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雅思阅读真题2012

雅思阅读真题2012
雅思阅读真题2012

雅思阅读实战16篇(附答案)(word下载版)

★How to increase sales

Published online: Nov 9th 2006

From The Economist print edition

How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales

1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how ―swarm intelligence‖ (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.

2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.

3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

4. Mr Usman i's ―swarm-moves‖ model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the ―right‖ product—that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.

5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.

6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.

7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm. (644 words)

Questions 1-6

Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.

2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.

3. Acc ording to Mr. Usmani, with the use of ―swarm intelligence‖ phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.

4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.

5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.

6. Using the ―swarm-moves‖ model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.

Questions 7-12

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contraicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.

8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.

9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.

10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.

11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.

12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.

Answer keys:

1. 答案:(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2行:Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)

2. 答案:expensive. (第1段第4行:Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)

3. 答案:impulse buying. (第2段第1句:At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)

4. 答案:other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2句:Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other

tempting goods to reach them.)

5. 答案:screen. (第3段第4行:As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.)

6. 答案:discounts. (第4段第第1句:Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves”model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)

7. 答案:NO. (第4段第3、4句:The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”,在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)

8. 答案:NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)

9. 答案:YES。(第5段第3句:The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded, they followed the crowd.)

10. 答案:NO。(第5段最后两句:When the songs are not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced的词义是“显著的、明显的”)

11. 答案:YES。(第6段第1句:In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)

12. 答案:YES。(最后一段最后一句:Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分)

★Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

Published online: 6 December 2006

Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

1. A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we

smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.

3. That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.

4. "This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."

5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.

6. But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different —to animals, if not necessarily to humans —simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).

7. Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur —it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.

10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it". But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.

11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant

molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.

12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.

13. But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."

14. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.

(668 words Nature)

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer

FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

1. The result of the study at UCL agrees wi th Turin’s theory.

2. The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.

3. Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.

4. The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.

Questions 5-9

Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE

WORDS for each answer.

5. The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.

6. Turin’s com pany is based in ______.

7. Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.

8. Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.

9. According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.

Question 10-12

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?

11. What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?

12. What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?

(by Zhou Hong)

Answer Keys and Explanations

1. T 见第一段。“give sth the thumbs up”为“接受“的意思。

2. F 见第三段。“That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct.”意即“现在尚无法证实生物物理学家Luca 在九十年代中期提出的理论是否正确。”

3. NG

4. T 见第六段“Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different —such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.”“identical”一词是“完全相同”的意思。这句话是说alcohols和thiols的分子结构看起来一样,但是它们的味道却相去甚远。

5. Luca Turin 文章第二,三和七段均可看出Luca的理论即人类的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。

6. Virginia 见第四段。

7. tongue 见第五段“This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.”

8. the atoms 见第八段“This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.”

9. vibration-assisted electron tunneling 见第九段“"The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.”句中的代词“this”指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。

10. Andrew Horsfield 见第九段结尾。

11.proper experimental verification 见第十三段。

12.their computed vibrations 见第十四段。

★Why did a promising heart drug fail?

Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.

1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.

2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.

3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. "There have been no red flags to my knowledge," says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. "This cancellation came as a complete shock."

4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins.

Under pressure

5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.

6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the V A Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. "You're blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway," says Kashyap.

Going up

7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug, called niacin, is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by, for example, introducing synthetic HDLs. "The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL," says Michael Miller, director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore. (613 words nature)

Questions 1-7

This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. How does torcetrapib work?

ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trial

iii. One failure may possibly bring about future success

iv. The failure doesn’t lead to total loss of confidence

v. It is the right route to follow

vi. Why it’s stopped

vii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result

viii. What’s wrong with the drug

ix. It might be wrong at the first place

Example answer

Paragraph 1 iv

1.Paragraph 2

2.Paragraph 3

3.Paragraph 4

4.Paragraph 5

5.Paragraph 6

6.Paragraph 7

Questions 7-13

Match torcetrapib,HDLs,statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13).. Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

7.It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.

8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.

9.Researchers are yet to find more about it.

10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.

11. According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.

12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.

13. It could inhibit LDLs.

List of choices

A. Torcetrapic

B. HDLS

C. Statin

D. CETP

(by Zhou Hong)

Suggested Answers and Explanations

1.vi

2.ii

3.vii 本段介绍了torcetrapib和statin的治病原理,但是同时短语“in contrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应,暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成,是理想的搭配。第一个选项无法涵盖整段意义,故选择i是错误的。

4.iii 本段分析了可能导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败的原因,后半段指出如果以上推测正确,那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验,设法避免torcetrapib的缺陷,研制出有效的药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思。

5.ix 见首句。

6.v

7. A 见第二段。题目中administer一词意为“用药”,subject一词为“实验对象”之意。

8. B 见第四段“…to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body.”即HDLs的作用最终是将choleserol清除出人体:“…for removal from the body”。

9. B 见第四段“But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.”

10. C 见第二段“…plus a cholesterol-lowering statin”,即statin是可以降低cholesterol的。

11. D 见第六段“So inhibiting CETP, …might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body.

12. A 见第三段。

13. C 见第四段“Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins.”

★The Triumph of Unreason

A.

Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or ―utility‖, in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.

B.

The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?

C.

One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he

has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.

D.

In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its activity.

E.

The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.

F.

When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.

G.

Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to both product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.

H.

People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.

I.

That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in

the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the ―con‖ side of the calculation in favour of the ―pro‖.

J.

Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this

1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.

2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomes or extract maximum utility from any situation.

3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people to accumulate their debts.

4. The more active the nucleus accumens was, the stronger the desire of people for the product in question became.

5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.

6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain, people tended to purchase coffee.

Questions 7-9

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.

7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?

A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.

B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.

C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.

D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.

8. The word ―miserliness‖ in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.

A. people’s behavior of buying luxurious goods

B. people’s behavior of buying very special items

C. people’s behavior of being ver y mean in shopping

D. people’s behavior of being very generous in shopping

9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments, which test

A. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in response to products.

B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared with paying for it by cash.

C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the ―con‖ side of the calculation in favour of the ―pro‖.

D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable but with a terrible effect.

Questions 10-13

Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

To find what happens in the brain of humans when it is deciding things to buy, George Loewenstein and his co-researchers did an experiment by using the technique of fMRI. They found that different part s of the brain were invloved in the process. The activity in …10… was greatly increased with the displaying of certain product. The great activity was found in the insular cortex when …11…and the subject decided not to buy a product. The activity of the me dial prefrontal cortex seemed to associate with both …12…informaiton. What interested Dr Loewenstein was the …13… of the assessment of the product and its price in different parts of the brain.

Part II

Notes to Reading Passage 1

1. the nucleus accumbens, the insular cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex:

大脑的不同部位(皮层,皮质等)

e.g. cerebellar cortex 小脑皮层cerebral cortex 大脑皮层

2. hone:

珩磨,磨快,磨练,训练使。。。更完美或有效.

3. subvert:

毁灭,破坏;摧毁:

4. piggyback:

骑在肩上;在肩上骑

5. deferment:

推迟、延迟、分期付款

6. aftertaste:

余味,回味事情或经历结束后的感觉,特指令人不快的感觉

Part III

Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-13

1. TRUE

See the second and third sentence in Paragraph A ―Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clea rly involved.‖

2. TRUE

See the third sentence in Paragrph B ― Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases.‖

3. FALSE

See the second sentence in Paragrph C ―In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.‖

4. TRUE

See the last sentence in Paragrph E ―Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.‖

5. FALSE

See the second sentence in Paragrph F and G respectively ―Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the view

★Don't wash those fossils!

Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.

1. Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike —vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.

2. Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.

3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.

4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.

5. The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA.

6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl. "As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says.

Wash in, wash out

7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains.

8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones. "Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in," says Geigl.

9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. But that doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.

10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P??bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he says.

11. P??bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces these problems. "When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says.

12. This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes P??bo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P??bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations — just in case.

Warm and wet

13. Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field researchers, preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.

14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason, Geigl says, most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples, such as the woolly mammoth, or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves —including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.

15. Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens, says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of human

evolution.

(640 words nature )

Glossary

Palaeontologists 古生物学家

Aurochs 欧洲野牛

Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类。

Permafrost (地理)永冻层

Questions 1-6

Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

1. How did people traditionally treat fossils?

2. What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found?

3. What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE.

4. What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?

5. What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?

6. The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers. How many of them are mentioned?

Questions 7-11

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer

FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

7. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA.

8. The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.

9. Geneticists don’t have to work on site.

10. Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.

11. Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way.

Questions 12-13

Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.

12. ―This information‖ in par agraph 3 indicates:

[A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.

[B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.

[C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.

[D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.

13. The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:

[A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.

[B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered

DNA.

[C] the pace at which DNA degrades.

[D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.

(by Zhou Hong)

Suggested answers and explanations

1. washing, brushing, varnishing 见第一段。

2. handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two ) 见第二段。

3. losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination ( any one of the three) 见第八段“Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in”(答being contaminated或contamination比较保险)

4. they are porous porous 的意思是多孔的。见第八段“... which can allow water —and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA —to permeate into the porous bones.”

5. human evolution 见第十五段。其中“shed light on sth”的意思是使某事显得非常清楚,使人了解某事。

6. 4 分别为第四段的“an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs”,即欧洲野牛,已经绝迹;第十一段“Neanderthal”,是人类学用语,尼安德特人,旧石器时代的古人类;第十四段“woolly mammoth”和“cave bear”,其中mammoth是猛犸,一种古哺乳动物。

7. T 见第二段。

8. T 见第四段“Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.”即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。

9. NG

10. F 见第十二段第一、二句话。

11. T 见第十二段末句“But P??bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations —just in case.”意即为保险起见,Paabo还是非常希望见到用Geigl建议的方法保存的化石样本。“just in case”的意思是以防万一,就是Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。

12. A 见第三段。This information就是前一句中“... just how important conservation practices can be”(to preserve good DNA)。“be hammered”之中hammer一词的意思是不断重复强调。

13. D 面信息。需要理解文章各处关于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究。

★Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar system

Staff and agencies

Wednesday December 27, 2006

Guardian Unlimited

1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars.

2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.

3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".

4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.

5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men," Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.

6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water".

7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit". Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.

8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.

9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called "asteroseismology".

10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star's precise mass, age and chemical composition.

11. "A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve," Prof Roxburgh said.

12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first "exoplanet" - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.

13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the "wobble" their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.

14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.

15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets.

(615 words)

Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.

1. Corot is an instrument which

(A) can help to search for certain planets

(B) is used to find planets in the orbit

(C) can locate planets with human beings

(D) can spot any planets with water.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 2-5 write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contraicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

2. Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be inhabited.

3. BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.

4. Passing objects might cause a fall in light.

5. Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.

Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

With measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and rocky planets. They will be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6. __________, the expected number of which could be up to 7. __________ .

Corot will enable scientists to study the 8. __________ of stars. In this way, a star’s mass, age and chemical composition can be calculated.

According to Prof Roxburgh, changes in light can be caused by passing planets or star 9. __________. The related statistics can gain us a better 10. __________ of the star formation and evolvement.

Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11. __________ other stars than the Sun. The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect huge gas planets, which do not 12.

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