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学术英语翻译

学术英语翻译
学术英语翻译

Text 4 云计算的安全利益

1.网络的未来

现在,我们可以很容易地注意到网络的本质从被用来读网页的地方变为允许用户运行软件应用程序的环境。

诺瓦提出了一个有趣的类比,以如下的形式描述了网络的进化:

1)web 1.0 是只读的,被用来创造几乎静态的网页,比如个人网页、报纸、购物应用程序等。

2)web 2.0 引入了读和写的内容——出版变成了参与,网页变成博客,博客聚集在一起变成大的汇总。对于网络内容而言,现在互动与合作非常普遍。

Executable: 可执行的

Execute: v. 运行,执行

3)web 3.0 将允许读、写和执行操作,所以内容将变成可执行的网络

The future belongs to the Web 3.0, also called the intelligent web, which is the next stage of the Internet evolution based on the services for data mining, artificial intelligence, independent agents, speech recognition and new computing models (distributed, grid and cloud).

未来属于web 3.0, 也被称为智能网络,它是互联网进化的下一阶段,这种进化以数据挖掘、人工智能、独立代理人、言语识别和新的计算模式(分配计算、网格计算和云计算)为基础。

The Web 3.0 can be seen as a new way of creating and using applications that can run on different devices, like mobile phones or PDAs, and having the data stored into the cloud.

Web 3.0可以被视为一种新的创造和使用应用程序并且让数据存储在云中的方式,这些程序可以在不同的设备上运行,比如手机或掌上计算机。

2.云计算的基本原则

Simply speaking, the cloud means the Internet. The term is derived from the way in which the Internet is often represented into the network diagrams. Cloud computing represents a new paradigm of the Internet computing in which the software is seen as a service and the applications and data are stored on multiple servers that can be accessed from the Internet.

简单地说,云意味着网络,这个术语来自于网络图表中网络常常被代表的方式。云计算代表着一种新的网络计算范例,其中软件被看作是一种服务,应用程序和数据被储存在多个服务器中,这些服务器可以从网络进入。

The current cloud computing architecture involves the existence of data

centers that are able to provide services to the clients located all over the world. In this context, the cloud can be seen as a unique access point for all the requests coming from the customers/clients.

目前云计算技术涉及这样一个数据中心的存在,这个中心能够为全世界用户提供服务。在这个背景下,云可以被看作是对于所有来自顾客或客户请求的独特的进入点。

移动电话或掌上计算机可以成功地扮演云客户的角色。由于这个原因,移动设备可以在安卓或iphone 平台上运行。同时,网页浏览器,比如谷歌浏览器,毫无疑问也可以是云客户。

云客户可以是普通的电脑,移动手机,掌上计算机或其他任何类似的设备。基本上,客户是从数据中心租用或直接进入数据中心获取所需的数据处理能力。服务的品质是云计算成功的关键因素。

要注意客户可以是硬件设备和(或)软件应用程序,比如浏览器。

Cloud computing allows to move the processing effort from the local devices to the data center facilities. In such a way, any phone, for example, could be able to solve complex differential equation systems by simply passing the specific arguments to a data center service that will be capable to give back the results in a very short time. In these conditions, the security of data and applications becomes a very major issue.

云计算允许把数据处理的过程从当地设备移动到数据中心设施。这样的话,举个例子,任何电话都可以解决复杂的微分方程系统,只要把特定的自变量传到数据服务中心,这项服务可以在很短的时间内返回结果。在这些条件下,数据和应用程序的安全性变成了一个重要的问题。

云计算的主要优势如下:

1)没必要下载或安装特定的软件,软件的使用成为很快、很简单的任务

2)费用很低,在某些情况下,甚至是免费的,客户只需支付他们实际使用的资源费用

3)如果客户电脑崩溃,因为一切都储存在云中,几乎不会丢失什么

4)当一些新的安装包被释放时,没必要升级本地系统

5)云计算可以被用在有最小硬件需求的客户端上面,如移动电话或掌上计算机6)给不同的软件包授予许可证的问题转到了数据中心层面

7)硬件升级不需花费(或花费很少)

8)用户不用依靠他们的个人电脑,因为他们可以使用任何其他设备,只要这些

设备能够连接上互联网并有一些基本的软件。

当然,也有一些缺点,比如:

1)为了能够进入和使用云,网络连接是必要的,这种对网络的依赖性使离线模式不可能。另一方面,一些应用程序需要高速网络连接,所以网络速度会影响整体的表现。

2)从长期看,服务的用户费比购买硬件的费用更贵

3)很难整合公司内部现有的基础设施,同时,从云又回到公司内部的模式会很难。

4)现在,在这个领域没有足够的大供应商

5)令人担忧的一个非常大的问题是数据安全,因为数据和软件位于遥远的服务器,而这些服务器可以在没有任何额外警告的情况下崩溃或消失。在这种背景下,服务质量非常重要,备份的需求也是至关重要的。

3. 安全优势

云计算为个人和公司提供了一些主要的安全优势,比如:

1) Centralized data storage ---- this goes to reduced effects of loosing some hardware items, like a laptop, for example. While the main part of the applications and data is stored into the cloud, loosing a client is not a big issue anymore--- there are no sensitive data lost and a new client can be connected to the cloud very fast;

1) 集中的数据存储——这就减少了由于没有硬件如手提电脑带来的影响。应用程序和数据的主要部分被储存在云端,失去客户端放松不再是一件严重的事情——没有敏感的数据丢失,新的客户端可以很快被连接到云端。

2)对数据获取的监控变得更简单,因为只要监控一个地方就够了,而不是一家大公司的成千上万台电脑

3)不确定性的增加——小偷几乎不可能决定为了得到一种数字资产究竟该偷哪一个实体成分。

Virtualization allows a rapid replacement of a compromised server located into the cloud without major costs or damages. Also, the downtime for computers in the cloud could be substantially reduced because it is very easy to create a clone by using an image.

4)虚拟化允许位于云端中的受损服务器得到快速替换,而不会有大的破坏或损失。同时,在云中电脑的停机时间可以大大降低,因为通过使用一个图像,很容易创造一个一模一样的东西。

5)日志——更多的记录可以被激活,因为云空间足够大,可以储存大量汇总的数据

6)安全变化可以很容易被测试和实施

云计算还处在起步阶段,所以还会有很多新的优点出现在这一清单中。

4. 结论

现在,信息基础设施正在向一个简单而创新的概念发展,它就叫做云计算。有很多应用程序都能利用云技术,而且很快会有更多的应用程序加入到队伍当中来。

许多设备都是云兼容的,比如传统的计算机,掌上计算机,移动电话,甚至浏览器(google 浏览器),在这个前提下,云计算有潜力能够提供大的安全优势。

Text 8 纳米技术如何工作

How Nanotechnology Works

There's an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small, we can't see it -- even with a light microscope. That world is the field of nanotechnology, the realm of atoms and nanostructures. Nanotechnology is so new, no one is really sure what will come of it. Even so, predictions range from the ability to reproduce things like diamonds and food to the world being devoured by self-replicating nanorobots.

有很多致力于研究小到我们无法看见的世界的科学家。他们从事不同学科,但是他们史无前例地会聚在一起,他们研究的世界小得连借助精致的显微镜都看不见。那个世界就是纳米技术的世界,一个由原子和纳米结构组成的领域。纳米技术是如此新以至于没人能够确定它会给我们带来什么。即便如此,各种预言却都有,比如说复制钻石和食物,又比如说世界会被自我复制的纳米机器人毁灭。

In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair

为了了解纳米技术不同寻常的世界,我们需要了解所涉及的测量单位,一厘米是一米的百分之一,一毫米是一米的千分之一,一微米是百万分之一米,但是和纳米级相比,这些都还是巨大的数字。一纳米是十亿分之一米,比可见光的波长还要小,

还不到人类一根头发宽度的十万分之一。

As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller -- about 0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe. You and everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At the atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the nanoscale, we can potentially put these atoms together to make almost anything.

尽管纳米很小,但是和原子水平比起来依然很大。原子的直径大约是0.1纳米。原子的核更是小得多——大约0.00001纳米。原子是宇宙所有物质的基石。你和你身边的一切都是由原子组成的。自然界从分子水平上完善了制造物质的科学。比如,我们的身体是从千百万个活细胞以特定的方式聚集在一起的。细胞是自然界的纳米机器。在原子的层级,各种元素都处在最基本的水平。在纳米层面,我们可以把这些原子放在一起做成几乎任何一种物质。

In a lecture called "Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience," Nobel Prize winner Dr. Horst Stoermer said that the nanoscale is more interesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something -- it's not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.

在一次名为“小小的奇观:纳米科学的世界”的讲座中,诺贝尔奖得主Horst Stormer 博士说纳米级别比原子级别更有趣,因为纳米级是我们可以把东西放在一起的最初的起始点——直到我们开始把原子放在一起,这个东西才变得有价值。

Nanotechnology is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field. Biologists, chemists, physicists and engineers are all involved in the study of substances at the nanoscale. Dr. Stoermer hopes that the different disciplines develop a common language and communicate with one another. Only then, he says, can we effectively teach nanoscience since you can't understand the world of nanotechnology without a solid background in multiple sciences.纳米技术正在迅速变成一个跨学科的领域。生物学家、化学家、物理学家和工程师们都要参与纳米层面物质的研究。Stormer博士希望不同学科可以发展出相同的语言,可以彼此交流。他说,只有那时我们才能有效地教授纳米科学,因为如果没有多学科科学的扎实背景,你无法理解纳米技术的世界。

One of the exciting and challenging aspects of the nanoscale is the role that quantum mechanics plays in it. The rules of quantum mechanics are very different from classical physics, which means that the behavior of substances at the nanoscale can sometimes contradict common sense by behaving erratically. You can't walk up to a wall and immediately teleport to the other side of it, but at the nanoscale an electron can -- it's called electron tunneling. Substances that are insulators, meaning they can't carry an electric charge, in bulk form might become semiconductors when reduced to the nanoscale. Melting points can change due to an increase in surface area. Much of nanoscience requires that you forget what you know and start learning all over again.

纳米尺度最令人激动和最具挑战性的方面之一就是量子力学在其中起的作用。量子力学的规则非常不同于经典物理学。这意味着在纳米层面,物质的有时表现的不稳定,而产生与常识相违背的现象。你不能走向一面墙,马上又穿墙而过到达墙的另一边,但是在纳米水平电子就可以——这被称为电子隧道效应。绝缘体物质,其含义是不能携带电荷,但是当降低到纳米水平时,如果大批存在也许会变成半导体。因为表面面积的增加物体的熔点也会变化。所以大部分纳米材料要求你忘记你所了解的知识,开始重新学习。

So what does this all mean? Right now, it means that scientists are experimenting with substances at the nanoscale to learn about their properties and how we might be able to take advantage of them in various applications. Engineers are trying to use nano-size wires to create smaller, more powerful microprocessors. Doctors are searching for ways to use nanoparticles in medical applications. Still, we've got a long way to go before nanotechnology dominates the technology and medical markets.

这一切意味着什么?现在,这意味着科学家们正在用纳米水平的物质试验,以了解它们的性质,以及在不同的应用领域我们如何能利用好它们。工程师们正在尝试用纳米大小的金属线来创造更小、更强大的微处理机,医生们正在寻找在医疗应用领域使用纳米颗粒的方式。但是,在纳米技术统治技术和医疗市场之前还有很长的路要走。

In the world of "Star Trek," machines called replicators can produce practically any physical object, from weapons to a steaming cup of Earl Grey tea. Long considered to be exclusively the product of science fiction, today some people believe replicators are a very real possibility. They call it molecular manufacturing, and if it ever does become a reality, it could drastically change the

world.

在《星际迷航》的世界里,被称为复制者的机器可以生产几乎任何物体,从武器到一杯冒着热气的格雷伯爵茶。长久以来复制者被认为是科幻小说专属的产品,可是现在有些人相信这些机器是非常真实的并且有可能存在的。人们把它称为分子制造者,如果这些机器真的变为现实,它们将极大地改变世界。

Atoms and molecules stick together because they have complementary shapes that lock together, or charges that attract. Just like with magnets, a positively charged atom will stick to a negatively charged atom. As millions of these atoms are pieced together by nanomachines, a specific product will begin to take shape. The goal of molecular manufacturing is to manipulate atoms individually and place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure.

原子和分子粘在一起是因为它们有互补的形状,这样的形状锁在一起,或者它们的电荷互相吸引。就像磁铁一样,带正电的原子会粘住带负电的原子,千百万这样的原子由纳米机器粘在一起,一个特殊的产品就将成形。分子制造的目标就是控制单个的原子,把它们按照某种样子放置,这样就可以生产出想要的结构。

The first step would be to develop nanoscopic machines, called assemblers, that scientists can program to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. Rice University Professor Richard Smalley points out that it would take a single nanoscopic machine millions of years to assemble a meaningful amount of material. In order for molecular manufacturing to be practical, you would need trillions of assemblers working together simultaneously. Eric Drexler believes that assemblers could first replicate themselves, building other assemblers. Each generation would build another, resulting in exponential growth until there are enough assemblers to produce objects

第一步是研发纳米机器,也被称为装配器。这样科学家可以按照自己的意愿让这些装配器控制原子和分子。莱斯大学的Richard 教授指出要组装一定数量的物质,一台纳米装配器要花上几百万年的时间。为了让分子制造变得更实际一些,你需要让无数的装配器同时工作。Eric 相信,装配器首先要复制自己,建造其它的装配器,每一代会建造另一代,以指数方式增长,直到有足够的装配器生产物品。

Assemblers might have moving parts like the nanogears in this concept drawing. Trillions of assemblers and replicators could fill an area smaller than a cubic millimeter, and could still be too small for us to see with the naked eye. Assemblers and replicators could work together to automatically construct products, and could eventually replace all traditional labor methods. This could vastly

decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making consumer goods plentiful, cheaper and stronger. Eventually, we could be able to replicate anything, including diamonds, water and food. Famine could be eradicated by machines that fabricate foods to feed the hungry.

在上述描绘的概念中,装配器可能有移动的零件比如纳米齿轮,无数的装配器和复制者可以填满一个比立方毫米还要小的区域,并且依然还是太小以至于我们的肉眼看不见。装配器和复制者可以一起工作,这样可以自动建造产品,可以最终取代所有传统的劳动力方法。这可以大大降低制造费用,从制造更多,更便宜,功能更强的消费品。最终,我们能够复制任何东西,包括钻石、水和食物。饥荒会被消除,因为有机器制造食物来喂养饥饿的人。

Nanotechnology may have its biggest impact on the medical industry. Patients will drink fluids containing nanorobots programmed to attack and reconstruct the molecular structure of cancer cells and viruses. There's even speculation that nanorobots could slow or reverse the aging process, and life expectancy could increase significantly. Nanorobots could also be programmed to perform delicate surgeries -- such nanosurgeons could work at a level a thousand times more precise than the sharpest scalpel. By working on such a small scale, a nanorobot could operate without leaving the scars that conventional surgery does. Additionally, nanorobots could change your physical appearance. They could be programmed to perform cosmetic surgery, rearranging your atoms to change your ears, nose, eye color or any other physical feature you wish to alter.

对于医疗工业纳米技术可能有最大的影响。病人会喝下含有纳米机器人的液体,这些纳米机器人会按照程序设定来攻击癌细胞和病毒的并且重建它们的分子结构。甚至有猜测说纳米机器人可以减缓或逆转衰老的过程,寿命预期会大大增加。纳米机器人也可以被设定用来做精密的手术——这样的纳米外科医师的工作水平可以比最尖锐的解剖刀还要精准一千倍。通过在这样小的水平上工作,纳米机器人在工作时可以不留下常规手术中会有的伤口。此外,纳米机器人还可以改变你的外貌。它们可以被设定来做美容手术,重新安排你的原子,来改变你的耳朵、鼻子、眼睛的颜色,或者任何你希望改变的外貌特点。

Nanotechnology has the potential to have a positive effect on the environment. For instance, scientists could program airborne nanorobots to rebuild the thinning ozone layer. Nanorobots could remove contaminants from water sources and clean up oil spills. Manufacturing materials using the bottom-up method of nanotechnology also creates less pollution than conventional

manufacturing processes. Our dependence on non-renewable resources would diminish with nanotechnology. Cutting down trees, mining coal or drilling for oil may no longer be necessary -- nanomachines could produce those resources.

纳米技术有潜力对环境产生积极的影响。比如,科学家们可以让空中的纳米机器人重建正在变薄的臭氧层。纳米机器人可以移除水源中的污染物,清扫溅出的油。使用纳米技术从细节开始的方法来制造材料,相比常规的制造过程产生的污染更少。拥有纳米技术后我们对于不可再生资源的依赖性会降低。砍树、采煤或钻井勘探石油也许不再必要——纳米机器可以生产这些资源。

Many nanotechnology experts feel that these applications are well outside the realm of possibility, at least for the foreseeable future. They caution that the more exotic applications are only theoretical. Some worry that nanotechnology will end up like virtual reality -- in other words, the hype surrounding nanotechnology will continue to build until the limitations of the field become public knowledge, and then interest (and funding) will quickly dissipate.

许多纳米技术专家觉得这些应用都不在可能实施的领域里,至少在可预见的未来是这样。他们提示说更奇异的应用只是理论性的。有些人担心纳米技术最终会是虚拟现实——换句话说,围绕在纳米技术周围的炒作将继续增强,直到这个领域的局限性成为公共知识,然后兴趣(和资助)会很快消散。

The most immediate challenge in nanotechnology is that we need to learn more about materials and their properties at the nanoscale. Universities and corporations across the world are rigorously studying how atoms fit together to form larger structures. We're still learning about how quantum mechanics impact substances at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology will definitely continue to impact us as we learn more about the enormous potential of the nanoscale.

纳米技术领域现在面临的挑战是我们需要了解更多有关纳米层面的材料和它们的性质的知识。全世界的大学和企业正在仔细地研究原子如何连在一起以构成更大的结构,我们还正在学习量子力学如何在纳米水平影响物质。当我们了解更多纳米水平巨大的潜力后纳米技术肯定会继续影响我们。

Text 10 全球变暖

Global warming is about much more than hotter summers, winter floods, and farting cows. There is absolutely no question that the earth is warming up fast, and few climate scientists would argue with this. The dispute lies in whether or not the

warming we are now experiencing simply reflects a natural turnabout in the recent global temperature trend or results from the polluting impact of human activities since the Industrial Revolution really began to take hold.

全球变暖远远不止是更热的夏天,冬天的洪水,还有放屁的牛。毫无疑问地球正在快速变暖,几乎没有气候科学家会对此有争议。这一争论的焦点在于:我们正在经历的变暖仅仅反映了最近全球气温变化趋势的自然转变,还是工业革命真正开始以来人类活动造成污染影响的结果。

预测气候变化时极其困难的,这也解释了为什么未来气温升高和海平面变化的模型要经常进行修订。但是现在的证据无可辩驳:人类行为正在推动现在的行星变暖周期。尽管有一些特立独行的科学家,石油公司的支持者,还有世界最大污染国的总统,但是压倒性的一致意见是如果没有减少温室气体的排放,情况真的会变得很糟。Amazingly,this prospect is still played own and intentionally hidden by some, most recently by Danish statistician, Bjorn Lomborg. In his widely savaged book, The Skeptical Environmentalist, Lomborg denigrates global warming and its future impact, while at the same time, through highly selective references to scientific research, coming to the conclusion that all is right with the world.

但令人惊讶的是,这种可能性依然被淡化,并且被人有意隐藏,最近被丹麦统计学家比约恩.隆伯格隐藏。在他广受抨击的一书《令人怀疑的环境学家》中,隆伯格诋毁全球变暖和它未来的影响。与此同时,通过对科学研究成果十分有选择性地查阅,他得出结论说,世界一切都好。

过去的70年间,地球比上个千年的任何时间都要热,就在过去几十年间这种变暖一直在急剧加速。毫无疑问每个人都至少有一位更年长的亲戚,他经常回想过去某个时候,那时夏天更热,天空更蓝。

Meteorological records show, however, that this is simply a case of selective memory, and in fact 19 of the hottest years on record have occurred since 1980s, with the late 1990s seeing the warmest years of all across the planet as a whole.

但是气象记录显示,这仅仅是选择性记忆的情况。实际上,记录中19个最热的年份发生在1980年之后,而二十世纪九十年代末期见证了整个星球上最暖的年份。

地球现在比它46亿年历史上90%多的时间都要暖。到21世纪末我们的星球将经历比过去15万年来任何时候都更高的温度。

上升的气温趋势不仅仅是气候的小问题,也不能完全由太阳输出的变化来解释。尽管太阳输出很显然对气候有显著影响。

Rather, it is a consequence of two centuries of pollution, which is now enclosing the earth in an insulating blanket of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases.

实际上,这是两个世纪污染的结果,这种污染现在把地球包围在一个由二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮,还有其他温室气体构成的隔热毯子当中。

自从18世纪晚期以来,我们的种族一直在从事一项巨大的星球试验,最终会有什么样的结果我们也只能仅仅靠猜测。不幸的是,对于我们而言,现在试验进入了失控的阶段,由于内在的惯性,我们不能马上停下来,只能放慢速度。即使我们今天能够使温室气体的排放稳定下来,气温和海平面依旧会继续上升几百年。我们时代的大问题是:我们有决心做这些吗?或者我们会避开这个问题,让情况恶化到落后者遭殃的境地?

We know from studies of polar ice cores that before the hiss of steam and grinding of metal on metal that heralded the arrival of the industrial world, the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been pretty much constant since the glaciers retreated at the end of the last Ice Age 我们从极地冰核的研究中知道,自从上一次冰川时代结束时冰川不断消融以来,大气中温室气体的浓度一直非常稳定。这些都是在预示着工业世界的到来的嘶嘶的蒸汽声和金属之间的摩擦声出现之前的状况。

但是,自前工业时代以来,大气中的二氧化碳水平增加了30%,其它温室气体的含量也急剧增加,尤其是甲烷和一氧化二氮。现在大气中二氧化碳的含量比持续了42万年的水平要高,过去两千万年来也没有被超出过。气体的增加的速度也是前所未有的,过去100年的增加率比过去两万年的任何时候要高。

As these gases have accumulated in the earth’s atmosphere so they have, quite literally, caused it to act in the manner of a greenhouse, allowing heat from the sun in but hindering its escape back into space. In fact, our atmosphere has operated in this way for billions of years, moderating temperature swings and extremes, but our pollution is now strongly enhancing this greenhouse effect, with the result that the earth has been progressively warming up for most of the last hundred years.

因为这些气体在地球大气中积累,所以,不夸张地说,它们使得大气变得像一个温室一样工作,让来自太阳的热量进来,但阻止热量重新返回太空。实际上,我们的大气一直以这种方式运转了几十亿年,减缓气温的改变和减少极端气温的出现,但是我们现在的污染大大增强了这种温室效应,结果是过去的一百年来大部分时间地球温度一直在逐步升高。

但是,因为气候机器如此复杂,没有一种单独的影响力可以被孤立出来,还有许多其他因素会影响全球气温。尤其是太阳的输出,也是随着时间而变化。太阳有一个有规则变化的11年活动周期,被称为太阳黑子周期,在这期间太阳输出的变化大约是0.1%。太阳的输出在更长的期间内也会变化,从几百年到几万年。这些变化在让行星变凉或变暖方面都起着重要的作用。

火山喷发也对地球气候起着重要作用。尽管详细的情况更加复杂,大规模的爆炸性的喷发会将大量的二氧化硫或其它含硫气体喷射到平流层,这会产生广泛的冷却效应,因为这可以减低太阳辐射到达地球表面的水平。有时火山和太阳的共同作用可以引起更长久的气候变化。

Attempting to pin down the true variation in global temperatures over the past thousand years is difficult, not least because records prior to the last couple of hundred years are far from reliable. A further complication arises from the fact that while one part of the world might be heating up, another might be cooling down. One argument that is still used by opponents of anthropogenic warming is that the world underwent a pronounced cooling between 1946 and 1975, thereby invalidating the idea that elevated levels of greenhouse gases must automatically result in global warming.

想要对过去千年来全球气温的真实变化下定论是困难的,尤其是因为近几百年以前的记录很不可靠。一个更复杂的现象是当世界的一个地方可能变暖的同时,而另一个地方则是在变凉。反对地球因人为变暖的观点的人们有一个论点,就是世界在1946年至1975年间曾经历过一次明显的降温过程,因而证明了温室气体排放水平的升高一定会自动导致全球变暖这一观点是错误的。

但是,这当然根本不是试验的意图。实际上,直到最近几十年人们才明确想到人类行为对全球环境会产生污染效应。这个大的试验只是我们人类总是渴望得到更多而引发的副作用,我们渴望更多增长,更多商品,更多财富。现在很明显我们搞砸了,我们很不情愿地承认,因为地球会有自然反应,我们别无选择只能停止试验。

Vested interest groups who opposed to proposals to lessen global warming have ensured that, although now ratified, the Kyoto Protocol falls far short of achieving its goal of a 5.2 percent reduction (below 1990 levels) in global greenhouse gas emissions by December 2008.This failure is primarily due to countries such as the United States and Australia refusing to sign or make even the called-for tiny cutbacks in emissions. With reductions in emissions needing to be of the order of 60 percent if a real dent is to be made in the ever-climbing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, prospects look bleak indeed.

反对减轻全球变暖提案的既得利益集团已经确定,虽然《京都议定书》现已正式生效,但它远未实现其到2008年12月全球温室气体排放减少5.2%(低于1990年水平)的目标。原因主要是美国和澳大利亚等国拒绝签署议定书,或者根据倡议对碳排放做出微小的削减。如果要真的要在日益升高的大气温室气体的浓度中按照规定减少60%的温室气体排放,前景的确很黯淡。

即便我们恢复理性,在未来几年对碳排放进行大幅削减,未来的几个世纪气温和海平面将会继续升高。所以,我们将不可避免地面临环境的急剧变化——有时变好,大部分情况下变得更糟。可以肯定的是我们的孩子和他们的后代将会发现地球的模样变大不一样。

= Text 11 核电的危险

RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWER

Bernard L. Cohen, Sc.D.

Professor at the University of Pittsburgh

Radiation

The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light---186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the

human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.

辐射

与核电相联系的主要危险来自辐射对健康的影响。这种辐射包括亚原子颗粒以光速或接近光速运行——每秒186000英里。它们可以深深穿透到身体内部,在体内它们可以损伤生物细胞,然后引发癌症。如果它们攻击性细胞,它们可以导致子孙后代的基因疾病。

Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources, and an average medical X-ray involves being struck by 100 billion. While this may seem to be very dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic disease is only one chance in 30 million billion (30 quintillion).

辐射在我们环境中自然地发生;通常每个人每秒钟受到来自自然源的15000个粒子的辐射,而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1,000亿个粒子的辐射。可能这看起来会非常危险,其实不会,因为一个辐射粒子进入人体引发癌症或基因疾病的可能性是三十拍分之一。

Nuclear power technology produces materials that are active in emitting radiation and are therefore called "radioactive". These materials can come into contact with people principally through small releases during routine plant operation, accidents in nuclear power plants, accidents in transporting radioactive materials, and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement systems.We will discuss these separately, but all of them taken together, with accidents treated probabilistically, will eventually expose the average American to about 0.2% of his exposure from natural radiation. Since natural radiation is estimated to cause about 1% of all cancers, radiation due to nuclear technology should eventually increase our cancer risk by 0.002% (one part in 50,000), reducing our life expectancy by less than one hour. By comparison, our loss of life expectancy from competitive electricity generation technologies, burning coal, oil, or gas, is estimated to range from 3 to 40 days.

核电技术生产的材料可以非常活跃地释放辐射,所以被称为“放射性的”。这些材料主要通过发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物,核电站事故,放射性材料运输事故、以及放射性废料从隔离系统中泄漏而与人体发生接触的。我们将分开讨论这些问题,但是

所有这些因素加在一起,从可能性的角度对待这些事故,最终会让普通美国人接触到来自天然辐射0.2%的辐射量。因为自然辐射预计会引发1%的癌症,核技术产生的辐射最终会增加0.002%的患癌几率(5万分之一),减少预期寿命不到1小时。相比之下,因为竞争性的发电技术、燃烧煤、油或气导致的预期寿命损失预计有3到40天。

There has been much misunderstanding on genetic diseases due to radiation. The risks are somewhat less than the cancer risks; for example, among the Japanese A-bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there have been about 400 extra cancer deaths among the 100,000 people in the follow-up group, but there have been no extra genetic diseases among their progeny. Since there is no possible way for the cells in our bodies to distinguish between natural radiation and radiation from the nuclear industry, the latter cannot cause new types of genetic diseases or deformities (e.g., bionic man), or threaten the "human race". Other causes of genetic disease include delayed parenthood (children of older parents have higher incidence) and men wearing pants (this warms the gonads, increasing the frequency of spontaneous mutations). The genetic risks of nuclear power are equivalent to delaying parenthood by 2.5 days, or of men wearing pants an extra 8 hours per year. Much can be done to avert genetic diseases utilizing currently available technology; if 1% of the taxes paid by the nuclear industry were used to further implement this technology, 80 cases of genetic disease would be averted for each case caused by the nuclear industry

因为辐射引发遗传病,对这一点人们一直有很多误解。其风险略小于患癌症的风险;比如,在日本广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸中幸存的人,在随访病例中,10万人会多出400例癌症死亡病例。但是在他们的后代中,并没有更多的遗传疾病。既然我们人体内的细胞不能辨别自然辐射与来自核工业的辐射,后者则不会导致新型的遗传疾病或身体畸形(比如,生化人),或威胁“人类”。其他遗传病的原因包括父母晚育(晚育父母所生孩子有更大风险)和穿裤子的男士(这让性腺受热,增加了自发突变的频率)。而核电造成的基因风险等同于推迟生育2.5天,或者男士每年多穿8小时裤子。在利用现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多事可以做;如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进一步实施这项技术,那么每一种由核工业造成的疾病中有80例遗传疾病都将得到防止。

Reactor accidents

The nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents and mitigating

their potential effects is "defense in depth"--- if something fails, there is a back-up system to limit the harm done, if that system should also fail there is another back-up system for it, etc., etc. Of course it is possible that each system in this series of back-ups might fail one after the other, but the probability for that is exceedingly small. The Media often publicize a failure of some particular system in some plant, implying that it was a close call" on disaster; they completely miss the point of defense in depth which easily takes care of such failures. Even in the Three Mile Island accident where at least two equipment failures were severely compounded by human errors, two lines of defense were still not breached--- essentially all of the radioactivity remained sealed in the thick steel reactor vessel, and that vessel was sealed inside the heavily reinforced concrete and steel lined "containment" building which was never even challenged. It was clearly not a close call on disaster to the surrounding population. The Soviet Chernobyl reactor, built on a much less safe design concept, did not have such a containment structure; if it did, that disaster would have been averted.

反应堆事故

为了防止事故和减缓事故的潜在影响,核电厂的设计策略是“深度防卫”——如果出现故障,有一个备份系统以限制故障带来的损伤,如果这个备份系统也出了问题,它也有另一个备份系统。当然,有可能在这一系列的备份系统中每个系统都接连地坏了,但是这种可能性异乎寻常地小。媒体经常宣传某个工厂某个特定的系统出了问题,暗示说这是侥幸脱离了灾难。他们完全不理解深度防卫的意义,深度防卫可以很容易地解决这些问题。即使在三里岛核事故当中,至少两次设备故障都因人为失误而加重,但是两条防卫线依然没有被破坏——最根本的是所有的辐射能都被封存在厚厚的钢反应堆容器里,那个容器又被封存在高度增强的混凝土和钢铁围成的“遏阻”建筑物内,这栋建筑物甚至都还没有发挥它的作用。很显然这对于周围的人来说并不是侥幸逃脱了灾难。苏联的切尔诺贝利反应堆,它的设计观念则欠缺虑安全性,并没有这样一个遏阻结构;如果有的话,那次事故本来可以避免。

Risks from reactor accidents are estimated by the rapidly developing science of "probabilistic risk analysis" (PRA). A PRA must be done separately for each power plant (at a cost of $5 million) but we give typical results here: A fuel melt-down might be expected once in 20,000 years of reactor operation. In 2 out of 3 melt-downs there would be no deaths, in 1 out of 5 there would be over 1000 deaths, and in 1 out of 100,000 there would be 50,000 deaths. The average for all meltdowns would be 400 deaths. Since air pollution from coal burning is estimated

to be causing 10,000 deaths per year, there would have to be 25 melt-downs each year for nuclear power to be as dangerous as coal burning.

来自核反应堆事故的风险被迅速发展的“概率风险分析”科学所预测。对于每一个核电站都要单独做概率风险分析(花费5百万美元),但是我们可以在这里给出典型的结果:预计反应堆的运转2万年中可能有一次燃料熔毁,三次熔毁中两次不会有死亡,五次中有一次会导致1000人死亡,十万次中有一次会导致5万人死亡,所有熔毁事故平均死亡人数为400人。因为烧煤导致的空气污染预计每年导致一万人死亡,核电每年要发生25次熔毁才能和烧煤一样危险。

Of course deaths from coal burning air pollution are not noticeable, but the same is true for the cancer deaths from reactor accidents. In the worst accident considered, expected once in 100,000 melt-downs (once in 2 billion years of reactor operation), the cancer deaths would be among 10 million people, increasing their cancer risk typically from 20% (the current U.S. average) to 20.5%. This is much less than the geographical variation--- 22% in New England to 17% in the Rocky Mountain states.

当然烧煤引发的空气污染造成的死亡并不是很明显,但是核反应堆事故引发的癌症死亡病例也不明显。假设在最糟糕的事故中,也就是10万次熔毁事故中有一次(核反应堆运转20亿年中有一次),导致的癌症死亡率是1千万人中,风险通常从20%(现在美国的平均值)上升到20.5%,这远比地理差异要小得多——新英格兰22%,洛基山脉各州17%。

Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days, but such "noticeable" deaths would be expected in only 2% of reactor melt-down accidents; there would be over 100 in 0.2% of meltdowns, and 3500 in 1 out of 100,000 melt-downs. To date, the largest number of noticeable deaths from coal burning was in an air pollution incident (London, 1952) where there were 3500 extra deaths in one week. Of course the nuclear accidents are hypothetical and there are many much worse hypothetical accidents in other electricity generation technologies; e.g., there are hydroelectric dams in California whose sudden failure could cause 200,000 deaths.

高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死亡,但这种“明显的”死亡仅仅在2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中能够被预料到,在0.2%的熔毁事故中会超过100天,

而在1/100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3,500天。迄今为止,因为烧煤引发的明显的死亡事件中最大数字发生在一次空气污染事故中(伦敦,1952年),在那次事故中,一周内多出了3500名死亡病例。当然这些核事故是假设的,在其他的发电技术领域有严重得多的事故,比如,在加州有水电大坝,如果突然出故障会导致20万人死亡。

Radioactive Waste

The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. This "high level waste" will be converted to a rock-like form and emplaced in the natural habitat of rocks, deep underground. The average lifetime of a rock in that environment is one billion years. If the waste behaves like other rock, it is easily shown that the waste generated by one nuclear power plant will eventually, over millions of years (if there is no cure found for cancer), cause one death from 50 years of operation. By comparison, the wastes from coal burning plants that end up in the ground will eventually cause several thousand deaths from generating the same amount of electricity.

放射性废料

来自核工业的放射性废料产品一定要和人们的接触隔离开来,而且要隔离非常长得时间,放射性的大部分都包含在已用过的燃料中,而这些已用过的核燃料体积很小,所以在非常小心的情况下很容易处理。这种“高等级的废料”会被转化成岩石一样的形式,然后会被安放在岩石的天然所在地,也就是地下很深的地方。在那样的环境下一块岩石的平均寿命是十亿年。如果核废料像其它岩石一样,很容易发现一个核电厂产生的废料最终会在几百万年后(如果这期间没有发现治愈癌症的方式),导致核电厂50年的运转中有一例死亡病例。相比之下,烧煤的工厂产生的废料最终会放在地下,如果与核电厂产生同样的电力,这些煤废料会导致几千人死亡。

The much larger volume of much less radioactive (low level) waste from nuclear plants will be buried at shallow depths (typically 20 feet) in soil. If we assume that this material immediately becomes dispersed through the soil between the surface and ground water depth (despite elaborate measures to maintain waste package integrity) and behaves like the same materials that are present naturally in soil (there is extensive evidence confirming such behavior), the death toll from this low level waste would be 5% of that from the high level waste discussed in the

previous paragraph.

更大体积而放射性小得多的(低等级的)核电厂废料会被埋在土壤中更浅的地方(通常是20英尺)。如果我们假定这种材料很快分散在土壤中,这些土壤位于地表和地下水深度之间(尽管有复杂的措施维持废料包的完整)。它们的反应就像土壤中天然存在的同样材料一样(有广泛的证据确认这样的反应),由这种低等级废料造成的死亡人数是上段讨论的高等级废料造成的死亡人数的5%。

Other Radiation Problems

The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled. A typical estimate is that they may reduce our life expectancy by 15 minutes.

Potential problems from accidents in transport of radioactive materials are largely neutralized by elaborate packaging. A great deal of such transport has taken place over the past 50 years and there have been numerous accidents, including fatal ones. However, from all of these accidents combined, there is less than a 1% chance that even a single death will ever result from radiation exposure. Probabilistic risk analyses indicate that we can expect less than one death per century in U.S. from this source.

Mining uranium to fuel nuclear power plants leaves "mill tailings", the residues from chemical processing of the ore, which lead to radon exposures to the public. However, these effects are grossly over-compensated by the fact that mining uranium out of the ground reduces future radon exposures. By comparison, coal burning leaves ashes that increase future radon exposures. The all-inclusive estimates of radon effects are that one nuclear power plant operating for one year will eventually avert a few hundred deaths, while an equivalent coal burning plant will eventually cause 30 deaths.

其他辐射问题

核电厂辐射性的常规释放作用在一定程度上取决于用过的燃料是如何处置的。通常预计它会减低人们的预期寿命15分钟。

辐射材料运输事故的潜在问题很大程度上被复杂的包装抵消了。过去50年来有很多辐射材料的运输过程,也有很多次事故,包括致命的事故。但是,综合所有这

些事故,有不到1%的机会接触辐射会导致一例死亡。概率风险分析说明在美国每个世纪因为辐射材料的运输导致的死亡人数不到1人。

开采铀给核电厂提供燃料留下了“工厂尾料”,这是对于矿石的化学加工产生的残渣,会导致大众接触到氡。但是,从地上开采铀降低了未来接触氡的风险,这从总体上大大补偿了前面提到的问题。相比之下,烧煤留下的灰增加了未来接触氡的机会。关于氡的影响,总体的估计量是一个核电站运转一年最终会避免几百人死亡,而相等的烧煤发电厂最终会导致30人死亡。

If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论,那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说,高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里,转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上,转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计,美国去年所种植玉米的1/3,大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年,美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。

Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?但是,显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样,转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国

新视野大学英语翻译答案

汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家,无论你做了多么充足的准备,你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。(no matter how) No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ,you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样,吉米也关系他们(just as) Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码,以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。(track down)Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话,我就不再和你说话了。(tell on) If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子,但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。(on one’s own) Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是:如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。(reckon with) Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子,她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来,枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料,饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度,提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感,请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时,他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面,与他的行为一样,他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划,他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看,大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一,所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说,原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。

学术英语 课文翻译

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学术综合英语英语填空题翻译Unit 3

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新视野大学英语第三版第一册课后翻译答案.doc

新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家,被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物,人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述,尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法,即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系,未曾设立什么学派,也未曾创立什么宗派,但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日,全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地,这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日,越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今,圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说,这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说,圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家,给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动,圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.

学术英语综合Unit9-译文

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Analog computers are analog devices.That is,they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states.An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off.Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings.模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说,他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数,没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit(ALU),control unit(including processor flags,flag register,or status register),internal buses,and sometimes special function units(the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元(运算器),控制单元(包括处理器标志,标志寄存器,或状态寄存器),内部总线,有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors,with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets.Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器,与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations(number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语,因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的,并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算(数字运算)的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer.In the past decade,the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred,however,as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation.But in general,a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to200users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中,大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊,然而,有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下,一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large,high-resolution graphics screen,a large amount of RAM,built-in network support,and a graphical user interface.Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive,but a special type of workstation,called a diskless workstation,comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的,高分辨率的图形屏幕,大量的内存,内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器,但是一种特殊类型的工作站,被称为无盘工作站,是不带磁盘驱动器的。

学术综合英语(罗立胜)1-6单元课文翻译

human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,传承文化。事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途,这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者,必须知道词语的具体含义,也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定,请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候,要不断地问自己:“我到底要说什么?我到底想表达什么意思?”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words (that are known to the average person and require no specialized background); by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点,就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语;多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇;还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery,or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things (that are essentially different yet have something in common); it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来!比喻,这种能产生文字图像的修辞,可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言,分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较,一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较,不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of

大学英语翻译答案

Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆,但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设(assume)那幅画确实是名作(masterpiece),你觉得值得购买吗?(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的,那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候,他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统,这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭,却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久,他失业了,因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比,我们的父母就相当穷了,但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗?(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)

研究生学术英语翻译

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