考查了考生推测词义、推理引申的能力。文章写作方法上的突出特点是使用了例证法，因此试题多以例子出题，包括比尔?多诺汶的例子（已考）、来源公开策略公司、斯特雷福公司的例子。（参见补充考点中第1和第2题）。从语言角度讲，该篇文章通俗易懂，难度不是很大，语言较新，虽然存在个别生词，但考生都可以通过上下文猜测出词义（参见原考题第3题和补充考点第3题）。此外，从命题的角度来看，还可以命制文章主旨题和作者观点态度题，如：第二段第一句话就可以作为词义句意考点。
补充考点：
（1）The author mentioned CIA’s contest to show that .
[A] CIA was eager to know who was able to get as much information about Burundi
as possible
[B] Open-Source Solutions is a very successful company in information
collection
[C] electronic spying isn’t something new
[D] Open-Source Solutions’ success is an old story
（2） Straiford is cited .
[A] as a success in the mastery of the electronic world
[B] as a successful spying agency
[C] to show how the Net influences the spying vocation
[D] to show the importance of being independent of government
（3） The phrase “earns its keep” (last line, paragraph 4) most probably
means .
[A] keeps its leading position [B] makes profits
[C] takes risks [D] sticks to the task
（4） The best title for the passage might be .
[A] Spying: an Information War
[B] Internet Changes the World
[C] The Success of Intelligence-Analysis Agencies
[D] Spying in the New Age
参考答案：（1）C （2）A （3）B （4）D
四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析:
①The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.
这个句子的特点是定语从句中含有两个并列的分句。该句子的主干是：The American spymaster...was fascinated with information，主语后是 who 引导的定语从句，对其修饰限制。定语从句中由and连接的两个分句是：built the Office …和laid the roots …。搭配be fascinated with意为“对…着迷”，lay the roots for意为“为…打下基础”。
②Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession”.
句子主干是Donovan believed in using...，其中using的宾语是关系代词whatever 引导的宾语从句：whatever tools came to hand。in the “great game” of espionage 做状语成分，破折号后的内容spying as a “profession”是对espionage的进一步解释说明。固定短语come to hand意为“到手”。
补充：whatever和它一类的疑问代词（whichever，whoever，whomever）除了有一般代词的用法外，还可以做关系代词，相当于any thing(s) that，any one(s) that，any person(s) who。如：He did whatever he could do.（他做了他能做的任何事）。
③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
该句的特点是多重定语。句子主干是The winner... was a tiny Virginia company...，主语和谓语之间插入了by a large margin做状语。表语a tiny Virginia company 后是第一层定语，由called过去分词对其进行修饰，第二层定语是whose 引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰solutions。
④Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.
句子主干是：Straitford makes money by selling...to...，其状语结构中含有一个复合结构：sell sth. to sb.。the results of spying 是sell 的直接宾语，括号中的现在分词短语做直接宾语的定语，对其补充说明；corporations是sell的间接宾语，介词结构like energy-services firm McDermott International做其定语。
⑤Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.
该句子是由关系副词whereby引导的主从复合句。逗号前是主句，其主干是briefs don’t sound like back-and-forthing；关系副词whereby相当于by which，引导定语从句，修饰主句的宾语back-and-forthing，从句的主干是agencies avoid dramatic