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2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题

2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题
2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)

Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are

available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But

phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without

a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to

civilization, one of which is to follow the land.

When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to

answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest

water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if

you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of people If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11

how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other

paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow

of light pollution.

18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we

leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.

1. [A]Some [B]Most [C] Few [D] All

2. [A]put [B]take [C] run [D] come

3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D] until

4. [A]Formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally

5. [A] back [B]next [C] around [D] away

6. [A] onto [B]off [C]across [D] alone

7. [A] unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar

8.[A] site [B]point [C]way [D] place

9. [A] So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D] Besides

lO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually

11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D]confused

12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D] result

13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C]On average [D] For example

14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C]spot [D] separate

15. [A]form [B]through [C] beyond [D] Under

16. [A] posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks

17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited

18. [A] Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D] Generally

19. [A] memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings

20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D] expose

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.

Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)

Text 1

Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.

Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.

says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical

economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who

pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has

dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand

high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in

lone-term research

or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use

of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a

predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner

Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer

performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"a substantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.

Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code

and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company

investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to

think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.

21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the

A. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility

B help corporations achieve larger profits

C. build a new system of financial regulation

D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives

22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate

A. the conditions for generating quick profits

B. governments impatience in decision-making

C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies

D. "short-termism" in economic activities

23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be

A. indited

B. adverse

C. minimal D temporary

24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate

A. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.

B. the significance or long term thinking.

C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.

D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text

A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue

C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

Text 2

Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past

few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which

students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and

the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's

overall GPA.

The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to

do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.

When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a

second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level

courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and

even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade

itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and

gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's

registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in

subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time. That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For

public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as

graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean

more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day

are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big

concern for colleges.

Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers'

expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or

at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.

26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?

A. The change of course catalogs.

B. Students indifference to GPAS.

C Colleges neglect of GPAS.

D. The influence of consumer culture.

27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness

A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.

B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.

C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.

D. To increase universities’income from tuition.

28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables colleges

A. obtain more financial support.

B. boost their student enrollments.

C. improve their teaching quality.

D. meet local governments’needs.

29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?

A. To counterbalance each other

B. To complement each other.

C. To be identical with each other

D. To be contradictory to each other.

30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by

A assessing its feasibility

B.analyzing the causes behind it.

C. comparing different views on it.

D. listing its long-run effects

Text 3

This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem

Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author

produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions

to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is

intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way

humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots

that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular

sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says

David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are

no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of

autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime

make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.

input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI

"vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem. Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical

questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the

government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, other

governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is

setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or

to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms.

It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.

To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because

A. fascinates Al scientists all over the world

B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.

C. involves some concerns raised by Al today

D.has sparked serious ethical controversies

32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness

A. helps explain artificial intelligence.

B. can be misleading to robot making

C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series

D.is too limited for us to reproduce it

33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

A. can hardly ever be found.

B. is still beyond our capacity

C. causes little public concern

D.has aroused much curiosity

34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of

A. Affirmation

B. skepticism

C. contempt

D. respect

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giants

B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of A

C. The Conscience of Al: Complex But Inevitable

D. AI Shall Be Killers once out of Control

Text 4

States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases

under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big

financial win for states.

The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states

said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for

states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the

business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for

paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.

Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the

physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant

revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market

participants from competing on an even playing field.”

The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually

collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they

hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have

physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.

2017年考研英语考试真题

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研究生英语考试试卷

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1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

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考研英语试题及答案.docx

2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section II Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 25as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 33changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 34, children are likely to have less supervision at home 35was common in the traditional family 36. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 21.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting 22.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because 23.[A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation 24.[A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response 25.[A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else 26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding

2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land... When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.

研究生英语期末考试试卷

ad if 命 封 线 密

A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs -though some remain popular -increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world -including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV -is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows -the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s -studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is,how ants,bees or any social animal,including humans,behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome,Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani,a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology,described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance,by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store,forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes,also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information,and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

考研英语真题及答案

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(一) National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002) 考生注意事项 1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则, 得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。 2. 答题前, 考生应将答题卡上的”考生姓名”、”报考单位”、”考试语种”、”考生编号”等信息填写清楚, 并与准考证上的一致。 3. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题(一) 、试题(二) 。 4. 本试题为试题(一), 共4页(1~4页) 。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。 5. 试题(一) 为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节, 所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝(黑) 圆珠笔答题, 注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂, 如要改动, 必须用橡皮擦干净。 6. 听力考试进行时, 考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上, 然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内, 将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。Section I: Listening Comprehension Directions: This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet. Part A Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you’ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points) Welch’s Personal Information Place of Birth Philadelphia Year of Birth 1901 Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920 Major at University 1 Final Degree PhD Year of Marriage 1928 Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2 Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3 Main Interest 4

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