电子信息工程专业英语句子翻译

1.The use of vacuum tubes declined rapidly when a semiconductor device was invented that could perform many of the functions previously associated with vacuum tubes.

发明了半导体器件后,真空二极管的使用呈迅速下降趋势,因为半导体器件具有真空管的许多功能.

2.Silicon transistors began to replace germanium transistors in the late1950s,which made possible the next revolutionary step in electronics.

硅晶体管于20世纪50年代末代替了锗晶体管,它为电子学带来了又一次的革命性进步.

3.The commercial success of the integrated circuit industry was based on standard products representing digital logic families.

集成电路工业的商业成就是在以数字逻辑家族为代表的标准产品的基础上取得成功的。

4.This curriculum includes the elementary theory of passive component(resistor,capacitor and inductor)and electrical networks which supplies power with a DC source,then an introduction to the effects of alternating voltage and current in passive electrical circuits is given.

这门课程包括无源器件（电阻、电容和电感）的基本理论和用直流电源供电的电路网络，无源电路中的交流电流和交流电压的作用

5.The content involved in semiconductor diodes(PN-junction diodes,special purpose diodes),transistors(field effects and bipolar transistors),signal amplifiers,practical amplifiers,biasing circuits,operational amplifiers circuits and other circuits(rectification,regulation and DC power supplies).

内容包括二极管（半导体二极管、PN结二极管、特殊二极管）、三极管（场效应管三极管、晶体三极管）、信号放大电路、实际放大电路、偏置电路、运算放大器电路、其他电路（整流、稳压、直流电压源电路）。

6.Fourier series and Fourier transform(definition,properties,frequency response and analysis of linear time-invariant systems based on Fourier transform,sampling,correlation and power spectral density)

傅立叶级数和傅立叶变换（定义、性质、频率响应和基于傅立叶变换的线性时不变系统的分析、采样、相关性和功率谱密度）7.Its main content includes the elementary theory in circuit theory(network functions,characteristic frequencies), types of filter(lowpass,bandpass,etc.),review of operational amplifiers(design of first and second order using operational amplifiers

其主要内容有电路理论的基本理论（网络函数、特征频率）、滤波器类型（低通、带通滤波器）、运算放大器的讨论（用运算放大器设计的一级、二级滤波器

8.This course includes the history of control,modeling of physical processes,design specifications in the time domain, design using the root locus,frequency response and an introduction to state space design for single-input single-output systems.

本课程主要内容包括控制理论的历史、物理过程的模块化方法、时域系统的设计方法、用根轨迹法的设计方法、频率响应，以及单一输入/输出系统状态方程设计方法的介绍。

词组

hitting the market风靡市场

large-scale integration超大集成

passive component无源器件

combinatory logic electric circuit组合逻辑系统

analysis and synthesis分析与综合

succession logic electric circuit时序逻辑电路

differentiation and integration时分和差分

linear time-invariant systems线性时不变系统

power spectral density功率普密度

characteristic frequencies特征频率

1.This is Ohm’s law and can be expressed as the formula:I=U/R.The resistor is generally a linear device and its characteristic forms a straight line when plotted on a graph.

这就是欧姆定律,可以用公式表示成I=U/R.电阻器一般是线性器件,它的(伏安)特性曲线形成一条直线.

2.One Ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.

1Ω的定义是当加到导体上的电压为1V时,使导体的电流为1A时所需要的电阻值.

3.Placed in parallel with a voltage source,they limit current to a device.In series with a voltage source they make up a voltage divider.

电阻与电源并联连接,则电阻限定流入装置的电流.电阻与电源串联,则电阻便成为电压分压器.

4.The fifth band,when present,indicates the failure rate(in percentage)per1000hours of service.This is sometimes called the reliability factors.

第五条色带,当其出现,表示每使用1000小时的故障率(用百分比表示).它有时也被称为可靠性因子.

5.If a condenser is connected to a battery,the electrons will flow out of the negative terminal of the battery and accumulate on the condenser plate connected to that side.

如果电容器与电池相连,电子就会从电池的负极流出,并聚集在与之相连的电容器的金属板上

6.The capacitance is directly proportional to the dielectric constant of the material and to the area of the plates and inversely to the distance of the plates.

电容器的电容量与介质的介电常数及平板的面积成正比，与平板间的距离成反比.

7.An inductor tends to oppose a change in electrical current,it has no resistance to DC current but has an AC resistance to AC frequency and is given by the formula XL=2πfLL,with units of ohms.

电感器有反抗电流变化的趋势。对直流电而言，电感器是没有阻碍作用的，但对交流电来说，电感器有一个交流阻抗，称为感抗。这个感抗与电感量和交流电的频率有关，用公式表示为XL=2πfLL，其单位为欧姆。

8.Ideally,the component should be removed from the circuit completely;but if this is inconvenient(at least until if proves necessary for removal),one or more leads should be disconnected and care taken to avoid current paths in neighboring components when testing.

理想的方法是把该元件从线路中完整取出。但如果不方便的话（至少要在判别需要去掉之前），应该断开一根或几根引线，应当避免在测试时邻近的元件之间有电流通路。

9.The reading given when the pointer stops moving is the insulation resistance,which is normally high if the capacitor is in good condition.

指针停止转动时的读数就是电容器的绝缘电阻，假设电阻器没有毛病的话，绝缘电阻值通常很高。

词组

Resistors电阻

is directly proportional to与···成正比

inversely proportional to与···成反比

the letter symbol一串字符

a maximum power dissipation最大功耗

in parallel with/in series with并联/串联

the reliability factors可靠的因素

restore electrical neutrality电中性

full scale deflection满刻度偏转

charge/discharge充电/放电

bearing in mind铭记

Lesson3

1.A diode is reverse biased when the diode negative electrode voltage is higher than the anode electric potential.The diode internal resistance was extremely high by now

当二极管的正极电压高于负极电位时称二极管反向偏置，这时二极管的内部电阻非常高，所以一个理想的二极管可以阻挡反向的电流而让正向的电流通过。

2.Not only are they made as separate components,but also used in integrated circuits that may contain several thousands of them on a tiny slice of silicon.

它不仅被作为分立元件，而且在集成电路芯片中也包含成千上万的晶体管。

3.The junction transistor is usually called the transistors.Its operation depends on the flow of both majority and minority carriers and it has two PN-junctions.

结型晶体管也称晶体管。它的工作依赖于两种载流子，即多数载流子和少数载流子的流动，并且有两个PN结。

4.It takes only a small change of base current to control a relatively large collector current.It is this ability that enables the transistor to amplify.

基极电流只需很小的变化，就会引起集电极电流很大的变化。正是这种能力使晶体管具有放大作用。

5.At present,the most universal technology for designing microcircuits makes use of MOS transistors.The acronym MOS stands for metal-oxide semiconductor

目前，设计微电路中最普遍的技术是利用MOS管。缩写词MOS表示金属氧化物半导体，

6.Unlike most bipolar-junction transistor(BJT)technologies,which make dominant use of only one type of transistors, MOS circuits use two complementary types of transistors.

三极管技术主要应用单一管（全部用NPN型或全部用PNP型）形式设计电路，与之不同的是MOS管设计的电路一般用两种互补型的晶体管

7.There are four basic tests required for transistors in practical applications:gain,leakage,breakdown,and switching time.All of these tests are best made with commercial testers or oscilloscopes.

在实际应用中，对晶体管须进行四项基本测试：增益、漏电流、击穿电压和开关时间。所有这些测试最好用通用晶体管测试仪和示波器进行测试。

词组

forward biased/reverse bias正向偏置/反向偏置

separate components分立元件

majority and minority carriers多数和少数载流子

common-base,common-emitter,and common-collector共基极,共发射极,共集电极

metal-oxide semiconductor金属氧化物半导体

enhancement and exhausted增强型和耗尽型

complementary types of transistors互补类型的晶体管

anode/cathode阳极/阴极

Lesson4

1.It is widely used in the electronic industry for research and development,design work,trouble-shooting and signal monitoring,manufacturing and production-line testing,and many other applications where the observation of an electrical waveform is desired.

在电子工业中，示波器广泛地应用于研发、设计工作、故障探寻、信号监督、生产线测试和许多其他需要观测波形的情况。

2.The electron gun consists of a cathode,which,when it is heated,emits electrons,a control grid,an anode which attracts the electron beam through it,and two sets of deflection plates.

电子枪包括一个阴极（当它被加热时能发射电子）、一个控制栅、一个阳极（当电子束通过阳极时会受到阳极吸引）和两对偏转板.

3.A digital oscilloscope samples the waveform and uses an analog-to-digital converter(or ADC)to convert the voltage being measured into digital information.

数字示波器是对电压波形采样，并用一个模/数转换器把待测电压转换成数字信号

4.A dual-trace oscilloscope is advantageous to show the input signal and output signal of one circuit at the same time,to determine any defects,and indicate phase relationships.

一个双踪示波器具有同时显示输入信号和输出信号的优点，可以显示输出信号是否有失真和表示输入/输出信号的相位关系

5.When measuring local circuit or part equivalent resistance,the power source of electric circuit must be removed and connect the multimeters and this local circuit in parallel.

当测量电路中局部电路或元件的等效电阻时，必须除去电路中的电源，万用表与这局部电路或元件并联。

6.Some signal generating device may be used to generate the special audio frequency,RF,or higher frequencies,some may produce a wide range of frequencies.

有些信号发生器可以用来专门产生音频,射频或高频信号,有些可以产生多种频率范围的信号

词组

trouble-shooting and signal monitoring故障探寻和信号监督

production-line testing生产线测试

deflection plates偏转板

horizontal direction/vertical direction水平方向和竖直方向

the attenuation or amplification衰减或放大

trigger level触发电平

analog-to-digital converter模/数转换器

common grounds共同之处

a positive jack正极插孔

a range switch量程开关

part equivalent resistance部分等效电阻

maintain and modify维护和校正

fine adjustment control微调控制

a graph-displaying device图像显示设备

the cathode-ray tube阴极射线管

dual-trace oscilloscope双踪示波器

signal generating device信号发生器

peak-to-peak output voltage输出电压的峰-峰值

Lesson5

1.An amplifier increases the magnitude of,or amplifies an electric signal.Of all components,the amplifier is by far the most widely used building block in electronics systems.

放大器能够增强(即放大)电信号。在所有电子元件中，放大器是在电子系统中使用最广泛的部件。

2.According to the character of amplifiers,there are different amplifiers such as voltage amplifier,current amplifier, pulse amplifier and operational amplifier,etc.

根据放大类型分类。有各种类型的放大器，诸如电压放大器、电流放大器、脉冲放大器和运算放大器等。

3.For transistor action to take place,the base-emitter junction must always be forward biased.A simple way of ensuring

R,called the base-bias resistor.

this is to connect a resistor b

晶体管工作在放大状态时其发射结必须为正向偏置。为保证发射结正偏，简单的方法是接一个电阻RB，称为基极偏置电阻。4.The oscillators may be described in one of two ways in terms of the type of signal waveform generated:sinusoidal oscillators and relaxation oscillators.

振荡器根据所产生的信号波形可以用两种方法进行描述：正弦波振荡器和张弛振荡器。

5.Sinusoidal oscillators are widely used in radio communication for carrier generation and in many of the test instruments used with such systems.

正弦振荡器广泛用于无线电通信，以产生载波，并广泛用于许多无线电通信系统使用的测试仪器。

6.When C is completely discharged the electrical energy originally stored in the electric field between its plates has been transferred to the magnetic field around L.

当电容放电完成以后，两金属片之间电场中储存的电场能全部转变成了电感中的电磁能。

7.Filters are used in communications practice to eliminate energy at some frequencies while allowing energy at other frequencies to pass with little or no attenuation.

在通信系统中，滤波器主要用来滤除某些频率成分而允许另一些频率成分无衰减地通过。

8.Filters can be categorized,in terms of their frequency characteristics,into four groups,they are band-pass filter, band-stop filter,high-pass filter and low-pass filter.

滤波器根据其频率响应频率特性可分为四种类型，即带通滤波器、带阻滤波器、高通滤波器和低通滤波器。

9.The AC input power is first rectified to provide a unidirectional DC,and then filtered to produce a smooth voltage. Finally,the voltage is regulated to maintain a constant output level

首先对交流电压整流，获得准直流电压，然后滤波获得平滑的电压。最后，经稳压获得恒定的直流输出电压，

词组

amplifies an electric signal放大电信号

block diagram简单的框图

loudspeaker coil扬声器线圈

motor winding电动机的阻扰

in terms of/is based on/according to依据

graphical methods图解法

base-bias resistor基极偏置电阻

is superimposed on叠加在

transmitters and receivers发射机和接收机

sinusoidal oscillators and relaxation oscillators正弦波振荡器和张驰振荡器

a tuned circuit or a resonant crystal调谐电路或谐振晶体管

offset the attenuation补偿衰减

introduce the degree of phase shift引入相移的度数

an EMF(electromotive force)感应电动势

opposite polarity相反的极性

a signal or source of power电源信号

a passive or active circuit有源滤波器和无源滤波器

active filters有源滤波器

categorized into four groups分为四类

an isolation transformer绝缘变压器

turn’s ratio voltage变压比

a step-up or step-down type升压和降压

bridge(full-wave)rectifier桥式整流器

Lesson6

1.If the logic operation is too complex for one gate,it can almost always be implemented through the use of a combination of gate,it can almost always be implemented through the use of a combination of gates.These extended logic circuits are called combinational logic.

如果逻辑运算太复杂，无法用一个门来实现，也可以通过几个门的组合来实现这个逻辑运算。这些扩展逻辑电路被称为组合逻辑电路。

2.The binary system is the primary language of the computer and the octal and hexadecimal systems are usually used for

communication with the computer and for the storage of information within the computer.

二进制系统是计算机的基本语言。八进制和十六进制系统通常在计算机通信和计算机储存信息时用。

3.When the computer finishes its operations on the information,the output is printed or displayed in number system other than decimal,and this too must be converted,this time back to the decimal system.

当计算机对所给的信息处理完毕后，输出的信息是以非十进制的形式打印或显示出来。所以这些输出信息必须再转换成为十进制系统。

4.And then use a special set of rules called Boolean algebra to summarize the various ways in which digital variables can be combined.

然后用布尔代数的一套特殊规律总结能合并数字变量的各种方法。

5.It is an indicator of the versatility and flexibility of digital integrated circuits that the designer can configure the gates on hand to meet the circuit needs.

设计者可以用单个的门电路来实现各种电路，这就是数字集成门电路的多功能性和适应性。

Lesson7

1.The inverter connected between the two CLK inputs ensures that the two sections will be enabled during opposite half-cycles of the clock signal.

在两个时钟输入之间接了一个反相器，以保证这两个RS锁存电路分别在时钟信号的不同半周期中工作，

2.The common clock input triggers all flip-flops on the rising edge of each pulse,and the binary data available at the four inputs are transferred into the4-bit register.

所有触发器在同一时钟输入脉冲的上升边缘触发，这时在4个输入端的二进制数据信息被传送到4位寄存器中。

3.If all the bits of the register are loaded simultaneously with a common clock pulse transition,we say that the loading is done in parallel.

如果寄存器的所有位是用同一个时钟脉冲控制同时写入的，称为并行输入。

4.A ripple counter contains a chain of flip-flops with the output of each one feeding the input of the next.

一个异步计数器中包含了若干个触发器，每个触发器的输出端与下一个输入端相连接。

5.A synchronous counter has more complex internal structure to ensure that all its outputs change precisely together on each clock pulse,avoiding the brief false counts,which occur with ripple counters.

一个同步的计数器内部电路结构比较复杂，以保证所有的计数器输出都在每一个时钟脉冲输入时同时改变，同步的计数器可以避免异步计数器中可能出现的误计数。

Lesson9

1.Signal processing has a glorious history and its importance is evident in each different domain such as bio-engineering medicine,acoustics,radar,seismography,pronunciation correspondence,digital communication,nuclear science as well as other domains.

信号处理具有悠久的历史。在各个不同的领域，如生物工程医学、声学、雷达、地震学、语音通信、数字通信、核科学以及其他领域。

2.On the other hand,the appearance of high speed digital computer has promoted the development of increasingly complex and the ingenious signal processing algorithm.

另一方面，由于高速数字计算机的出现，促进了日益复杂和巧妙的信号处理算法的发展。

3.The evolution of a new point of view toward digital signal processing was further accelerated by the disclosure in1965 of an efficient algorithm for computation of fourier transforms.

1965年出现的计算傅立叶变换的高速算法，加速了新的数字信号处理技术的发展。

4.However,these techniques were not widely used at that time,because suitable computing equipment was generally available only in universities and other scientific research institutions.

然而当时这些技术并没有得到很广泛的运用，因为当时只有高校和一些科研所才有适合进行数字信号处理技术的计算机。

5.Not only was the military and government department’s need,the DSP technology very quickly entered the commercial

marketplace.

不仅是军事和政府部门的需要，DSP技术受商业的影响很快进入了市场。

6.At the beginning of1980s,DSP is becoming specialized graduate curriculum in the electronic engineering.After ten years,DSP becomes a part of the undergraduate curriculum.

20世纪80年代初,DSP成为电子工程专业的本科课程.十年后，DSP成为研究生课程的一部分.

7.Like a general-purpose microprocessor,a DSP is a programmable device,with its own native instruction code.

同一般的微处理器一样，DSP是一个编程器件，它有自己专门的指令和编码。

8.Newer DSP chips incorporate single-cycle multiply accumulate instructions and some have several multipliers working in parallel.

较新的DSP芯片收编有单周期乘 累加指令，其中一些能使几个乘法器并行工作。

词组

pronunciation correspondence语音通信

characteristic parameters特征参数

remove interference and noise mixing去除干扰和噪声

integrated circuit craft集成电路工艺

fast fourier transform快速傅立叶变换

orders of magnitude数量级

in the discrete-time domain离散时间域

commercial marketplace商业市场

electronic voice mail电子语音信箱

the types of operations操作方式

a general-purpose microprocessor通用微处理器

floating point operations浮点运算

Cycle-saving instructions周期存储指令

branching or looping分支或循环

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

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1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not

力学专业英语部分翻译 孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中，假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F，并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm，我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P，在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的，类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度，也就是单位面积上的力，叫做应力，通常是用希腊字母，来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】，我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度，乘以杆的横截面积A。而且，从图1所示的物体的平衡，我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等，方向相反。因此，我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是，力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时，如图所示，产生的应力是拉应力，如果力在方向是相反，使杆被压缩，它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是，应力，必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处，那么这个条件就实现了。当力P没有通过形心时，杆会发生弯曲，这就需要更复杂的分析。目前，我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处，除非有相反情况特别说明。同样，除非另有说明，一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的，如我们讨论图1的杆

一样。 轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量，用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】，单位长度的伸长量，或者应变，可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的，应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态，应变就是拉应变，代表材料的伸长或者延长如果杆处于受压状态，那么应变就是压应变，这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时，也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质，包括多数金属，塑料，木材，混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下，杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E是比例常数，叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后，弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说，压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式，被安置在测试机上，承受拉力。当载荷增加时，测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力，伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式，材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状，轴向应变显示在水平轴，对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点，应力和应变之间是

机械工程专业英语 翻译

2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。

电子信息工程本科毕业中英文翻译

英语原文： Life of LED-Based White Light Sources The interest for using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for display and illumination applications has been growing steadily over the past few years. The potential for long life and reduced energy use are two key attributes of this rapidly evolving technology that have generated so much interest for its use in the above mentioned applications. Traditionally, the lamp life of light sources commonly used in illumination applications is determined by subjecting them to a predetermined on/off cycle until half the number of light sources cease to produce light. Unlike these sources, LEDs rarely fail catastrophically; instead, their light output slowly degrades over time. Even if an LED is technically operating and producing light, at some point the amount of light produced by the LED will be insufficient for the intended application. Therefore, the life of an LED should be based on the amount of time that the device can produce sufficient light for the intended application,rather than complete failure. Based on this argument, a recent publication from an industry group defines the life of an LED device or system for use in general lighting applications as the operating time, in hours, for the light output to reach 70% of its initial value. The most widely used white LEDs incorporate a layer of phosphor over a GaN-based, short-wavelength light emitter. Usually, the phosphor is embedded inside an epoxy resin that surrounds the LED die. Some portion of the short-wavelength radiation emitted by the LED is down-converted by the phosphor, and the combined radiation creates white light.Early white LEDs were packaged similar to the indicator-style colored LEDs, specifically 5 mm and SMD (surface mount devices). Although these products demonstrated the concept of a white light source, they did not produce sufficient light for display and illumination applications. Furthermore, these indicator-style white LEDs had a relatively short life, 5000–10 000h to reach 70% light level under normal operating conditions. To address the higher luminous flux requirements, manufacturers have started to commercialize high-power illuminator LEDs that are presently producing over one hundred times the flux compared to indicator-style white LEDs. The higher light output is