汉英法律英语翻译教程
孙万彪：汉英法律翻译教程
合营企业的设立
1.1.1法规条文
1. 依照《中外合资经营企业法》批准在中国境内设立的中外合资经营企业（以下简称合营企业）是中国的法人，受中国法律的管辖和保护。
1. Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures(hereinafter referred to as joint ventures) established within Chinese territory upon the approval in accordance with the Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures are Chinese legal persons, who shall be governed and protected by Chinese law.
2. 在中国境内设立的合营企业，应当能够促进中国经济的发展和科学技术水平的提高，有利于社会主义现代化建设。
国家鼓励、允许、限制、或者禁止设立合营企业的行业，按照国家指导外商投资方向的规定及外商投资产业指导目录执行。
2. Joint ventures established within Chinese territory shall be able to promote the developpment of the economy and the enhancement of the science and technology of China and facilitate China’s socialist modernization.
Industries in which the establishment of joint ventures is encouraged, permitted, restricted or prohibited by the State shall be determined in accordance with provisions of the State in the Regulations on Foreign Investment Guidelines and the Guideline Catalogue of Foreign Investment Industries.
3. 在中国境内设立合营企业，必须经中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称对外贸易合作部）审查批准。批准后，由对外贸易经济合作部发给批准证书。
3. The establishment of a joint venture within Chinese territory shall be subject to the examination and approval by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Pe ople’s Republic of China (MOFTEC). Upon approval, MOFTEC shall issue a certificate of approval thereof.
4. 凡具备下列条件的，国务院授权省、自治区、直辖市人民政府或者国务院有关部门审批：（1）投资总额在国务院规定的投资审批权限以内，中国合营者的资金来源已经落实的；（2）不需要国家增拨原材料，不影响燃料、动力、交通运输、外贸出口配额等方面的全国平衡的。
依照前款批准设立的合营企业，应当报对外贸易合作部备案。
对外贸易合作部和国务院授权的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府或者国务院有关部门，以下统称审批机构。
4. The State Council shall delegate to the people’s governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government or the relevant departments under the State Council the power to examine and approve joint ventures which meet the following conditions:
(1) The total investment of a joint venture is within the amount limited by the authority as granted by the State Council for examination and approval of investment, and the source of capital of the Chinese party has been ascertained; and
(2) No additional allocation of raw materials by the State is required and the national balance in respect of fuel, power, transportation, foreign trade export quota is not affected.
Joint ventures established in accordance with provisions of the proceeding paragraphs shall be reported to MOFTEC for record.
MOFTEC and the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government authorized by the State Council or the relevant departments under the State Council shall hereinafter be referred to as the examination and approval authority.
5. 申请设立合营企业，由中外合营者共同向审批机构报送下列文件：
（1）设立合营企业的申请书；
（2）合营各方共同编制的可行性研究报告；
（3）由合营各方授权代表签署的合营企业协议、合同和章程；
（4）由合营各方委派的合营企业董事长、副董事长、董事人选名单；
（5）审批机构规定的其他文件。
前款所列文件必须用中文书写，其中第（2）、（3）、（4）项文件可以同时用合营各方商定的一种外文书写。两种文字书写的文件具有同等效力。
审批机构发现报送的文件有不当之处的，应当要求限期修改。
5. When applying for establishing a joint venture, the Chinese and foreign partners shall jointly submit the following documents to the examination and approval authority:
(1) an application for the establishment of the joint venture;
(2) the feasibility study report jointly prepared by the parties to the joint venture;
(3) the joint venture agreement, contract and articles of association executed by the duly authorized representatives of the parties to the joint venture;
(4) list of the candidates for the chairman, vice-chairman and directors of the joint venture nominated by the parties to the joint venture; and
(5) other documents specified by the examination and approval authority.
The documents listed in the proceeding paragraphs must be written in Chinese, among them. Documents (2), (3) and (4) may be written simultaneously in a foreign language agreed upon by the parties to the joint venture. Documents written in both languages shall be equally authentic.
If anything inappropriate is found in the documents submitted, the examination and approval authority shall require that it be amended within the specified time.
6. 审批机构自接到本条例第五条规定的全部文件之日起，3个月内决定批准或不批准。6. The examination and approval authority shall, within three months of the receipt of all the documents stipulated in Article 5 of these regulations, decide whether to approve or not to approve such documents.
7. 申请者应当自收到批准证书之日起1个月内，按照国家有关规定，向工商行政管理机关办理登记手续。合营企业的营业执照签发日期，即为该合营企业的成立日期。
7. The applicant shall, within one month of the receipt of the certificate of approval, go through the registration procedures with the administrative authority of industry and commerce in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the State. The date on which the business license of a joint venture is issued shall be the date of the establishment of the joint venture.
1.2.1 合同条款
1. 根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》和中国其他有关法律法规，上海太阳有限公司（以下简称“甲方”）与沃伦有限公司（以下简称“乙方”）本着平等互利的原则，通过友好协商，同意在中华人民共和国（“中国”）上海共同成立一家合资经营公司（“合营公司”），特签订本合资经营合同（“合同”）。
1. In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and regulations, Shanghai Sun Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”) and Warren Inc. (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”), adhering to the principles of equality and mutual benefit, and through friendly consultations, agree to jointly establish an equity joi nt venture company (the “JV company”) in Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China (“China”), and hereby enter into this Equity Joint Venture Contract (“Contract”).
2. 合营公司的中文名称为“上海太阳-沃伦有限公司”，英文名称为“Shanghai Sun-Warren Co., Ltd.”。合营公司的法定地址为中国上海市东怡路1705号。
The name of the JV company is “上海太阳-沃伦有限公司”in Chinese, and “Shanghai Sun-Warren Co., Ltd.”in English. The legal address of the JV Company is 1705 Dong Yi Road, Shanghai, China.
如果合营期限内任何时候一方不再作为合营公司的合营方，而其时合营公司名称和/或标识的任何一部分带有与该方公司名称或标识相同或近似的任何语言的字眼和/或标识，另一方则应促使合营公司在该另一方不再作为合营公司一方后60日内更改合营公司的名称，删去公司名称内所包含的该等字眼和/或标识，并促使立即销毁所有载有上述公司名称和/或标识的所有文具、书面材料和出版物。
If either party ceases to be a party of the JV Company at any time during the Joint V enture Term, and if at such time any word in any language and/or logo which is the same as or similar to the corporate name and/or logo of that party appears in any part of the name and/or logo of the JV Company, the other party shall procure that the JV Company shall forthwith change its name to exclude such word and/or logo from the corporate name within sixty (60) days of that party ceasing to be a party to the JV Company, and shall procure that the all stationary, written materials and publications containing any reference to such corporate name and/or logo shall be forthwith destroyed.
3. 合营公司为有限责任公司，以其所有资产对外承担责任。各方对合营公司的责任以其根据本合同认缴的、对合营公司注册资本的出资额为限。除各方另有约定外，任何一方对合营公司不负超出其认缴的出资额的任何责任。任何一方均不就合营公司债务和义务对任何第三方有任何连带责任。
3. The JV Company shall be a limited liability company. It shall be liable to the full extent of its assets. The liability of each party to the JV Company shall be limited to the amount it has contributed to the registered capital of the JV Company pursuant to this Contract. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, neither party shall have any liability to the JV Company in excess of such amount. Neither of the party shall be jointly and severally liable to any third party for the JV Company’s liabilities and obligations.
4. 合营公司组织形式为有限责任公司。各方以其认缴的出资额对合营公司的债务承担责任。各方按其出资额在合营公司注册资本中的比例分享利润和分担风险及亏损。
4. The JV Comp any shall be a limited liability company. Each party’s liability to the Company shall be limited to the amount of capital contribution subscribed by it. The parties shall share the profits and bear the risks and losses in proportion to their respective contribution to the registered capital of the JV Company.
5. 合营公司为中国法人，受中国法律管辖和保护。合营公司的一切活动应遵守中国的法律法规的规定。
5. JV Company is a legal person in China who shall be governed and protected by Chinese law. All its activities shall comply with the provisions of Chinese laws and regulations.
6. 本合同各方根据《中国人民共和国外资企业法》及其实施细则和中国其他有关法规，同意在中国上海市共同经营一家外商独资企业。
6. In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Investment Enterprises and its implementation rules and other relevant laws and regulations of China, the Parties to this Contract agree to jointly operate a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in Shanghai, China.
7. 公司为中国法人，性质为外商独资经营企业，受中国法律管辖和保护。公司的一切活动必须遵守中华人民共和国法律、法规的规定，并享受中国国家以及地方给予外商独资经营企业的一切优惠待遇。
7. The company shall be a legal person in China, which is by nature a wholly foreign-owned enterprise. It shall be governed and protected by Chinese law. And, it shall comply with the provisions of the laws and regulations of China in all its activities. It shall be entitled to all preferential treatment accorded by the State and the local governments to wholly foreign-owned enterprises.
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unit 2
投资总额和注册资本
2.1.1 法规条文
1. 合营企业的投资总额（含企业贷款），是指按照合营企业合同、章程规定的生产规模需要投入的基本建设资金和生产流动资金的总合。
1. The total amount of investment (including borrowings) of a joint venture refers to the sum total of the capital construction funds and the circulating funds required to be invested in conformity with the joint venture’s production scale as set out in the contract and the articles of association of the joint venture.
2. 合营企业的注册资本，是指为设立合营企业在登记管理机构登记的资本总额，应为合营各方认缴的出资额之和。
合营企业的注册资本一般应当以人民币表示，也可以用合营各方约定的外币表示。
2. The registered capital of a joint venture refers to the total capital registered with the registration authority for the establishment of the joint venture. It shall be the sum of the capital contributions subscribed by all parties to the joint venture.
The registered capital shall generally be denominated in Renminbi or may be in a foreign currency agreed upon by the parties to the joint venture.
3. 合营企业在合营期内不得减少其注册资本。因投资总额和生产经营规模等发生变化，确需减少的，须经审批机构批准。
3. No joint venture may reduce its registered capital during the term of the joint venture. If there is
a real need for reduction of the registered capital due to changes in the total amount of investment, the scale of production and operation, or other circumstances, such reduction shall be subject to approval by the examination and approval authority.
4. 合营一方向第三者转让其全部或部分股权的，须经合营他方同意，并报审批机构批准，向登记管理机构办理变更登记手续。
合营一方转让其全部或部分股权时，合营他方有优先购买权。
合营一方向第三者转让股权的条件，不得比向合营他方转让的条件优惠。
违反上述规定的，其转让无效。
4. If a party to a joint venture intends to transfer all or part of its equity to a third party, consent shall be obtained form the other parties to the joint venture, and approval from the examination and approval authority shall be required. Such transfer shall be registered with the registration authority for the corresponding changes in the registration particulars.
When a party transfers all or part of its equity, the other parties shall have the preemptive right.
In case one of party to the Joint Venture intends to transfer all or part of its interest rights, the other party shall be entitled to the preemptive right to buy such interest rights.
When a party transfers its equity to a third party, the conditions offered for such transfer may not be more favorable than those offered to the other parties to the joint venture.
Any transfer in contravention of the above provisions shall be invalid.
Any transfer in breach of the proceeding provisions shall be void.
5. 合营企业注册资本的增加、减少，应当由董事会会议通过，并报审批机构批准，向登记管理机构办理变更登记手续。
5. Any increase in or reduction of the registered capital of a joint venture shall be approved by a board meeting and submitted to the examination and approval authority for approval. Such increase or reduction shall be registered with the registration authority for the corresponding changes in the registration particulars.
6.合营者可以用货币出资，也可以用建筑物、厂房、机器设备或者其他物料、工业产权、专有技术、场地使用权等作价出资。以建筑物、厂房、机器设备或其其他物料、工业产权、专有技术作为出资的，其作价由合营各方按照公平合理的原则协商确定，或者聘请合营各方同意的第三者评定。
6. A party to a joint venture may make its capital contribution in money, or in the form of buildings, factory premises, machinery, equipment or other materials, industrial property, proprietary technology or site use rights, the value of which shall be appraised. Where the contribution is in the form of buildings, factory premises, machinery, equipment or other materials, industrial property or proprietary technology, the value thereof shall be determined by the parties to the joint venture through consultation and on the principle of fairness and reasonableness or shall be appraised by a third party agreed upon by parties to the joint venture.
7. 外国合营者出资的外币，按缴款当日中国人民银行公布的基准汇率折算成人民币或者套算成约定的外币。中国合营者出资的人民币现金，需要折算成外币的，按缴款当日中国人民银行公布的基准汇率折算。
7. The foreign exchange contribution made by the foreign party shall be converted into Renminbi or cross exchanged into a predetermined foreign currency at the standard exchange rate published by the People’s Bank of China on the day the payment is made.
Where the cash contribution in Renminbi made by the Chinese party needs to be converted into a foreign currency, it shall be converted at the standard exchange rate published by the People’s Bank of China on the day the payment is made.
8. 作为外国合营者出资的机器设备或其他物料，应当是合营企业生产所必需的。前款所指的机器设备或者其他物料的作价，不得高于同类机器设备或者其他物料当时的国际市场价格。
8. The machinery, equipment or other materials contributed by the foreign party shall be those that are indispensable for the production of the joint venture.
The valuation of the machinery, equipment or other materials mentioned in the proceeding paragraph may not be higher than the current international market price of machinery, equipment or other materials of the same kind.
9. 作为外国合营者出资的工业产权或者专有技术，必须符合下列条件之一：
（1）能显著改进现有产品的性能、质量，提高生产效率的；
（2）能显著节约原材料、燃料、动力的。
9. The industrial property or proprietary technology contributed by the foreign party shall meet one of the following conditions:
(1) It is capable of notably improving the performance and quality of existing products and raising productivity; or
(2) It is capable of notably economizing on raw materials, fuel or power.
10. 外国合营者以工业产权或者专业技术作为出资，应当提交该工业产权或者专有技术的有关资料，包括专利证书或者商标注册证书的复制件、有效状况及其技术特性、实用价值、作价的计算根据、与中国合营者签订的作价协议等有关文件，作为合营合同的附件。
10. A foreign party who contributes industrial property or proprietary technology shall deliver documentation relating to, including photocopies of the letters patent or trademark registration certificates, statements of validity, technical features and practical value thereof, the basis for calculating the price, and the agreement signed with the Chinese partner on the value thereof, as annexes attached to the joint venture contract.
11. 外国合营者作为出资的机器设备或其他物料、工业产权或者专有技术，应当报审批机构批准。
11. The machinery, equipment or other materials, industrial property or proprietary technology contributed by the foreign parties shall be submitted to the examination and approval authority for approval.
12. 合营各方应当按照合同规定的期限缴清各自的出资额。逾期未缴或未缴清的，应当按合同规定支付迟延利息或者赔偿损失。
12. Each party to a joint venture shall make its capital contribution in full and within the time limited prescribed in the contract. If a party delays in making its contribution or fails to make its contribution in full, it shall pay interest on such default or compensate for any losses pursuant to the provisions of the contract.
13. 合营各方缴付出资额后，应当由中国的注册会计师验证，出具验资报告后，由合营企业据以发给出资证明书。出资证明书载明下列事项：合营企业名称；合营企业成立的年、月、日；合营者名称（或者姓名）及其出资额、出资的年、月、日；发给出资证明书的年、月、日。
13. After the parties have made their capital contributions to the joint venture, such contributions shall be verified by a certified public accountant registered in China. Upon the issuance of the capital verification report by the said accountant, the joint venture shall issue a capital contribution certificate to each party, which shall contain the following particulars: the name of the joint venture, the date, month and year of the establishment of the joint venture, the names of the parties and their capital contribution, the date, month and year on which their capital contribution is made, and the date, month and year of the issuance of the capital contribution certificate.
2.2.1 合同条款
1. 合营公司的投资总额为一千五百万美元，注册资本为一千万美元。
1. The total amount of investment of the JV Company is fifteen million (15,000,000) US Dollars, and the registered capital of the JV Company is ten million (10,000,000) US dollars.
2. 甲方向合营公司出资相当于八百万美元的人民币现金，占合营公司注册资本的80%。乙方向合营公司出资相当于二百万美元的人民币现金，占合营公司注册资本的20%，但乙方必须提供其人民币合法来源的证明。
2. Party A shall contribute the Reminbi (“RMB”) equivalent of eight million (8,000,000) US Dollars in cash to the JV Company, accounting for 80% of the registered capital of the JV Company. Party shall contribute the RMB equivalent of two million (2,000,000) US Dollars in cash to the JV Company, accounting for 20% of the registered capital of the JV Company, provided, however, that Party B will provide evidence proving the lawful source of its RMB contribution.
3. 乙方应在合营公司获得营业执照后90天内，向合营公司注册资本缴纳其100%的出资额（即二百万美元等值的人民币）。甲方应（i）在合营公司获得营业执照后的90天内，向合营公司注册资本缴纳其25%的出资额（即二百万美元等值的人民币）；（ii）在2002年5月底前向合营公司注册资本缴纳其25%的出资额（即二百万美元等值的人民币）；（iii）在合营公司获得营业执照后三年内，向合营公司注册资本缴纳其50%的出资额（即四百万美元等值的人民币）。
3. Party B shall contribute 1000% of its share of the registered capital of the JV Company (i.e. the RMB equivalent of US $ 2,000,000) within ninety (90) days after the JV Company obtains its business license. Party A shall contribute (i) 25% of its share of the registered capital of the JV Company (i.e. the RMB equivalent of US $ 2,000,000) within ninety (90) days after the JV Company obtains its business license; (ii) 25% of its share of the registered capital of the JV Company (i.e. the RMB equivalent of US $ 2,000,000) by the end of May, 2002; (iii) 50% of its share of the registered capital of the JV Company (i.e. the RMB equivalent of US $ 4,000,000) within three years after the JV Company obtains its business license.
4. 如果任何一方未能按照以上第三条要求出资，应按《中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定》第六条和第七条处理。此外，自第三条规定的出资日起至实际出资日期间，该方应为每笔迟付款项向合营公司支付累积的利息，利率相当于伦敦银行同业拆放美元月息加百分之一。
4. If either party fails to make its contribution to the registered capital as required by Article 3 above, such failure shall be dealt with in accordance with Article 6 and 7 of the Several Provisions Concerning Capital Contributions by Parties to the Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprises. In addition, interest shall accrue and shall be payable by such party to JV Company on the value of each late contribution from its scheduled contribution date specified in Article 3 till the date when such contribution is actually made. The rate of interest shall be equal to one percent over the monthly London interbank offered rate for US Dollars.
5. 在（i）乙方全部缴清其对合营公司注册资本的出资额，且甲方缴纳其第二期对合营公司注册资本的出资额后，及（ii）甲方缴清其对合营公司注册资本的出资额后，合营公司应聘请在中国注册的会计师（“注册会计师”）对各方的出资进行验资。注册会计师出具验资报告后，合营公司应向各方颁发由董事长签字的出资证明书，写明该方的名称及其累计的出资额。
5.The JV Company shall engage a certified public accountant registered in China (“CAP”) to verify the contribution to the JV Company made by each of the Parties (i) after party B has contributed its share of the registered capital of the JV Company in full and Party A has paid its second installment of contribution to the registered capital of the JV Company, and (ii) after Party A has paid in full its contribution to the registered capital of the JV Company. After the CPA has issued each capital verification report, the JV Company shall issue to each Party a capital contribution certificate signed by the Chairman of the Board of directors, indicating the name of the party and the cumulative amount of its contribution.
6. 合营公司的投资总额与注册资本的差额为五百万美元（“差额”）。双方同意为筹措差额进行合作。为此，乙方应促使其一家关联公司分期贷给合营公司最高为四百二十万美元的款额(“乙方贷款”）。乙方贷款的具体条款和条件，包括但不限于利率、每期贷款预付的先决条件及其他有关条款，应在合营公司与乙方的关联公司签订的贷款协议中作出规定。乙方贷款的本金和利息，应自颁发合营公司营业执照之日起十年内偿还。
差额中的不足部分（即八十万美元）将由合营公司另行按董事会的决定在中国国内或国外筹措。
6. The difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the JV Company is five million (5,000,000) US Dollars ( the “Difference”). The Parties agree to cooperate in rais ing the Difference for the JV Company. To this end Party B shall procure one of its affiliates to lend to the JV Company an amount of up to four million two hundred thousand (4,200,000) US Dollars in installments (the “Party B Loan”). The specific terms an d conditions of the Party B Loan, including without limitation the interest rates, conditions precedent to advancement of each installment and other relevant terms shall be set forth in a Loan agreement to be entered into by and between the JV Company and Party B’s affiliate. The principal of and interest on the Party B Loan shall be repaid over a term of ten years from the date of issuance of the JV Company’s business license.
The amount to make up the shortage in the Difference (i.e. 800,000 US Dollars) shall be borrowed by the JV Company in or out of PRC pursuant to the decisions of the board of directors.
7. 如果一方转让其对合营公司注册资本的全部或部分出资，应事先获得另一方的书面同意。此外，该另一方在相同的条款和条件下，在法律允许范围内有优先购买权。
7. Should one Party transfer all or part of its share of the registered capital of the JV Company, prior consent shall be obtained in writing from the other Party. In addition, the other Party shall have the preemptive right on the same terms and conditions and to the extent permitted by law.
任何一方对合营公司注册资本的全部或部分出资转让后，受让方应承担本合同规定的出让方的相应义务和责任。
Upon the transfer of all or part of either Party’s share of the registered capital to the JV Company, the transferee thereof shall assume the corresponding obligations and responsibilities of the transferring Party as stipulated in this contract.
-----------天道酬勤
[2005-12-19 7:38:53]
tillerman
VIP Gold
China
注册日期: 2003-2-20
回复: 1995
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RE:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 一般吧，之夫者也用的不是很恰当。
财经法律翻译
[2005-12-20 8:46:11]
plumer1122
Newbie
注册日期: 2005-1-22
回复: 25
状态: 离线
RE:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 那版主可不可以推荐些许“不一般”的法律翻译教材呢？
-----------天道酬勤
[2005-12-20 16:24:02]
plumer1122
Newbie
注册日期: 2005-1-22
回复: 25
状态: 离线
RE:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
unit 3
董事会
3.1.1 法规条文
1. 合营企业设董事会，其人数组成由合营各方协商，在合同、章程中确定，并由合营各方委派和撤换。董事长和副董事长由合营各方协商确定或由董事会选举产生。中外合营者的一方担任董事长的，由他方担任副董事长。董事会根据平等互利的原则，决定合营企业的重大问题。
1. A joint venture shall set up a board of directors, the member and composition of which shall be specified in the contract and articles of association by the parties to the joint venture through consultation. The directors shall be appointed and replaced by the parties. Chairman or vice-chairman shall be determined by the parties to the joint venture through consultation or elected by the board of directors. Where the Chinese party or the foreign party assumes the office of chairman, the other party shall be the vice-chairman. The board of directors shall decide important matters concerning the joint venture on the principles of equality and mutual benefit.
2. 董事会的职权是按合营企业章程规定，讨论决定合营企业的一切重大问题：企业发展规划、生产经营活动方案、收支预算、利润分配、劳动工资计划、停业，以及总经理、副总经理、总工程师、总会计师、审计师的任命或聘请及其职权和待遇等。
2. As its functions and powers, the board of directors shall, in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the joint venture, discuss and decide all important matters concerning the joint venture, namely, the enterprise expansion plan, plans for production and business activities, budget for revenues and expenditures, profit distribution, plans concerning labor and wages and winding up, as well as the appointment or engagement of the general manager, deputy general manager, chief engineer, chief accountant, and auditors and their functions and powers, and salaries and benefits.
3. 董事会是合营企业的最高权力机构，决定合营企业的一切重大问题。
3. The board of directors shall be the highest authority of a joint venture. It shall decide all major matters concerning the joint venture.
4. 董事会成员不得少于3人。董事名额的分配由合营各方参照出资比例协商确定。
董事的任期为4年，经合营各方继续委派可以连任。
4. The board of the directors shall consist of no less than three members. The number of directors to be appointed by each party shall be determined through consultation by the parties to the joint venture with reference to the proportion of their respective capital contribution.
The term of office for each director shall be four years. Such term shall be renewed when a director is re-appointed by the original appointing party to the joint venture.
5. 董事会会议每年至少召开一次，由董事长负责召集并主持。董事长不能召集会议时，由董事长委托副董事长或其他董事负责召集并主持董事会会议。经1/3以上董事提议，可以由董事长召开董事会临时会议。
董事会会议应当由2/3以上董事出席方能举行。董事不能出席的，可以出具委托书委托他人代表其出席和表决。
董事会会议一般应当在合营企业法定地址所在地举行。
5. The board meeting shall be convened at least once a year, which shall be called and presided over by the chairman of the board. If the chairman is unable to call the meeting, he shall appoint the vice-chairman or another director the power to call and preside over the meeting. The chairman may convene an interim meeting upon a proposal made by more than one third of the total number of directors.
The board meeting shall be held only when over two-third of the directors are present. If a director is unable to attend the meeting, he may issue a power of attorney to appoint a proxy to represent him and vote on his behalf.
The board meeting shall generally be held at the location of the joint venture’s legal address.
6. 下列事项由出席董事会会议的董事一致通过方可做出决议：
（1）合营企业章程的修改；
（2）合营企业的终止、解散；
（3）合营企业注册资本的增加、减少；
（4）合营企业的合并、分立。
其他事项，可以根据合营企业章程载明的议事规则做出决议。
6. Resolutions on the following matters shall be made only after they have been unanimously approved by the directors present at the board meeting:
(1) amendment to the articles of association;
(2) termination and dissolution of the joint venture;
(3) increase in and reduction of the joint venture’s registered capital; and
(4) merger or division of the joint venture.
Resolutions on other matters may be made in accordance with the rules of procedure stated in the articles of association of the joint venture.
7. 董事长是合营企业的法定代表人。董事长不能履行职责时，应当授权副董事长或者其他董事代表合营企业。
7. The chairman of the board is the legal representative of the joint venture. When the chairman is unable to perform his duties, he shall authorize the vice-chairman or another director to represent the joint venture.
3.2.1 合同条款
1. 合营公司营业执照颁发之日，即为合营公司和董事会成立之时。
1. The day of the issuance of the JV Company’s business license shall be date of the establishme nt
法律英语翻译
Legal English (revised version for the students) Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English 一、法律英语的英译： David Mellinkoff（加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授）：《The Language of the Law》1963 1.legal English---Lawful English Legal parlance（说法、用语）/legal lingo（行话、隐语）/legal jargon（行话、黑话）/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言) 2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law” 3. 法律英语与法学英语 二、法律英语的范围： 是否凡是涉及法律的英语（词汇、表达方法、句子结构……）都是法律英语？ 英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家（common-law countries）的法律人所用的习惯语言（customary language），包括某些词汇、短语，或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。 三、法律英语的主要特点： I. precise or exact (准确) 正常情况下，起草法律文件时，用词造句务必十分精准（with great exactness），因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字，即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据，因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism)，尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent)，但其不占主导地位，书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。 实务中鉴于对法律文件中文字的理解不一，也是常有纠纷出现： e.g. The Charter required that directors “shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of outstanding capital st ock of the corporation.” 甲方理解成：被选上董事的人需三分之二的股东投票赞成(a candidate to be elected needs the votes of two-thirds of the stockholders ) 乙方则认为：选董事时须有三分之二的股东出席(two-thirds of the stockholders must be present at the meeting at which the election is held) What’s the judge’s opinion? e.g. 一个阿肯色州的美国人临终前写了一个遗嘱，遗嘱写道： The remainder of the testator’s property should be “divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.” 问题出在对“between”一词的理解上。立遗嘱人妻子一边的外甥和外甥女加在一起共有22个。这句话是指立遗嘱人的遗产的一半归其妻子方的22个外甥和外甥女，另一半归其本人一方的外甥女？还是指将遗产在双方的外甥外甥女中平均分配呢？ 为达准确之目的，常使用下列招法： 1. 使用专门术语（下文有述） 2. 重复使用具有绝对含义的词汇，如all , none, perpetuity, never, unavoidable; 3. 使用具有绝对限制含义的短语：
法律英语学习方法
法律英语学习的层次与材料简介来源：胡敏的日志 接触法律方面的英语已数年，从漫无目的信手乱翻，到上法律英语课，再到上英语的法律课程，到现在的用英语进行法律方面的工作，走了很多弯路，也积攒了点滴经验体会。看版面上相关的讨论，觉得还可以更体系化，总结几点，和各位切磋。 学习法律英语，不能仅以会读、会写几个词汇就觉得万事大吉，要清楚自己的目标、学习的层次，循序渐进，渐次登堂入室。根据不同的层次，大致可分一下几个类型： 1. 入门搭框型：了解法律英语的基本词汇、语用同时西方法律、司法基本体系构架，即Mr.何家弘的“一石二鸟”。 可以学习下何家弘的《法律英语》（法律出版社，2003 第二版，好像已有配套翻译）。这种书要精读。试着自己动手翻译一遍，事半功倍。基础好同学可以接着读一点，英国人或美国人专门给外国人学法律英语的书，如《English Law and Language》(Cassell 出版)。 2. 专业型拓展型：拓展下自己的专业或者自己喜欢的领域。建议通读一本相关领域的简明教材，例如blackstone,nutshell系列的都不错的。另外，以熟悉的领域为核心，是提高英语的水平的有效捷径。 3. 比较参考型：即研究某个课题外国是否有相同的法律规定、案例规则等。学会泛读，把握主旨。以精读课的方式来读，反而会让自己陷入生词、查词旋涡。类似方面的，可以读一些案例。例如：https://https://www.sodocs.net/doc/709697737.html,数据库大学校园网通常能已经由学校付费，学生可以免费使用。 （附：《https://www.sodocs.net/doc/709697737.html,数据库》是面向法律专业人员设计的，拥有11400多个数据资料库以及31500多项资料来源，特别是在法律事务方面，是收录最全的法律资源库之一。包含了LexisNexis中全部法律内容，也包含了商业、金融、政治、时事等方面的内容，主要是全球范围内（如英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡、马来西亚、中国内地、香港等）法律案例、法律法规条文、国家法、国际条约和协议、知识产权等，使用的对象为律师、大学法学院、法律咨询公司、司法官员等。） 4. 日常应用型：即与法律有关的日常业务中，处理涉外信函。注意学习一些商务信函的知识和相关领域的常用词汇、句型、格式。推荐《国际商务写作教程》（王素清，对外经贸大学出版社）。日常应用的专业词汇、句型跟法律英语教材、案例书籍、法条等的具有很大差别，这是新手一定要注意的。多阅读些此前的卷宗，虚心学习，不怕修改，三几个月就能顺手了。 5. 专业应用型：即出具外语法律文书、法律建议，如合同等。最保险的还是找一些类似的格式文书照搬过来，格式文书在网上能够搜索的到，或者参考此前业务成文。 6. 翻译通才型：即从事涉及法律内容的材料翻译。多读、多练、功夫在诗外。中英文方面的法律书都通读些，一些基本的简明教程即可。另外，还应当以法律为中心，多关注关联的知识
法律英语翻译(2)
法律英语翻译技巧（二）法学语言与法学语言翻译 例1：The law holds that the individual is responsible for his acts. The law also indicates what is good and right, and what may and should be done. It also indicates what is evil and wrong, and should not and may not be done. The law further holds that what is evil and wrong is a crime and may not be done, and if done, renders the doer liable to punishment. The law also recognizes the principle that man has free will and that, with certain exceptions, he exercises free will in commission of any crime that he may commit. 译文1：法律认为公民应对自己的行为负责。法律还规定什么是美好的和正确的，规范了哪些事是允许做或应该做的。同样，法律规范了什么是邪恶的和错误的。法律还进一步明确规定哪些邪恶的错误的事是不能做的犯罪行为看，如果某人做了这样的事，那么该行为就要受到惩罚。同样，法律还承认这样一个原则，每个公民除犯罪自由外都具有自由意志，如果某人在各种违法活动中实施其自由意志，那么他就可能触犯法律。 译文2：法律规定人人应对自己的行为承担责任，分清善良和正义，规范了人们的行为准则；法律还认为，作孽枉法即是犯罪，法不可恕，
法律英语书名
书名： 1．《合同法》和《公司法》的英文翻译打码QQ群：54493069 2.孙万彪：《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》 3.《法律翻译-从实践出发》 4.李克兴：《法律翻译理论与实践》 5.陈忠诚：《法窗译话》 入门级： 1、孙万彪的《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》，涉及的内容都是最基本的，书写得比较严谨，孙老师应该是语言专业出身，对一些词（比如说threatened ）的处理比较好。 2、中文版的《合同法》和《公司法》以及英文版的《合同法》和《公司法》，中文版的不必管哪个出版社的，想来都差不多。英文版的至少有两个版本，我在书店里见过，但现有手头没有，也不方便找。 3、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》，有中英文对照版，算是做得比较精致的一本书。这本书不厚，但可以让你明白好的翻译作品应该是什么样的。 4、香港的双语资料库，至少可以利用一下香港联合交易所的双语《上市规则》。香港的词法和句法与大陆有所不同，但值得借鉴。 中级篇： 1、《法律文本与法律翻译》，作者之一是李克兴，他最近还写了一本书，也不错，可以看看。书名记不得了，但如果你在百度搜索栏敲入“李克兴”、“法律翻译”，逐页翻页，应该可以找到。 2、《法律翻译-从实践出发》，这本书有多名作者，既有宏观的论述，又有微观的剖析，作者基本上都是圈内高人。 3、《美国1933年证券法》和《美国1934年证券交易法》，著名的两部美国法律，主译是张路老师，这一系列的书还有，与律所的实战翻译风格比较接近。 4、利用互联网，直接查阅相关法律，如美国的《特拉华州普通公司法》。至于具体查阅哪部法律，看个人的兴趣。每本书后面都有参考书目，可以利用这个作为线索。 高级篇 1、《国际商法教学案例英文选编》，对外经济贸易大学考研用的“灰皮书”，不知现在是不是这样？先读懂这本书，加深对法律知识的了解。 2、《英美商事组织法》，对外经济贸易大学丁丁老师著，同一系列的书还有很多。 3、陈忠诚老师的《词语翻译漫谈》及其续篇、《法窗译话》以及相关的词语翻译书，加强“炼字”功夫。
法律英语翻译练习与答案-0609
练习1：外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿损失。If the foreign joint venturer causes any losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipment, it shall pay compensation for the losses. 修改提示：单复数考虑不周；用语不够简洁。 答案（修改要点）：causes any losses →causes any loss(es) 造成一项或多项损失时都应当赔偿，不能仅用复数形式。 pay compensation for the losses →pay compensation therefor (therefor=for that/them) 练习2：人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。 原译文：The people’s courts, people’s procuratorates and public s ecurity organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 修改提示：“分工负责”，应理解为：侧重点在“负责”，而非“分工”，即分工过程中各负其责；respective 比own 更为妥当、准确；原来的译文中，and they shall …比较啰嗦，更严重的问题是，使to ensure …割断了与divide their functions 的联系。 答案（修改要点）：in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law.→… in handling criminal cases, take responsibility for their respective work while dividing functions, co-ordinate, and check each other, to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 练习3：商标注册人享有商标专用权，受法律保护。 原译文：Trademark registrants shall enjoy the right to exclusive use of their trademarks and shall be protected by law. 修改提示：商标专用权的译文“貌合神离”，立法原意是“商标专有权”；受法律保护的主语有些歧义，可加括号处理；原文shall滥用，因为并未刻意强调“必须，一定要”。 答案（修改为）：Trademark registrants have the exclusive trademark right, (and are) protected by law. 练习4：被告人的犯罪情节极其严重、社会影响极其恶劣、社会危害极其严重。 原译文：The extremely serious circumstances of the offense committed by the accused have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. 修改提示：bring的用法有些生硬，动宾搭配不太适当。 答案（修改为）：have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. → have exerted an abominable influence and posed a severe hazard to society. (exert, vt. 施加，产生，如exert pressure on, exert an influence on; abominable, adj. 可恶的，极坏的；pose v. 提出，形成，成为；使摆好姿势pose a problem; pose an obstacle/a threat to …) 练习5：买卖双方同意按下列条款由卖方出售，买方购进下列货物：货号; 品名及规格；数量；单价；总值(数量及总值均有_____%的增减, 由卖方决定)；生产国和制造厂家；包装；唛头；装运期限；装运口岸；目的口岸；保险；
法律英语翻译
法律英语翻译：法律翻译常用词汇注释（A-Z） A Ab initio Ab initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中，ab initio 的使用频率较高，比较常见。如：ab initio mundi（有史以来），void ad initio（自始无效）等。 Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立。刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal 是名词。详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn
第十章 法律翻译中被动句式的翻译(课堂讲练)
第十章法律翻译中被动句式的翻译（课堂讲练） 本章教学目标：掌握法律英语翻译中有关被动句翻译的若干基本方法。 课堂讲练： 1、概述 在法律英语句式中，被动语态（PASSIVE VOICE）使用频率很高。通常在以下情况中，法律英语会使用被动语态： 例1、（1）、The Conformity Certificate of the Goods to be delivered shall be delivered directly to Party A by Party C on the Delivery Day of such Goods. 参考译文：拟交付货物的产品合格证应由丙方在该批货物交货日直接交给甲方（或：丙方应在交货日将拟交货物的产品合格证直接交给甲方）。 （2）、When the Goods to be pledged under this Agreement have been delivered to the Dealer acting on behalf of the Pledgee, the Pledgor shall submit to the Dealer a Delivery Note. 参考译文：依照本协议应质押的货物交付给代表质押权人的经销商后，质押人应向经销商提交一份交货单。 （3）、Unless otherwise specified in writing herein, all Confidential Information must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed on the expiration of the period of the receiving Party’s using such Confidential Information. 参考译文：除非本协议另有书面规定，所有机密信息在接收方使用期限届满时必须退还给披露方或者销毁。 （4）、如果在合同任何一方向对方发出就因本合同引起的或与之有关的任何争议进行协商的书面请求后15天内，争议仍未得到解决，则任何一方可以将该争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。 参考译文：Where the disputes arising out of or in relation to this Contract can not be resolved within fifteen (15) days after any Party hereto requesting in writing the other Party to commencing a consultation on said disputes, either Party may submit it to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration(CIETAC). （5）、对于任何因违约而给对合同任何一方造成的损失，违约方必须做出金钱赔偿。 参考译文：Any losses suffered by any Party hereto arising from any breach shall be indemnified by the Party in breach. 小结：从上述例句的翻译中可以看出，法律英语使用被动语态，通常是因为（1）、强调动作对象（即受动者），比如例句（1）、（2），此时，往往施动者没有必要说出或不愿说出；或者（2）、施动者本身无法确定，如（3）、（4）；或者两种情形兼而有之，如（5）。在汉译时，由于汉语被动语态的使用频率较英语为少，所以，不必受英语句式限制，将所有被动句都翻译成汉语被动句，译文应以既忠实于原文意义，又符合汉语表达习惯为要旨。 2、英语被动语态基本翻译技巧 1）、译成被动句 如需要强调源语中被动语态的受动对象，一般译成汉语被动句。不过，可以使用”予以、由、受、受到、得以、得到、经“等词汇替代”被“，以表达被动含义。 例2、（1）、If any of the provisions of this Contract is held invalid or unenforceable and unless the invalidity or unenforceability materially violates the fundamental intent and sense of other parts of this Contract, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any other provisions hereof. 参考译文：如果本合同任何条款被认定为无效或不可执行，除非此无效或不可执行性实质性地违反本合同根本意图或其其他部分意义，则不得影响本合同其他条款的有效性或可执行性。
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧【圣才出品】
第5章翻译常用的八种技巧 5.1 重译法 一、英译汉 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪，但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. 【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 【译文】运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。
5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。 6. …for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 【译文】……以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。 7. …This is nothing li ke back home in Colorado. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer... 【译文】……这跟家乡科罗拉多的情况迥然不同。科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加……【解析】原文第二句用there代替in Colorado，而译文重复“科罗拉多”。 8. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 【译文】全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。 9. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people.
2020年法律翻译常用词汇注释大全参照模板
A Ab initio 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal 是名词。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action 提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn 休庭，押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Admission admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 Adopt adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 Affect affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。
法律英语课文翻译(1-3课)
法律英语课文翻译 第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”
法律英语翻译
世界贸易组织 在国际贸易法当中，有两大永恒的主题，这便是保护本国产业免受外国竞争者的伤害和鼓励国际贸易。近年来，由于对进口贸易的限制逐渐减少，国际贸易变得更加自由。但是，随着扰乱和阻止国际贸易的限制政策层出不穷，贸易问题和国家间货物流通问题仍然不断增加。 一般的限制政策包括关税壁垒（比如进出口关税）和一些非关税贸易壁垒，诸如进口配额、进口许可证程序、安全、环境或其他最低生产标准、进口检测标准、包括评估在内的负责习惯程序、政府采购政策，以及政府的补贴和反补贴措施。 在两国的友好条约，商业和航海条约（FCN）当中，各国都为了限制破坏世界贸易的行为作出了很多限制，这使得签字国之间能实现其领土上的进出口自由。这种双边的FCN条款经常与特惠贸易协议相关，在这种双边协议当中，这种联系往往是通过互相承认“最惠国”条款来实现的。在最惠国条款当中，缔约国双方同意不给予任何第三国高于本双边条约协定的贸易优惠，除非此优惠立即适用于本双边条约缔约国。 在1944年的布雷顿森林会议当中，参与国一致认为，减少贸易障碍，并以此促进贸易自由化已成为战后世界的必然要求而且他们构想出了一个国际贸易组织（ITO）来达到预期目标。1948年35个国家在哈瓦那集会，完成了ITO宪章的起草，他们希望ITO成为一把保护伞，他们可以在其之下定期的商讨减免关税的相关事宜。1947年在日内瓦，“关税与贸易总协定”（GATT）的出台标志着这种商讨的框架已经基本成形。在GATT的第一阶段，有二十三国家加入到其中。那些严厉的贸易规则只在主要成员无意改变之处才能得到适用。发展中国家反对其中很对严厉的贸易规则，他们想寻求一些特别待遇来满足发展目标，但在起草GATT 当中，发展中国家倒没有取得多少成功。 GATT1947和其随后的的多边谈判回合在减轻货物贸易关税上取得了很大成功。这一点也是GATT1947初衷,而且其机制很好的服务了GATT的目的。但是，它的效用仅限于货物贸易以及如何减轻其关税额度。它的设计没有涉及到服务贸易，知识产权贸易和贸易相关投资措施，随着关税的递减，影响贸易的消极因素却在上述GATT没有涉及的领域愈发突出。 即便在货物贸易中GATT也有其局限性，他包括了一个适用条款协议，其中允许了很多GA TT下会员义务的“祖父条款例外”，只要对该协议加以适用，会员国就将获得其应当履行的G ATT义务的免除。另外，GATT1947没有一个制度上的宪章，本身也没打算成为一个国际贸易组织。虽然其随后成立了组织机构，并取得了准组织的地位，但是它始终被认为缺少一种规范的组织结构。这种缺陷使得GATT无法解决很多递交上来的争端，争端解决程序也依赖于独立会员国的默许。 在GATT的主持下，缔约国进行了定期的多面贸易协商（MTN或回合），WTO便是GATT 乌拉圭1994年成功谈判的产物。在1986年，乌拉圭回合当中出现了很多协定，其中就有“关于成立世界贸易组织的协定”及其附录（包括关税和贸易总协定1994——GATT1994），还有其他一系列多边贸易协定（如内括协定）。 WTO协议附录包含了一些多边贸易协定。在货物贸易方面，有农业协定，纺织品协定，反倾销协定，补贴和反补贴措施协定，安全保障协定，技术贸易壁垒协定，卫生与动植物检疫措施协定，装运前检验措施协定，原产地规则协定，进口许可证程序协定；除此之外，它还制定了服务贸易，贸易相关的知识产权和贸易相关投资措施的多边规则框架。值得一提的是，
法律英语词汇大全(
法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality
英语、法律翻译类书籍评价
作者：lliusulin提交日期：2009-3-30 11:44:00 访 问：2377 回复：24 本人是法律英语翻译爱好者，以学习法律英语，实践法律翻译为乐趣，在此开贴点评大陆法律英语法律翻译类书籍，各位有相关问题请跟帖，我将尽量解答。本人博客有更多的相关内容，感兴趣者请去https://www.sodocs.net/doc/709697737.html,/ 本文欢迎转载，但请注明出处转引自法律翻译博客 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/709697737.html,/ 1、007 国内法律出版物点评原创 欢迎转载，但请注明出处转引自法律翻译博客 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/709697737.html,/ 国内的法律英语出版物现在是多如牛毛，读者应该如何取舍呢？本文旨在对当前的法律英语出版物进行综述点评，希望对大家能有所帮助。 入门级的可以选择下列出版物： （1）法律出版社，美国法精要系列 具体包括：合同法、侵权法、公司法、产品责任法、家庭法、民事诉讼法、联邦证据法、刑事程序法、保险法、证券管理法、银行及金融机构法、行政法等。 （2）武汉大学出版社，影印版法学基础系列 这是以英国和欧盟法律为主要内容的系列， 具体内容包括：合同法、证券法、侵权法、劳动法、信托法、医疗法、继承法、家庭法、刑法、宪法、法理、英国法律体系等。 想更深地了解英美法律制度的读者可选择： （3）中信出版社，伊曼纽尔法律精要系列 具体包括合同法、侵权法、公司法、财产法、刑法、证据法、刑事诉讼程序、律师职业责任等。 这是一套非常不错的书，内容详尽，重点突出，易读，且附有练习题和答案，缺点是价格太高，都在百元左右。 （4）中信出版社，案例与解析影印系列 本系列中有许多一般系列中没有的专业，比如知识产权、遗嘱和继承等，可补充其它系列阅读。 （6）中信出版社，案例教程影印系列 此系列为美国名校法学院所采用，其主要内容是一些经典案例，想更深入了
实用英汉翻译教程答案
实用英汉翻译教程答案 【篇一：大学英语实用翻译教程练习答案】 s=txt>第二章第一节 练习一：p10 一、 1．保护人类基因健康是个比较严峻的问题，但这不过是问题的一 个方面而已。 2．这些是科学家和技术专家研制的机器和产品。 3．科学已成为力量的一种源泉，不只是适宜于幻想的题材了。 4．建造和装饰宫殿、教堂和寺院的款项都由经商的富户承担支付。 5．查理一世和下议院的争吵已到了紧要关头，后来内战爆发，并 在白厅把斯图尔特王朝的君主送上了断头台。 6．在开辟第二战场之前，美国步兵精神饱满，营养充足，还没有 在战斗中受过创伤。 练习二：p16 一、 1．已经拟就一张至今已教过的所有动词的表。 2．每天从全国各地传来各行各业取得伟大成就的消息。 3．城乡之间的差别依然存在。 4．那一年，建立了旨在促进研究和试验的英国航空学会。 5．这里出版的报纸谴责侵略者屠杀大批无辜人民。 6．凡是成功的科学家常常把注意力集中在他发现尚未得到满意解 答的问题上。 练习三：p19 1．所有植物组织和动物组织主要由碳化合物、水和少量的矿物质组成。 2．他们并不认为有必要提供学生经常使用的名词化规则和构造使役句的规则。 3．各种族集团的文化特性、民间传说、神话和信仰都是根据文化进化规律起源于每一个集团的内部。 4．个别国家的科学努力可能将由跨国机构来进行统一和协调。 5．解放前，这个城市的垃圾和苍蝇一向无人过问，结果经常发生地方性病疫。
6．他是美国印第安人作家、演讲家和争取印第安人权利运动的活动家。 第二章第二节 练习一：p26 一、 1．我原先以为这部机器不过是一种没有什么价值的玩具。 2．第二天一早，饱饱地吃了一顿早餐之后，他们便动身了。 3．你愿意别人如何待你，你就应该如何待别人。 4．这部打印机真是物美价廉。 5．我七岁时就会织毛衣。 6．钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 二、 1．he who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 2．before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. 3．the ear is the organ which is used for hearing. the nose is used for smelling. and the tongue is used for tasting. 4. modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 5．as it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night. 6．internet is so convenient that we can find any information with the click of the mouse. 练习二：p30 一、 1．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。 2．她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸。 3．柯达321a型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。 4．海洋与其说是分隔了世界，不如说是连接了整个世界。 5．他这次旅行既有军事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。 6．我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。 二、