研究生综合英语(下)课文翻译与原文

研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材翻译参考译文

Unit1

Pleasure only gets you so far.A rich,rewarding life often requires a messy battle with adversity.

愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义

The Hidden Side of Happiness

幸福隐藏的另一面

Hurricanes,house fires,cancer,whitewater rafting accidents,plane crashes,vicious attacks in dark alleyways.Nobody asks for any of it.But to their surprise,many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this:"I wish it hadn't happened,but I'm a better person for it."

1、飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流飘筏失事、坠机、黄昏小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找到这些但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说：“希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。”

We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations,perhaps because they testify to a bona fide psychological truth,one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster:There is a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive reactions to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact,roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives have in some ways improved.

2、我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。对那些令人极度恐惧的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最用勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth.This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide:What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger.Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome.In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled.More commonly,people rebound—or even eventually thrive.

3、诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理：大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来----甚至最终会成功发达。Those who weather adversity well are living proof of one of the paradoxes of happiness:We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life.Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss—a life protected from bad feelings,free from pain and confusion.

4、那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生例证：为了尽可能的过上最的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩是小到只追求福气：一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story,the rich,full joy that comes from a meaningful life.It is the dark matter of happiness,the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives.It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most,who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives,may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for"the good life."

5、这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面----一种富有意义的生活带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质----是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受困难最多的人---他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义---或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历（哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻）最有发言权。This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy.It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret."Happiness is only one among many values in human life,"contends Laura King,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6e2531863.html,passion,wisdom,altruism,insight, creativity—sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities,because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change.To live a full human life,a tranquil,carefree existence is not enough.We also need to grow—and sometimes growing hurts.

6、这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉·金认为：“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力----有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能被迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长----尽管有时成长是痛苦的。

In a dark room in Queens,New York,31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying.A few months before,she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check.She never anticipated what would happen:a withdrawal reaction that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown.The slightest movement—trying to swallow,for example—was excruciating.Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.

7、在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西.塞尔感到自己已是奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫控制药。她从没预见接下来将要发生的事：停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作---比如说试着吞咽----对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。

Cyr is no wimp—diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of2,she'd endured the symptoms and the treatments(drugs,surgery)her whole life.But this time,she was way past her limits,and nothing her doctors did seemed to help.Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon,she'd have to kill herself.

8、塞尔并不是若懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗（药物、手术）的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么让疾病结束她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。

As her sleepless nights wore on,though,her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude.She was still in agony,but a new consciousness grew stronger each night:an awesome sense of liberation,combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion."I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with,"she said six months later."Everything I thought I'd known or believed in was useless—time,money,self-image, perceptions.Recognizing that was so freeing."

9、然而，在经历了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开始被新的感激之情所打断。虽然她仍然感到痛苦，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加强烈：一种令人惊叹的解脱感，结合着一种包容一切的同情和怜悯的情感。“我感到一切我曾经用来认同自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个月后她这样说到，“一切我认为我知道或相信的事物----时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法----都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。”

Within a few months,she began to be able to move more freely,thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs.she says there's no question that her life is better now."I felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here:to be happy and to nurture other life.It's that simple."

10、在几个月内，的益于类固醇加其他药物的鸡尾酒疗法，她开始能够更加自如的活动了。她说，毫无疑问她现在的生活状况有了好转。“我感觉我窥探到了生命的秘密以及我们生存的意义，那就是快乐的生活，同时扶持他人。就这么简单！”

Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise.But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical,says Rich Tedeschi,a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term"post-traumatic growth."His studies of people who have endured extreme events like combat,violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath.They are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered.A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems,sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people—perhaps even the majority—life ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.

11、她这种不可思议的经历完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇.特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方面看却是很典型的。里奇.特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长”一词。他对那些经历了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事件的人群进行了研究，这些研究表明，在刚经历不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。他们一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毁了。有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所折磨。但特德斯基和其他学者发现，对很多人（可能甚至是绝大多数人）来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满足。

Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat.In that moment,our sense of invulnerability is pierced,and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away.Our everyday life scripts—our habits,self-perceptions and assumptions—go out the window,and we're left with a raw experience of the world.

12许多经历过恐怖的人身威胁的人会遇到类似的情况。在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。我们的日常生活轨迹（我们的习惯、自我认识和主观意念）全都被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原始体验。

Still,actually implementing these changes,as well as fully coming to terms with the new reality, usually takes conscious effort.Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.the people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational.What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.

13、尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全接受新的现实，通常需要有意识的付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区别之一。认为灾难有价值的人并不是坚强或最理性的人。使他们与众不同的是他们能够将所遭遇的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。

Eventually,they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors often say they become more tolerant and forgiving of others,capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships.They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount—and that the crisis allowed them to reorganize life in line with the new priorities.

14、最终，他们可能会发现自己以从未想到过的方式获得了解脱。幸存者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能原谅别人，能够缓和原本糟糕的关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来从新认识生活。

People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear,despite the frightening things they've been through.They are surprised by their own strength,confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them."People don't say that what they went through was wonderful,"says Tedeschi."They weren't meaning to grow from it.They were just trying to survive.But in retrospect,what they gained was more than they ever anticipated."

15、从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经历过恐惧的事情，但他们的恐惧感往往大为减少。他们对自己的力量感到吃惊，相信不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么。他们都能应付。特德斯基说：“人们不会说他们所经历的是美好的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经历来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回顾起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所预料的。”

In his recent book satisfaction，Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time.They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors:self-loss,confusion and,finally, a new sense of mastery.For ultramarathoners,who regularly run100-mile races that last more than24hours,vomiting and hallucinating are normal.After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping,competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they're doing.

16、埃默里大学精神病学家格列高利伯恩斯在他的近作《满足》中指出，极限耐力运动员每次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经历创伤的幸存者所经历的感觉过程一样：自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。对于经常跑超过24小时的100英里比赛的超级马拉松远动员来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。自一昼夜不停歇不睡觉的跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。

For a more common example of growth through adversity,look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting.Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness.The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasures in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless,over the long haul,raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings.The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits,like satisfaction,altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.

17、更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一：为人父母。生育孩子一直被认为会降低幸福程度。为了照顾婴儿而睡眠不足并且必须将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。然而，长远看来，养育孩子是所有人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。短时间内牺牲了幸福，却有了更多的收获，比如满足感、无私以及有机会留下一笔意义深远的遗产。

Ultimately,that emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity.This perspective does not cancel out what happened,but it puts it all in a different context:that it's possible to live an extraordinarily rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other,says King,we all must go through this realization."You're not going to be the person you thought you were,but here's who you are going to be instead—and that turns out to be a pretty great life."

18、总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的痛苦和艰难。这种精神收获并不能.抵消所发生的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来看待，那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍然可以生存得极有价值。经指出，我们所有的人都必须以这样或那样的形式经历这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你----而事实会证明生活从此将非常美好。”

Unit2

Commercialization and changes in sports

商业化及其对于体育的影响

杰.J.科克利Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment.However,sports have been never been so heavily packaged,promoted,presented and played as commercial products as they are today.Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors.The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people,and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves.Fun and"good games"are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues,the sale of media rights,market shares,rating points,and advertising potential.Then,what happens to sports when they become commercialized?Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?

1、在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当作某种形式的公众娱乐。然而，体育从未像今天这样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育的决策以及与体育相关的社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素的影响。对许多人来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，体育不再只是为了运动员们自身的兴趣而存在。今天，乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体转播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么，当体育变得商业化时，它会怎样？当体育变得依赖于门票收入和媒体传播权的出售时，它会发生变化吗？

We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment,its success depends on spectator appeal.Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports,their interest in any sporting even is usually related to a combination of three factors:the uncertainly of an event's outcome,the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event,and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words,when spectators refer to a"good game"or an"exciting contest",they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds,one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action,or one in which there were a number of excellent or"heroic"performances.When games or matches contain all three of these factors,they are remembered and discussed for a long time.

2、我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种相结合的因素有关：比赛结果的不群定性，参加一项比赛相关的风险或经济回报，以及预期中的运动员的卓越、英勇表现。换句话说，当观众提及一场“不错的比赛”或一场“激动人心的比赛”时，这场比赛，通常在比赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至几秒钟，结果仍然扑朔迷离；或者比赛涉及高额奖金，因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛；或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者“英雄式”的表现。只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并讨论这场比赛。

Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports.In spite of the influence of spectators,what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format.Innovations have been made within this framework,rather than completely dismantling the design of a game.For example,the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events,but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.

3、商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对其产生影响，但在历史上，运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。创新也是在这一个框架内进行的，并不会完全废除这项运动的基本设计。例如，奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变化，但其每项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前基本一致。Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports.To make money on a sport,it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television.Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches.Without this technical knowledge,people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself;they get taken in by hype.During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger;they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being;and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.

4、看来，与运动的结构和目的相比，商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。若要通过一项运动盈利，就必须吸引广大观众买门票或在电视上观看比赛。吸引和娱乐广大观众并非易事，因为这些观众中有很多人没有技术性的知识，因而不懂得运动员和教练采取的复杂竞技技巧和策略。由于缺乏这些技术性知识，人们容易受到运动或赛事之外的东西的影响，容易受到天花乱坠的宣传的迷惑。在比赛期间，他们经常关注那些他们容易理解的事情。他们喜欢那种运动员冒险并明显面临身体危险的情境；他们喜欢那些擅长戏剧化表现或者愿意超越正常的生理极限以致威胁到自己的安全和健康的运功员；他们喜欢看到运动员不惜代价，立志求胜。

For example,when people lack technical knowledge about basketball,they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game.Similarly,those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.Without dangerous jumps,naive spectators get bored.They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas,and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits,not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.

5、比如，当人们缺乏篮球方面的技术知识时，他们更津津乐道与某一个灌篮而不会关心球队取胜必需的因素：自始自终配合得天衣无缝的后防。同样，那些对滑冰技术知之甚少的人，他们更感兴趣的是三连跳或四连跳，而不是那些精心设计并训练直至流畅、完美的舞步。没有惊险的跳跃，无知的观众会感到厌倦，他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员。他们往往根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。他们想看运动员在超越自己

极限时偶尔的突然失败，而不是多年来的稳操胜券，熟知自己极限而不去超越它的运动员。When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience,those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport.This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation.In fact,the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as"show-time",and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes.This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear,but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.

6、当一项体育运动变得依赖于娱乐广大观众时，对于运动中什么才是最重要的，运动参与者们往往会改变观念。这一改变常常意味着重心从所谓的美学取向向英雄主义取向转变。其实，运动员甚至可能吧运动或比赛称为“表演秀”。并把自己称作表演者兼运动员。这并不意味着美学取向不复存在了，但是这确实意味着与英雄主义行为相比，它们往往退居其后。英雄主义行为吸引着那些没有足够知识欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众。

As the need to please naive audiences becomes greater,so does the emphasis on heroic orientations.This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger,injuries,playing with pain,and courage.Some athletes,however,realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientation in their sports.For example,some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs.These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement.However,some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic,and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.

7、取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。这就是为什么美国橄榄球比赛的电视评论员喋喋不休地谈论危险、受伤、带伤比赛和胆量。不过，有些运动员意识到了与英雄主义取向随之而来的危险，并试图在他们的运动只能够放慢偏离美学取向的步伐。比如，一些前花样滑冰运动员已经呼吁限制滑冰项目中三连跳的数量。这些滑冰运动员的担心，他们的体育项目在商业上的成功正越来越依赖于动作的危险性，而不是动作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰运动员似乎愿意采取英雄主义取向，只要这样还能取悦观众，获得收入，这些运动员用体育道德规范去评价自己和他人，他们还学会把英雄主义行为看成是真正地投入及为运动献身的标志。

Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports.When sports begin to depend on generating revenues,the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players.In fact,the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport.These conditions come under the control of general managers,team owners,corporate sponsors,advertisers,media personnel,marketing and publicity staff,professional management staff,accountants,and agents.

8、商业化同样会导致那些控制体育的组织发生变化。当体育开始依赖于创造收入时，体育组织的控制权就会离运动员越来越远。事实上，运动员常常对于自身的体育参与环境失去有效控制。这些环境越来越受控于下列人员：总经理、运动队老板、企业赞助商、广告商、传媒人员、营销和宣传推广人员、专业管理人员、会计师以及经纪人。

The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex,since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people,but their primary goal is to maximize revenues.This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved.The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources,many of which are not even connected with sports.Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being.

9、那些控制商业的组织通常非常复杂，这些因为它们企图协调上述所有人的利益，但它们的首要目标还是盈利最大化。这意味着组织决策通常反映的是许多人的混合利益，而他们与体育或相关的运动员没有直接关系。影响这些决策的力量根植与各种不同的资源，其中许多甚至与体育没有关联。因此，许多商业体育中的运动员发现自己被逐出了决策过程，即便这些决策影响到它们的健康和幸福。

Unit3

OSLO

奥斯陆

I remember on my first trip to Europe going alone to a movie in Copenhagen.In Denmark you are given a ticket for an assigned seat.I went into the cinema and discovered that my ticket directed me to sit beside the only other people in the place,a young couple locked in the sort of passionate embrace associated with dockside reunions at the end of long wars.I could no more have sat beside them than I could have ask to join in--it would have come to mush the same thing--so I took a place a few discreet seats away.

1、记得我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候，我在哥本哈根独自一人去看电影。在丹麦，电影票是对号入座的。我走进电影院，发现在我的票对应的座位旁，只有一对年轻情侣。这对情侣如胶似漆地拥抱在一起，如同一场持久战争结束后码头上亲人的团聚。我很不情愿坐在他们旁边，就如我绝不会要求加入他们的行为一样——这两者对我来说并没有什么不同——因此我谨慎地隔几个座位坐了下来。

People came into the cinema,consulted their ticket and filled the seats around us.By the time the film started there were about30of us sitting together in a tight pack in the middle of vast and otherwise empty auditorium.Two minutes into the movie,a woman laden with shopping made her way with difficulty down my row,stopped beside my seat and told me in a stern voice, full of glottal stops and indignation,that I was in her place.This cause much paly of flashlights among the usherettes and fretful re-examining of tickets by everyone in the vicinity until word got around that I was an American tourist and therefore unable to follow simple seating instructions and I was escorted in some shame back to my assigned place.

2、人们陆续地走进影院，参照电影票找到位子，在我们周围坐了下来。电影开场时，这个宽敞空旷的观众席中间，扎堆地坐了约30人。电影开场两分钟后，一个拎着大包小包购物袋的女士艰难地挤到我这排，在我座位旁停下，并用严厉的口吻愤怒地朝我用充满了喉塞音的丹麦语说道，我坐在了她的位子上。女引座员马上打开手电筒查看情况，身边所有的人都不安地重新确认自己票上的座位号，直到大家都清楚了，我是一个美国游客，因此没有遵循简单的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。

So we sat together and watch the movie,30of us crowed together like refugees in an overloaded lifeboat,rubbing shoulders and sharing small noises,and it occurred to me then that there certain things that some nations do better than everyone else and certain things that they do far worse and I began to wonder why that should be.

3、接下来我们坐在一起看电影，30人如同一艘超载的救生船上的难民一般挤作一团。肩膀相互摩擦着，忍受着各种细小的噪声。那时我想，有些国家在某些事情上做的比任何其他国家都好，然而在另外一些事情上，他们却糟糕很多。我开始思考为何会有如此反差。Sometimes a nation's little contrivances are so singular and clever that we associate them with that country alone—double-decker buses in Britain,windmills in Holland(what an inspired addition to a flat landscape:think how they would transform Nebraska),sidewalk cafes in Paris. And yet there are some things that most countries do without difficulty that others cannot get a grasp of at all.

4、有时候某个国家的小发明是如此独特和精巧，以至于我们总是由它而联想到这个国家——英国的双层巴士，荷兰的风车（给原本单调的景观增添了多么美妙的创意：想想这些风车是如何改变了内布拉斯加州），还有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡馆。然而，也有一些事情，大部分国家能不费吹灰之力地办到，但某些国家却完全想不到。

The French,for instance,cannot get the hang of queuing.They try and try,but it is beyond them. Wherever you go in Paris,you see orderly lines waiting at bus stops,but as soon as the bus pulls up the line instantly disintegrates into something like a fire drill at a lunatic asylum as everyone scrambles to be the fist aboard,quit unaware that this defeats the whole purpose of queuing.

5、比如说，法国人无法掌握排队的窍门。他们一遍遍地尝试，但这似乎超出了他们的能力范围。无论你去巴黎的任何地方，总会看到整齐的队伍在公交车站候车。但一旦公交车靠站，队伍立刻瓦解，就像精神病院的消防演习一样，所有人都争抢着第一个上车，完全没意识到，这样一来排队的意义就荡然无存了。

certain of the fundamentals of eating,as evidenced by their instinct to consume hamburgers with a knife and fork.To my continuing amazement,many of them also turn their fork upside-down and balance the food on the back of it.I've lived in England for a decade and a half and I still have to quell an impulse to go up to strangers in pubs and restaurants and say,"Excuse me,can I give you a tip that’ll help those peas bouncing all over the table?"

6、另一方面，英国人则不能领略吃的基本要领。证据就是他们本能地使用刀叉来食用汉堡。更令我惊讶的是，他们大多数都把叉子颠倒放置，将食物搁在它的背上。我已经在英国居住了15年，但我仍不得不压制这种冲动，想要走向酒吧或餐馆里的陌生人说：“打扰一下，可以允许我告诉你一个小技巧吗？那样你就不会把豆子散落在整张桌子上了。

Germans are flummoxed by humor,the Swiss have no concept of fun,the Spanish think there is nothing at all ridiculous about eating dinner at midnight,and the Italians should never,ever have been let in on the invention of the motor car.

7、德国人被幽默困扰，瑞士人对乐趣毫无概念，西班牙人丝毫不觉得在半夜吃晚饭有什么滑稽之处，而意大利人从不，也绝不会让别人告诉他们汽车是如何发明的。

One of the small marvels of my first trip to Europe was the discovery that the world could be so full of variety,that there were so many different of doing essentially identical things,like eating and drinking and buying cinema tickets.It fascinated me that Europeans could at once be so alike-that they could be so universally bookish and cerebral,and drive small cars,and live in little houses in ancient towns,and love soccer,and be relatively unmaterialistic and law-abiding,and have chilly hotel rooms and cosy and inviting places to eat and drink-and yet be so endlessly, unpredictably different from each other as well.I love the idea that you could never be sure of anything in Europe.

8、这次欧洲之旅带给我很多惊奇的小事，其中一个就是我发现世界竟能如此多样化，对于本质上相同的事物处理起来却方式各异，比如说吃喝或是买电影票。有趣的是，欧洲人有时可以突然变得如此相似——他们普遍好学而理性，开着小车，住在古镇的小房子里，喜欢足球，不怎么注重物质生活，遵纪守法，而且他们住寒冷的宾馆房间，去温暖舒适的地方吃喝——然而却同时拥有着如此琢磨不透、永无止尽的差异。在欧洲没有什么是百分之百肯定的，对此我十分赞同。

I still enjoy that sense of never knowing quite what’s going on.In my hotel in Oslo,where I spent four days after returning from Hammerfest,the chambermaid each morning left me a packet of something called Bio Tex Bla,a“minipakke for ferie,hybelog weekend”,according to the instruction,I spent many happy hours sniffing it and experimenting with it,uncertain whether it was for washing out clothes or gargling or cleaning the toilet bowl.In the end I decided it was for washing out clothes—it worked a treat—but for all I know for the rest of the week everywhere I went in solo people were saying to each other,”you know,that man smelled like toilet-bowl cleaner.”

9、我仍然享受着对事情进展的未知感。从哈默菲斯特返回后，我在奥斯陆的宾馆呆了四天，女服务员每天早上都留给我一盒叫做Bio Tex Bla的东西，说明上说是一种“minipakke for ferie，hybelog weekend”。我不清楚它到底是用来洗衣服的，还是漱口的，或是用来淸洗抽水马桶的，我通过闻它的气味，并试验它各种可能的用法，度过了好几个快乐的小时。最后我判定它是甩来洗衣服的——它的确有效——然而就我所知，在奥斯陆度过的剩下几周中，无论我去哪儿，都听见有人互相议论：“你知道吗?那个人身上有马桶清洁剂的味道。”When I told my friends in London that I was going to travel around Europe and write a book about it,they said,”oh,you must speak a lot of languages.”

10、当我告诉伦敦的朋友，我将周游欧洲各地并将其写成书时，他们说：“喔，你肯定会说很多语言吧。”

they would look at me as if I were crazy.But that’s the glory of foreign travel,as far as I am concerned.I don’t want to know what people are talking about,I can’t think of anything that excites a greater sense of childlike wonder than to be in country where you are ignorant of almost everything.Suddenly you are five years old again.You can’t read anything,you have only the most rudimentary sense of how things work,you can’t even reliably cross a street without endangering your life.Your whole existence becomes a series or interesting guesses.

11、“为什么，我不会，”我会带着一点傲气回答，“我只会英语。”然后他们就看着我，好像我疯了。但是就我而言，那正是国外旅游的美妙之处。我并不想知道人们在说些什么。置身于一个对你而言完全陌生的国家，能激发一种孩子般的好奇心。除此之外，我想不出还有什么更好的办法。突然之间你又回到了五岁。你无法读懂任何东西，你对事物运行方式只有最基本的感知，你甚至无法安全地穿过马路。你的整个存在变成了一系列有趣的猜想。

I get great pleasure from watching foreign TV and trying to imagine what on earth is going on.On my first evening in Oslo I watched a science program in which two men in a studio stood at a lab table discussing a variety of sleek,rodent-like animals that were crawling over the surface and occasionally up the host’s jacket,“and you have sex with all these creatures,do you?”the host was saying.

12、看国外电视节目，试着想象到底发生了什么事，这让我乐此不疲。比如说，在奥斯陆的第一个晚上，我收看一个科学节目，演播室里的两个男子站在一张实验桌旁，讨论着一种有着光滑皮毛的貌似啮齿目的动物，它们在桌面上爬行，偶尔爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在说：“那么你与所有这些动物做爱，是吗？

“certainly,”replied the guest,”you have to be careful with the porcupines,of course,and the lemmings get very neurotic and hurl themselves off cliffs if they feel you don’t love them as you once did,basically these animals make very affectionate companions,and the sex is simply out of this world.”

13“当然，”嘉宾回答道，“你必须对豪猪十分小心，当然，旅鼠若是感觉你不再像以前那样爱它们，会变得焦躁不安并跳下悬崖，但总的来说，这些动物是非常亲切的伴侣，并且性

也是十分美妙的。

“well,I think that’s wonderful.Next week we’ll be looking at how you can make hallucinogenic drugs with simple household chemicals from your own medicine cabinet,but now it’s time for the screen to go black for a minute and then for the lights to come up suddenly on the host of the day looking as if he was just about to pick his nose.See you next week.”

14、“哎呀，我觉得那很棒。下周让大家见识一下你是怎么用药柜中的简单家庭用药制造出致幻药的。该让荧幕空白几分光突然亮起，然后让灯光突然亮起，照在主持人身；让他看起来似乎就像正要抠鼻子。下周见。”

After Hammerfest,Oslo was simply wonderful.It was still cold and dusted with grayish snow,but it seemed positively tropical after Hammerfest,and I abandoned all thought of buying a furry hat.

I went to the museums and for a day-long way out around the Bygdoy peninsula,where the city’s finest houses stand on the wooded hillsides,with fetching views across the icy water of the harbour to the downtown.But mostly I hung around the city center,wandering back and forth between the railway station and the royal palace,peering in the store windows along Karl Johans Gate,the long and handsome main pedestrian street,cheered by the bright lights,mingling with the happy,healthy,relentlessly,youthful Norwegians,very pleased to be alive and out of Hammerfest and in a world of daylight.when I grew cold.I sat in cafés and bars and eavesdropped on conversations that I could not understand or brought out my Thomas Cook European Timetable and studies it with a kind of humble reverence,planning the rest of my trip.

15、去过哈默菲斯特后，就货得奥斯陆简直妙不可言。天气依然很冷，到处还撒着灰蒙蒙的雪花，但是比起哈默菲斯特来那可要暖和多了，这也让我彻底放弃了想要买毛皮帽的想法。我参观了博物馆，并花了一天时间游览巴度半岛，那里丛林茂密的山坡上矗立着该城市最美的房子，其视野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市区，十分迷人。但是大多数时间我就在市中心闲逛，在火车站和皇宫之间来回溜达，在卡尔约翰街向街旁的商店橱窗里张望。在路边明亮的灯光的照耀下,长长的卡尔约翰步行街富丽堂皇，与健康快乐、不屈不挠又充满朝气的挪威人融合在一起。我很高兴能离开哈莫斯菲特并来到这个充满活力、犹如白昼的世界。当我觉得寒意逼人时，我便进入咖啡馆或酒吧坐下，偷听那些我无法明白的对话，抑或拿出我的《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》，满怀敬意地加以研究，做接下来的旅行安排。

Thomas Cook European Timetable is possibly the finest book ever produced.It is impossible to leaf through its500pages of densely printed timetables without wanting to dump a double armload of clothes into an old Gladstone and just take off.Every page whispers romance:“Montreux-Zweisimmen-Spiez-Interlaken”,“Beograd-Trieste-Venezia-Verona-Milano”,“G oteborg-Laxa-Hallsberg-Stockholm”,“Ventimiglia-Marseille-Lyon-Pairs”.who could recite these names without experiencing a tug of excitement,without seeing in his mind’s eye a steamy platform full of expectant travelers and piles of luggage standing besides a sleek, quarter-mile-long train with a list of exotic locations slotted into every carriage?Who could read the names”Moskva-Warzawa-Berlin-Basel-Geneve”and not want to climb abroad?Well,Sunny von Biilow for a start.But as for me,I could spend hours just poring over the tables,each one a magical thicket of times,numbers,distances,mysterious little pictograms showing crossed knives and forks,wine glasses,daggers,miner’s pickaxes(whatever could they be for?),ferry boats and buses,and bewilderingly abstruse footnotes.

16、《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》可能是已出版的最优秀的书籍。当你迅速翻阅了其500页密密印刷的时间表后，你必然有冲动想要往旅行包内塞进两抱衣服，然后立刻出发。每一页都低声诉说着浪漫：蒙特勒——兹怀斯门——施皮茨——因特拉肯，贝尔格莱德——的里雅斯特——威尼斯——维罗纳——米兰，哥德堡——拉赫斯河——哈尔斯贝里——斯德哥尔摩，文堤米利亚——马赛——里昂——巴黎。无论是谁吟诵这些地名，都会感受到一股强烈的兴奋，想象着雾气蒙蒙的月台，以及在400多米长的流线型车厢旁，站满了期待的旅客，堆满了行李，每个车厢里都放着一张写着外国地名的列表。当读到莫斯科——华沙——柏林——巴塞尔——日内瓦这一系列地名时，又有谁不会伤感地羡慕那些能够横跨这个历史悠久的大陆的幸运儿呢?看过这樣的旅行安排，谁不想踏上行程呢？那么，桑尼.冯.比洛就是这样一个例子。但是对我来说，我可以花大量时间就这样凝视着这些列表，每一份都不可思议地包含了时刻、数量、距离、画着交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、矿工镐（不管做何用途）、渡轮和巴士的神奇小图，以及令人困惑的深奥脚注。

Unit4

Internet:absolute communication,absolute isolation—Paul Carvel 因特网:绝对的交流，绝对的孤立—保罗?卡威尔

IS GOOGLE MAKING US STURID

谷歌使我们变得越来越愚蠢?

尼古拉斯?卡尔Over the past few years I’ve had an uncomfortable sense that someone,or something,has been tinkering with my brain,remapping the neural circuitry,reprogramming the memory.My mind isn’t going-so far as I can tell.but it’s changing.I’m not thinking the way I used to think.I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument,and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.That’s rarely the case anymore.Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.I get fidgety,lose the thread,begin looking for something else to do.I feel as if I’m always dragging my wayward brain back to the text.The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.

1、在过去的几年里，我老有一种不祥之感，觉得有什么人，或什么东西，一直在我脑袋里捣鼓个不停，重绘我的脑电图，重写我的脑内存。我的思想倒没跑掉—到目前为止我还能这么说，但它正在改变。我的思维方式在变。这种感觉在我阅读的时候尤为强烈。过去总是不费什么劲儿就能让自己沉浸在一本书或一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引。我还会花数小时徜徉在长篇散文中。可如今这都不灵了。现在，我翻上两三页书，注意力就开始不集中了。我会变得烦躁，抓不住重点，开始想找点其他的事情做。我感觉我似乎要硬拖着我任性的大脑才能回到文章中。原本轻松自然的深度阅读，已然成了痛苦挣扎。

I think I know what’s going on.For more than a decade now,I’ve been spending a lot of time online,searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet.The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer.Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes.A few Google searches,some quick clicks on hyperlinks,and I’ve got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after.Even when I’m not working,I’m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web’s info-thickets’reading and writing e-mails, scanning headlines and blog posts,watching videos and listening to podcasts,or just tripping from link to link to link.(Unlike footnotes,to which they’re sometimes likened,hyperlinks don’t merely point to related works;they propel you toward them.)

2、我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年来，我在网上花了好多时间，在因特网的信息汪洋中冲浪、搜寻、添加。对作家而言，网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆。过去要在书堆里或图书馆的期刊阅览室中花上好几天做的研究，现在几分钟就齐活。“谷歌”几下，快速点开几个链接，就可以找到我所需要的事实或者精炼的引证。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息丰富的网络里遨游—收发电子邮件、浏览头条新闻、点击博客、看视频、听播客或者只是从一个链接跳转到一个又一个链接。(超链接常被比作脚注，但是和脚注不一样，超链接不仅仅链接到相关作品;它们还驱使你去点击创门。)

For me,as for others,the Net is becoming a universal medium,the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind.The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many,and they’ve been widely described and duly applauded.“The perfect recall of silicon memory,”Wired’s Clive Thompson has written,“can be an enormous boon to thinking.”But that boon comes at a price. As the media theoristMarshall McLuhan pointed out in the1960s,media are not just passive channels of information.They supply the stuff of thought,but they also shape the process of thought.And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation.My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it:in a swiftly moving stream of particles.Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words.Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.

3、对我来说，像对其他人也一样，网络已经成为了一种通用的媒介，大部分信息都通过这个渠道进人我们的眼、耳，最后进人我们的大脑。能从这样一个异常丰富的信息库中直接获取信息，其优点是很多的，而且也得到了广泛的描述和适当的赞誉。“硅存储器的完美记忆性，”《连线》杂志的克莱夫?汤普森写道，“对于思想来说是一个大实惠。”但是这个实惠是要付出代价的。就像媒体理论家马歇尔?麦克卢恩在上世纪60年代所指出的那样，媒体可不只是被动的信息渠道。它们不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的进程。网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。现如今，我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息:飞快的微粒运动。曾经我是文字海洋中的潜水者，现在我则像是摩托艇骑手在海面上风驰电掣。I’m not the only one.When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances—literary types,most of them—many say they’re having similar experiences.The more they use the Web,the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing. Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon.Scott Karp,who writes a blog about online media,recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether.“I was a lit major in college,and used to be a voracious book reader,”he wrote.“What happened?”He speculates on the answer:“What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed,i.e.I’m just seeking convenience,but because the way I THINK has changed?”

4、我并不是唯一一个有此感觉的人。当我向文学界的朋友和熟人提到我在阅读方面的困扰，许多人说他们也有同样的感受。他们上网越多，在阅读长文章时，就越难集中精力。我所关注的一些博主也提到了类似的现象。斯科特?卡普开了一个有关在线媒体的博客，最近他承认自己已经完全不读书了。“我大学读的是文学专业，曾经是一个嗜书如命的人，”他写道。“到底发生了什么事呢?”他推测出了一个答案:“如果对我来说，通过网络来阅读的真正理由与其说是我的阅读方式发生了改变，比如，我只是图个方便，不如说是我的思维方式在发生变化，那么我该怎么办呢?”

Bruce Friedman,who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine,also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.“I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,”he wrote earlier this year.A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School,Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me.His thinking,he said,has taken on a “staccato”quality,reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online.“I can’t read War and Peace anymore,”he admitted.“I’ve lost the ability to do that.Even

a blog post of more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb.I skim it.”

5、布鲁斯?弗里德曼经常撰写有关电脑在医学领域应用的文章。他在早些时候同样提到因特网如何改变了他的思维习惯。“稍长些的文章，不管是网上的还是已经出版的，我现在几乎已经完全丧失了阅读它们的能力。”在密歇根大学医学院长期任教的病理学家布鲁斯，弗里德曼在电话里告诉我，由于上网快速浏览文章的习惯，他的思维呈现出一种“碎读”特性。“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了。”弗里德曼承认，“我失去了这个本事。即便是一篇长达三四段的博客也难以消化。我只能略微浏览一下。”

Anecdotes alone don’t prove much.And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition.But a recently published study of online research habits，conducted by scholars from University College London,suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think.As part of the five-year research program,the scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites,one operated by the British Library and one by a https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6e2531863.html,cational consortium,that provide access to journal articles, e-books,and other sources of written information.They found that people using the sites exhibited“a form of skimming activity,”hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited.They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would“bounce”out to another site.Sometimes they’d save a long article,but there’s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.

6仅仅是趣闻轶事还不能证明什么。我们仍在等待长期的神经学和心理学的实验，这将给因特网如何影响到我们的认识一个权威的定论。伦敦大学学院的学者做了一个网络研读习惯的研究并发表了研究结果。该研究指出，我们可能已经彻底置身于阅读与思考方式的巨变之中了。作为五年研究计划的一部分，学者们检测了计算机日志，它跟踪记录了两个流行的搜索网站的用户行为。其中一个网站是英国图书馆的，另一个是英国教育社团的，他们提供了期刊论文、电子书以及其他一些文献资源。他们发现，人们上网时呈现出“一种浮光掠影般的形式”，总是从一个资源跳到另一个资源，并且很少返回他们之前访问过的资源。他们常常还没读完一两页文章或书籍，就“弹”出来转到另一个网页去了。有时候他们会保存一个篇幅长的文章，但没有任何证据表明他们曾经返回去认真阅读。

Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet,not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones,we may well be reading more today than we did in the1970s or1980s,when television was our medium of choice.But it’s a different kind of reading,and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self.“We are not only what we read,”says Maryanne Wolf,a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid:The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.“We are how we read.”Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net,a style that puts“efficiency”and “immediacy”above all else,may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology,the printing press,made long and complex works of prose commonplace.When we read online,she says,we tend to become“mere decoders of information.”Our ability to interpret text,to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction,remains largely disengaged.

7、多亏铺天盖地的网络文本，更别说当下时兴的手机短信，可供我们阅读的东西很可能比上世纪七八十年代要多了，那时，我们选择的媒体还是电视。但是，这已是另一种阅读模式，背后隐藏的是另一种思考方式—也许甚至是一种全新的自我意识。“不仅阅读的内容塑造了我们，”塔夫茨大学的发展心理学家、《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼:阅读思维的科学与故事》的作者玛丽安娜?沃尔夫说，“阅读方式也体现了我们自身。”沃尔夫担忧，网络所倡导的将“丰富”与“时效性”置于首位的阅读方式可能已经削弱了那种深度阅读能力。深度阅读能力的形成应归功于早期印刷术的发明，有了它，长而复杂的散文作品也相当普遍了。然而，她说，当我们在线阅读时，我们往往只是一“信息解码器”而已。我们对文句的设释，心无旁鹜、深度阅读时形成的丰富的精神联系，这些能力很大程度上已经消失了。

Reading,explains Wolf,is not an instinctive skill for human beings.It’s not etched into our genes the way speech is.We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand.And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains.Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms,such as the Chinese,develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet.The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli.We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works.

8、沃尔夫认为，阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧，它不像说话那样融人了我们的基因。我们得训练自己的大脑，让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。而媒体或其他我们用于学习和练习阅读的技术在塑造我们大脑的神经电路中扮演着重要角色。实验表明，表意字读者(如中国人)为阅读所创建的神经电路和我们这些用字母语言的人有很大的区别。这种变化延伸到大脑的多个区域，包括那些支配诸如记忆、视觉设释和听觉刺激这样的关键认知功能的部位。我们可以预料，使用网络阅读形成的思维，一定也和通过阅读书籍及其他印刷品形成的思维不一样。

Sometime in1882,Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter—a Malling-Hansen Writing Ball,to be precise.His vision was failing,and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful,often bringing on crushing headaches.He had been forced to curtail his writing,and he feared that he would soon have to give it up.The typewriter rescued him,at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing,he was able to write with his eyes closed,using only the tips of his fingers.Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.

9、1882年，弗里德里希?尼采买了台打字机。此时的他，视力下降得厉害，长时间盯着一张纸会令他感觉疲惫、疼痛，还常常引起剧烈的头痛。他只得被迫缩减他的写作时间，并担心自己今后恐怕不得不放弃写作了。但打字机救了他，起码一度挽救过他。他终于熟能生巧，闭着眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的词句又得以倾泻于纸页之上了。

But the machine had a subtler effect on his work.One of Nietzsche’s friends,a composer,noticed a change in the style of his writing.His already terse prose had become even tighter,more telegraphic.“Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,”the friend wrote in a letter,noting that,in his own work,his“‘thoughts’in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”

10、然而，新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。尼采的一个作曲家朋友注意到他行文风格的改变。他那已经十分简练的行文变得更紧凑、‘更电文式了。“或许就因为这个仪器，你甚至可能会喜欢上一个新短语，”这位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音乐和语言方面的‘思想’常常要依赖于笔和纸的质量”。