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unit8 TextA 课文翻译

unit8 TextA 课文翻译
unit8 TextA 课文翻译

城市化推动文明

爱德华?格雷泽

1.

几乎所有你拥有、使用或了解的东西都是由他人创造的。人类是一种高度社会化的物种,像蚂蚁或长臂猿一样,擅长共同生产。正如蚁群的能力大大超过单个蚂蚁,城市所创造的成就也远胜于单独的个体。城市使合作成为可能,特别是使人类最重要的创造——知识的共同创造成为可能。在班加罗尔和伦敦人口稠密的地带,人际间的思想交流方便顺畅。为接近各行各业的精英人士,人们宁愿承受城市生活的高成本,而从精英人士那里获得的知识将对他们的未来产生影响。

2.

卢梭有一句名言:“城市是人类的深渊。”但他的这个看法完全颠倒了事实。城市推动了合作,从而使人性散发出最耀眼的光芒。人类善于互相学习,周围人越多我们学得也越多。由于都市人口密集,通过观察他人的成败可以获得源源不断的新信息。在大城市里,人们可以择志同道合者而聚,就像19

世纪巴黎的莫奈和塞尚,又如20世纪芝加哥的贝鲁西和艾克罗伊德。城市使观察、倾听和学习更为便捷。人类的基本特征正是相互学习的能力,因此,城市让我们更加成其为人。

3.

一座城市的起源无论多么平凡,城市的不断集约化都会产生神奇的效果。罗马士兵当年驻军塞纳河上的小岛,只因这是防御敌对的高卢人侵犯自己的有利地点。就是从这样一个简单的起点开始,在过去的2000多年中,巴黎人开创了无数文化、经济和政治上的先河。中世纪荷兰诸城建立是因为羊毛贸易的兴起,但人口的兴旺也诱发了世界史上首次成功的共和革命。芝加哥的

地理位置使其成为理想的屠宰场所,特别适合中西部运往东部的牲猪中途在此宰杀,但这座城市却成功吸引了一大批杰出的建筑师——詹尼、伯纳姆、沙利文、赖特——他们共同创造了“摩天大楼”建筑风格。上海最初只是一个棉纺织小镇,但20世纪20年代人口的聚集成就了一波音乐、电影和动画的创新浪潮。

4.

艺术活动的兴起常常会集中于某一处,如15世纪的佛罗伦萨或19世纪的巴黎。在18世纪的维也纳,海顿将他的交响乐理念传授给他的朋友莫扎特和学生贝多芬。生活在人口密集的城市的画家和作曲家不断造就伟大的艺术创新,而这些城市也创造出不那么诗情画意的产品:垃圾债券、融资收购和抵押担保债券,二者之间其实存在惊人的相似。

5.

长期以来,自命不凡的专家和批评家们辩称,信息技术的进步将会使城市优势不再。一旦你可以在安克雷奇通过维基百科获取知识,为什么要到高消费的纽约去呢?但是,短短几十年的高科技发展怎么能胜过人类数百万年的进化呢?网络空间的交流永远不可能与共享一顿美食、一个微笑或一个亲吻相提并论。人类这个物种主要依赖同伴所提供的听觉、视觉和嗅觉提示进行学习。互联网是一个了不起的工具,但只有当它与面对面的知识获取相结合时才能发挥最大功效,互联网企业家们聚集到班加罗尔和硅谷就是最好的证明。哈佛大学所有的经济学专业学生都不断使用新技术,但他们还通过与教授及同学进行面对面交流讨论学到大量东西。最重要的交流依然是人际交流,电子接入口绝对代替不了信息中心实地的智力交流。

6.

远程沟通成本不断下降,这反而让人们重新聚集到一起。50年前,大部分创新者只能在本地发挥自己的才华,高昂的交通成本让人无法向全球推销自己的创意而快速获利。今天,伦敦、纽约或东京的交易商可利用隔了半个地球的资产定价误差而立即从中获利。距离的消亡对底特律的生产商可能是件坏事,他们因此输给了日本的竞争对手,但对于纽约、旧金山和洛杉矶的创意生产商来说却是天大的好事,他们已经凭借着技术、娱乐、金融等方面的创新挣得盆满钵满。即使金融业会在不断重演的衰退中挣扎,我们仍应相信这个行业的集体智慧迟早会重新带来繁荣。

7.

国家间依然会发起战争,政府也会杀戮本国公民,世界上的很多地区依然贫困,许多生活在富裕国家的人也没有感觉到本应有的幸福,而和每个人都休戚相关的人类生存环境充满各种风险。为了应对这些挑战,人类需要聚集所有力量,而这种力量来自于城市中相互连通的各个角落。人类对城市的巨大需求让我有理由对城市的未来保持乐观。全世界都重视新创意的价值,人们依然涌入城市以获得成功所需的技能。在获得这些技能的过程中,新的创意成倍增长,而各种创新也应运而生。

8.

只要我们决策明智,一个崭新的城市绿色时代就会来临。住在城市周边、靠车出行的生活方式肯定会继续下去,不过同时靠近城市中心的地区聚集度也会提高。大楼可以建得再高一些,这样,城市中心的人们享有的空间就会更宽裕。不过,这将以环境的可持续性、良好的视线和丰富的城市生活为前提。我们将能确保所有人,而不只是少数的特权者,可以享受曼哈顿、巴黎或香港等大都市的快乐与舒适。但为实现这一目标,我们必须鼓励城市集约化而

不是无序扩张。我们必须直面挑战,推动大都市的进一步发展,而不是墨守成规,阻碍发展。

9.

无论我们怎样努力,有些人永远都不会喜欢城市的生活方式。就像梭罗一样,他们总是希望生活在空间广阔、绿树成荫的环境里。能享受得了这种田园生活的人当然无需被迫到城市生活。但是,太多太多的人是因为我们的社会曾经犯下的错误而生活在城市之外。我们不应刻意强推城市发展,但也必须清除那些人为限制城市繁荣的障碍。

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