大学英语教材

大学英语教材

大学英语自学教程(上)

01-A. How to be a successful language learner?

―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖

Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.

Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.

Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in th e new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”

“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child

would learn; play with the language.”

But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.

First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are

good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When

they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.

Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,

successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they

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look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They

will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what

they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes

and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.

Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.

What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.

01-B. Language

When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not

only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "y es‖ and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.

An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in

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Italy. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it, took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty,

looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that w asn’t food, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.

As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.

Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh‖ whe n we mean "keep silent.‖ When babies laugh, we know they are

happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.

It is the same with animals. When a dog says ―G-r-r‖ or a cat says "F-f-f‖ we know they are angry.

But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say ―G-r-r‖ when he means "I am angry,‖ but he cannot say first "I‖ and then "am‖ and then "angry.‖ A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a

parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.

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02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leads

the world with the worst taxes.

Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.

Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.

The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that

state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This

figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.

The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for

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education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.

Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.

02-B. Advertising

Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to

buy – food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.

The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.

Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising

were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures,

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and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short,

often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the

product.

The same techniques have been carried over into television

advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures

to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only

15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.

The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs

before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.

03-A. The Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.

Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.

The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is

still very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles

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(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.

Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.

There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).

One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.

Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.

Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down

from the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.

The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. One

of its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.

Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.

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We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.

A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!

03-B. The Moon

We find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away from

the earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, but

its direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.

Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.

Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.

Yet the dark part of the moon’s surface is not absolutely black; generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that

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we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.

If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth

reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in

the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The old

moon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way, the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.‖

04-A. Improving Your Memory

Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.

Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does

not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme

―Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ‖ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.

Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking

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consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.

Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).

The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

04-B. Short-term Memory

There are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes

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information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam often have this experience. In contrast, information in

shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves.

Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.

Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was a

light in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did

this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.

Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English as

a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.

To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each

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question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.

Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced

students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.

05-A. Fallacies about Food

Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could

get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as

the deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.

Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them

fall in love.

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Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.

Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some

of them are very widespread.

One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good

brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many

other kinds of food.

Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.

Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have

to do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.

Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates.

It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.

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05-B. Do Animals Think?

The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.

Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true

with some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.

There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.

Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches

for what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The

beavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and in

plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.

As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The

parrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which

he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things

as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care

of sheep.

Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real

improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And

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so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of

building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.

Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know

either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what

instinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.

I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a

while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things.

As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.

It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses

as we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand, but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference between right and wrong.

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06-A. Diamonds

Diamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful. They are the hardest substance found in nature. That means a diamond can cut any other surface. And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.

Diamonds are made from carbon. Carbon is found in all living things, both plant and animal. Much of the carbon in the earth comes from things that once lived.

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Unit 1 Vocabulary 1.F ill in the gaps with words……. 1). Respectable 2).agony 3).put down 4).sequence 5).hold back 6).distribute 7).off and on 8).vivid 9).associate 10).finally 11).turn in/out 12).tackle 2. Rewrite each sentence…… 1)…has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2)….was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3)….a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’ time. 4)….gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 3. Complete the sentences… 1).reputation; rigid; to inspire 2).and tedious; What’s more; out of date ideas 3).compose; career; avoid showing; hardly hold back Ⅱ. Synonyms in Context

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c18818271.html,posed 2.severe 3.agony 4.extraordinary 5.recall https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c18818271.html,mand 7.was violating 8.anticipate Ⅲ.Collocation 1.at 2.for 3.of 4.with 5.as 6.about 7.to 8.in; in 9.from 10.on/upon Comprehensive Exercises Ⅰ.Cloze Text-related (1).hold back (2).tedious (3).scanned (4).recall (5).vivid (6).off and on (7).turn out/in (8).career Theme-related (1).last (2).surprise (3).pull (4).blowing (5). dressed (6).scene (7).extraordinary (8).image (9).turn (10).excitement Ⅱ.Translation 1.A s it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2.H is girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took

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Unit 11. Vocabulary 1) insert 2) on occasion 3) investigate 4) In retrospect 5) initial 6) phenomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) is awaiting 10) not …in the least 11) promote 12) emerged 2. Rewrite each sentence 1) There is a striking contrast between the standard of living in the north of the country and the south. 2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3) The city's importance as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4) His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5) The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1) Chinese isn't a subject that can be picked up in a month. You can't accomplish your goal of mastering the language unless you work at it for years. Well, it sounds as if I'm exag-gerating the difficulties, but the fact is I'm only telling the truth. 2) The principal is somewhat disappointed with the performance of the children. From what she has gathered, some of the teaching staff have neglected their pupils. She has just announced that strict work regulations have been made and that they apply to both Chinese and overseas teachers. 3) The teacher-directed and the child-directed approaches to teaching art represent two ex-tremes of opinion. Too many teacher-directed activities cannot be expected to effectively assist children in learning because of the rigid structure. On the other hand, too many child-directed activities may see a curriculum that is totally unstructured and out of con-trol. There are valid reasons to believe a teacher-guided approach would be a superior way to guide children's development. This approach combines some form of structure with the child leading the direction. II. Confusable Words 1. 1) continual 3) continual

大学英语课本翻译

大学英语课本翻译：大学体验英语第一册 1.A篇学无止境 故事发生在一所东部大学里。那是终考的最后一天。一幢教学楼的台阶上围着一群大四的工科生，都在谈论即刻就要开始的考试。他们脸上都带着自信。这是毕业前的最后一场考试了，考完后，即是毕业典礼。然后他们将各奔前程。 话题转到了工作上，有的谈起了找好的工作，有的则谈论着要找的工作。4年的大学学习给了他们自信，使他们觉得自己足以征服世界。 眼前这场考试，不过是一碟小菜罢了。老师已经说过可以携带所需的任何书本或笔记，只要不在考试时交头接耳就行了。 学生们兴高采烈地步入教室。试卷发下来了。看到只有5道论述题，他们一个个脸笑上开了花。 3小时过去后，老师开始收卷。学生们先前的那份自信再也看不到了，而是满脸惊慌。老师握着试卷，面对全班，大家都沉默不语。 她扫了一眼眼前这一张张不安的脸，问道："5道题全答完的有多少？" 没人举手。 "做完4道的有多少？" 还是没人举手。 "3道呢？两道呢？" 学生们再也坐不住了。 "那么一道呢？总有做完一道的吧。" 教室里依然鸦雀无声。老师搁下试卷，说道："这我早料到了。" "我只是想让你们牢牢记住，即使你们已经完成了4年工科学习，这个领域你们还有很多东西要学。其实，你们答不出的这些问题在日常生活中很常见。"她笑了笑，接着说，"这门课你们都能通过，但要记住，你们虽然已经大学毕业，但学习才刚刚开始。" 多年后，我已忘了这位老师的姓名，但牢牢记住了她的教诲。 1.B篇回眸大学 4年的时光已经过去，这一刻终于来临了。不到两周，我就要毕业了。此刻回想起来，我仍不敢相信时光飞逝如斯。我依然记得第一天去上课时的情景，我一边望着课表背面的地图，一边打听教学楼在哪儿。现在我已是大四的学生，常会以羡慕的眼光看着一年级的新生。每天我都祈愿时间会凝滞，接下来的两周过得更慢一些。许多我认识的人都迫不及待地想要毕业，我却恰恰相反。我宁愿时光倒流，再度重温大学生活的每一天。 大学生活使我学到了许许多多，而且大都是在课外学到的。大二的生活也许是我生命中最值得留念的一段。正是这一年，我终于让妈妈相信我住校没有问题，她终于让我去了。正是这一年，我结交了一些终身好友，历经多次的成功与失败使我对自己有了更多的了解。大二生活还有着种种新的尝试，到山地去野营，把信手涂鸦的诗投到报社，还在课堂上给老师画漫画。 走在校园熟悉的路上，不知不觉中就陷入了深深的反思和对往昔的回忆中。发觉自己好想从头来过，再次体味大学生活的欢娱和激动。一想到毕业心里就一阵阵恐慌。从记事起我就一直在读书。我觉得还有很多东西想学，可是却不得不毕业了。世界如此之大，可能发生的事情太多太多。过去4年中，我一直被一张安全的网包围着。学生这个身份总能让人感到欣慰，使我可以躲开外面世界的无情现实。 不到两周就要离校了，每每想到就要毕业，我就打心眼儿里感到不安。因为我从记事起就一直是名学生。我觉得自己是在回避毕业。每当别人问起我大学毕业后打算做什么，我就想大声尖叫，我不知道以后想做些什么。甚至不敢想像早上醒来没有课上会是什么样的情形。 不久前，一次面试时，有人问我，"这是不是你想干一辈子的工作？"我觉得这个问题很可笑，还差点儿笑出声来，不过我还是说了实话。以后的事情，我说不好--谁知道将来会是什么样子？过去的4年中，我已多次改变了想法，一辈子就干一行的想法简直就是一种折磨。 午夜漫步于校园，我意识到自己将会多么怀念大学生活。每一个小小的事物都显得分外美丽，每一个小小的事物都让我意识到大学生活是多么精彩，多么独特。当依依不舍地关上我的大学生活之门时，我将永远珍藏这些日子。 2.A篇因特网与教育 教育在每个人的生活中都扮演着一个非常重要的角色。我们上学是因为想了解周围的世界，同时也拓宽自己的视野。过去，传统的教室常是老师和学生共同研究和探索美妙的知识世界的场所，但现在，一切都发生了改变。先进的技术正逐步取代这些交互式的活动并给我们带来一种全新的学习方式。 国际因特网便是其中的方式之一。通过因特网学习是一种新的学习方式，许多人认为它比传统的教学方式更加有效。有了因特网，学校能够开发出大量的学习材料以供学生随时从网上获取。在网上，学生对各种课程和时间段有多种选择。因此，完成一项教育计划对学生而言就不再成为问题了。我们发现，在线教育为我们提供了绝好的信息资源，节约了时间和金钱，而且十分方便。 以前，每当需要查找资料的时候，我们总是去图书馆并在那儿花上几个小时找寻所需的资料。今天，我们自己家里也拥有了一座图书馆，而且一天24小时开放。以我初为人母的个人经验来看，我发现使用网上信息对我非常有帮助。当我在家照看孩子的时候，我仍然可以和外界保持联系并搜寻任何我所需要的教育资料。我还可以在家中和我的同学们交流思想、观点和信息。 因特网不仅仅是一个巨大的信息源，而且还能够为我们节约时间和金钱。有人预言，由于可以通过因特网获取信息，未来的教育将会比现在便宜得多。购置土地和建筑房屋的费用，以及教师的工资都在持续增长，这就使传统教育比在线教育花费更多。此外，常规的（离线）课程，严重地依赖于书本和其它传统的印刷资料。然而，在线教育则通过电子手段来显示教师授课内容、学生笔记和布置作业，这样每年可以节约数千美元。同时，在线教育还不需要教室，因为大部分网络课程要求学生通过发送电子邮件来参与讨论和进行小组项目。 在因特网上开班授课也非常方便，因为它不像传统教育那样有时间和空间上的客观限制。首先，以教室进行教学对于每个班上课的学生有数量限制，然而，教室对网络教育来说根本不是问题，每个人都可以在网上接受教育。学生们不必拼尽全力地去注册他们喜欢的课程。此外，因为没有时间限制，所以只要学生需要，他们可以反复做练习。 教育会越来越多地在网上推广开来。在以什么方式和什么时间上课的问题上，学生们会有更多的选择。他们将很容易就找到自己喜欢的班，而且可以多次复习教学内容，使用教材，直到满意为止。因特网不仅为我们寻找乐趣提供了一个绝妙的机会，而且可以让我们以更方便和更经济的方式学到知识。在我看来，未来的在线生活是不可避免的。 2.B篇凯莉·麦基 宾西法尼亚州斯蒂尔顿市的凯莉·麦基从来没有想过参加远程教育课程的学习。她已经在一所商业学校获得了毕业证书，已婚而且有孩子，是一名律师助理。但是自从她摔断颈椎变瘫痪之后，她的生活从此被永远地改变了，那时她才27岁。 随着时间的推移，凯莉学会了移动手指并可以使用计算机，借助电动轮椅的帮助，她能够设法处理自己的日常生活。尽管这种进步还不足以让她继续自己从前的职业，但是其它的机会已经出现。 凯莉说："那次意外改变了我对生活的看法，因为我没有学位，所以我马上开始寻求教育机会。"大多数的传统教育方案不允许她既能接受教育，又能照顾好正在成长的子女。于是，凯莉选择了宾西法尼亚州立大学的远程教育。 "远程学习是十分艰难的，但是我的孩子让这一切充满价值。尽管由于一些原因就算是获得了学位我也不能参加工作，但我将会是一个受过高等教育的人，为我的孩子们树立一个好榜样，同时我学到的知识对他们将来的成长也会有帮助。远程教育让我的生活从悲剧转变为胜利。她说："远程教育给我提供了一个追求我自己的目标和个人工作的机会。我的教育和我的残疾，我的家庭生活的问题以及照顾我的孩子们等问题是分开的。" 对凯莉的经历，盖里·E·米勒，远程教育助理副院长兼国际校园的主任盖里·E·米勒是这样评价的，"凯莉的情况是一个很好的例子，她告诉我们对那些不能从传统的校园教育计划获得教育的学生，远程教育对他们的生活有很大的冲击。" 远程教育和世界校园的学术顾问，简·爱尔兰德补充说道："凯莉让我们想起了远程教育的使命--无论学生的地理位置和生活状况如何，我们应该为他们提供高质量的教育和经历。我们在许多真正需要接受教育的学生身上产生了重大的影响，凯莉就是一个很好的例子。" 凯莉是一个成功的学生，她每个学期都修12个学分。她计划完成文学、艺术、和科学的学士学位，然后在网上继续她的硕士学位的学习。 毕业之后，她希望为伤残群体工作，也许会在一个康复机构担任顾问。简·爱尔兰德认为凯莉毫无疑问能实现这一目标。 凯莉非常感谢她的优秀的教师们，也感谢提供给学生的各项帮助，这包括经济资助、残疾人服务和职业再培训工作。许多工作人员都称赞凯莉表现非常出色。 苏珊·韦特克丝，宾西法尼亚州立大学杜博瓦校区的英语教师说："凯莉不仅激励了其他的学生，同时也激励了那些有幸认识她的工作人员。她让我们意识到我们的事业是多么有意义。" ? 3.A篇俱乐部和社团 聚会、喝酒、吃饭--哦，还有工作--都让时光流逝，但你内心深处确有一些很想追寻的东西，却无法实现。你一直在寻找的，我的朋友，就是将你自己投身到大学社团中的机会，去发现各种各样的活动。这些团体在像牛津这样的城市里散发着勃勃生机。 不论你是想保持已有的兴趣，还是培养新的爱好，你首先应该到牛津大学学生会的新生集会上去看看那些令人眼花缭乱的俱乐部。手持一张新生集会的入场券，你就可以得到一份崭新的关于牛津大学方方面面的综合指南。如果你错过了这场集会，别泄气，在新生周里发给你的牛津目录上，你将看到各种社团的介绍。你不妨稍作浏览--这可是你见识大学生活的重要机会。 人们投身社团生活的程度各不相同。有的完全沉醉于一个俱乐部，在接下来的三年里几乎不跟非本俱乐部成员说话，直至成为该组织的领导者。其余的人更愿意选择灵活的方式，参加几个社团，参加凡是他们感兴趣的活动。还有许多人，也许有点笨，完全无视大学社团的存在，只是与大学里的伙伴们在一起打发时间。 社团使人们有大量的机会结识校园以外的人，特别对于文科学生来说，这是难能可贵的。但是别忘了，许多学院有自己兴盛的社团，你也能在新生周里加入这些社团。音乐和戏剧总是很受欢迎，有兴趣的人聚在一起做点什么，也并非难事。如果你有心为学校新搞一个莎士比亚说唱社团，你可以向大学校监申请注册，还可获得启动资助、贷款及其他好处。 尤其是对大社团而言，其中的一个负面就是学生的钻营。"钻营"指的是有些学生在俱乐部或社团里追求职位的提高（通常是要做主席），有些社团，比如牛津大学学生俱乐部或同业协会总能吸引那些比别人更有野心的人。当学生们突然想到他们空白的履历，想到履历将与他们将来能否找到一份高收入的工作密切相关，想方设法往上爬就几乎是在所难免的了。尽管如此，也不用担心：绝大多数学生不赞成这种自我钻营的行为。他们能够从容的面对生活。 三百多个社团，对每个人来说，都应该能找到自己的位置。除了一些倾向明显的政治聚会和体育俱乐部外，所有的主要宗教都有自己的组织；有热衷于不同国家或地区的社会与文化的社团，从中国到保加利亚，以及从苏格兰到埃塞克斯的英国各地区；有热衷于义工、文学、音乐、戏剧和科幻小说的协会；还有五花八门的奇特组织，比如玛格丽特女子学院布丁协会，牛津特技协会，以及普胡牌友协会。你会喜欢它们的。 3.B篇心态平衡 在今天的现实生活中，保持心态平衡十分必要。生活中心态失衡，既无法很好地工作，心身也不能得到全面的发展。生活中有时心态失衡，人们就会觉得不满足，不愉快。 在学习和工作中我曾经历过巨大的压力，也试着用各种办法调整自己来减轻压力。最终我发现，好好利用业余时间是个办法。业余时间对我来说是不可或缺的。否则，我肯定会要发疯的。我的大部分业余时间都用于读书，听音乐，跟生活中的朋友交谈，或者跟网上遇到的人聊天。我真的很喜欢在外面找一个安静的地方读沃尔特·惠特曼和罗伯特·弗洛斯特的诗歌或著作。如果我没有时间做这些，那我也干不好别的事情。读书放松的同时，听音乐对我来说也是很重要的。如果我情绪低落，我就听慢悠悠的歌，如果我心情高兴，我就听快节奏的歌。音乐是人类共同的语言，能表达不同的情感。音乐能触及灵魂，确切地说，我认为音乐表达的实际上就是心灵的感受。 生活中的朋友和网上的朋友都是我业余时间和社交生活的一部分。朋友对我来说总是重要的。不论我做什么，他们都是我的支柱。不论我处于什么情况，我的好朋友们总是支持着我。没有他们，我不可能过着健康的心态平衡的生活。不久之前，我经历了一小段时间的失意。手头所有的工作都没有进展，也不再跟朋友们谈心。就这样过了一个礼拜，我的一个好朋友将我拉到一边，邀我跟她出去散步。我们谈到我的情况，她帮我一起分析我到底想干什么。真不知道如果她不在我身边，我会怎么样。 许多事情都有助于你调节心态。压力是一种十分危险而又累人的经历，往往是消沉和不幸的开始。但如果真有了压力，你应该做点什么而不光是等待，比如跟朋友说说，或是听听音乐。这样你也许就会觉得自己不该这么沮丧，这么心事重重。 在生活中，保持心态平衡是很重要的。要是心态失衡，每一天的生活都将是难熬的。大胆创新地利用业余时间将起到决定性的作用。 4.A篇玛塞娜的工作经历 进大学不久我就下定决心，在进入"现实世界"前先到国外呆一段。四年级的时候，我的大多数同学都在忙着为"现实世界"的工作面试，我却在研究怎么才能去另外一个国家工作。刚开始打听的时候，我对去哪儿，干什么都很随便。我就是很想出国，让我干什么都行。 不久我就听说了一个叫"北美学生英国大学俱乐部"的计划，像是专为想出国工作的学生制定的。它给在读或是刚毕业的学生提供工作签证，让他们能到海外工作。因为语言相通和找工作容易的关系，在六个可供选择的国家中我选择了英国。 毕业两个月后我横渡大西洋，到伦敦之前花六个礼拜把整个欧洲跑了一遍。1997年8月24日，我带着一张工作签证来到伦敦，但却没有工作，也没地方可住。我得承认那确实挺让人害怕的！到的第二天，我度过了我的第一个英国假日--银行休假日。这是个全国