研究生计算机专业英语考试资料.

一、把下列词汇翻译成英语(每小题1分,共18分

1分布式系统Distributed Network

Operating System

2命中率hit rate

3管程monitor

4互斥mutual exclusion

5临界区Critical Section

6宽度优先搜索 breadth first search

7容错fault-tolerance

8嵌入式系统embedded operating

system

9人机交互human-computer interaction 10约束满足Constraint Satisfaction

11搜索引擎search engine

12代理网关Proxy Gateway

13关系代数relation algebra

14死锁检测 deadlock detection

15分形压缩Fractal compression

16布尔搜索boolean search

17地址解析协议Address Resolution

Protocol

18素数定理prime number theorem

二、把下列术语翻译成汉语(每个1分,共17分

1.portability可移植性

2.hash coding哈希编码

3.disk mirroring 磁盘镜像

4.expansion slot扩展插槽

5.touch screen触摸屏

6.Page fault页面错误

7.virtual reality虚拟现实

8.Electronic commerce电子商务

9.instruction prefetch 指令领取10.space complexity空间复杂度

11.pattern match模式匹配

12.Data warehouse数据仓库

13.eigenvalue特征值

14.course ware 课件

15.collision detection冲突检测

16.ontology本体工程学

17.cross-platform跨平台

三、写出下列缩写词的英文全称,并翻译成汉语(每小题2分,共16分

GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户界面

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer,精简指令集计算机

BLOB Binary Large Object二进制大对象

AI Artificial Intelligence人工智能

CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计

DSS Decision Support System决策支持系统

USB Universal Serial BUS通用串行总线

HTML Hyper Text Mark-up Language超文本标记语言

四、用英语回答问题(每小题5分,共35分

1.What is the common structure of a presentation? And which parts are important and must be explained clearly?

Answer:

Title of the presentation/name/affiliation of the author

Outline

Why/What you want to do

Prior art /related work/ what’s new

How to do

Results

Evaluation: contributions/advantages/limitations

Applications/recommendations

Conclusion/future work

“What’s new”,“how to do”,and “results” are important and must be explained clearly.

2. What is the clear structure of a scientific paper? Which sections do you need to address in detail?

Answer:

A scientific paper usually consists of the abstract,

keywords(optional, introduction, method, result,

discussion(optional,conclusion \future work, and reference

Introduction method and result must be addressed in detail.

3.What is the common structure of a thesis? What should be declared on the cover page?

Answer:

A thesis generally consists of the cover page, abstract, acknowledgement, table of contents, list of figures/tables, chapters,

list of publications, and bibliography.

The cover page provides the basic information of you and your thesis, including the title of your thesis, your research direction, your name and affiliation, and the submitting time of your thesis.

4. What kinds of documents are generally necessary to apply for a visa? Answer:

The required documents vary with the countries, but generally the following are necessary:

Visa application forms with two photographs

Your passport

The certificate of flight reservation and hotel reservation

The balance certificate of your personal bank account

Confirmation of your status and affiliation

Official invitation letter from the conference organizing committee

Visa application fee

5.Before submitting your paper to an international

journal/transaction, what information should you get? And where can you find that?

Answer:

Before submitting your paper to an international journal/transaction, you should be familiar with the submission guideline for the appropriate publication. The guideline information can generally be found through selecting the link in the author resources section of the web page provided by the journal

Read carefully the aim, scope, policy, and submission procedure of the journal. Then click on the submit manuscript icon and submit your paper step by step according to the textual prompt.

6.What search sites do you often use? Do you know any popular database of research?

Answer:

Most popular search sites at present are probably Google and Yahoo!. Engineering Village provides access to the top information resources in the applied science, technical and engineering fields including Compendex and Inspec.

7.What should you consider of when you select a research subject? Answer:

follow your interest, attend to new theory or technology, think independently, search literature extensively, interdisciplinary research

provides new opportunity

五、英译汉(25分

This isn’t AI for AI’s sake—this renaissance is not one of stand-alone AI applications. Unlike first-generation AI applications, AI now can be embedded in heterogeneous networked computing environments and used for search, retrieval, and analysis of previously unimaginable quantities of data. Because the wealth of data makes direct human analysis impossible, AI-based support has become necessary to help users fully exploit that information.

A lthough computers have become ubiquitous, many people still

clearly

prefer pen and paper for many tasks because pen and paper note-taking is frequently less intrusive, less noisy, more flexible, more convenient and simpler than current computer alternatives.

AI paradigms are not orthogonal among themselves. They are rather successive steps in our knowledge of what a cognitive system should be. It seems that currently at least three paradigms are used in AI. Let us call them the be haviourist paradigm, the agent paradigm, and the artificial life paradigm.

Predicting the results of the next generation of fundamental research requires either bravery or foolishness. One need not hazard such risks, however, to identify the core challenges facing the next generation of AI systems, namely, exhibiting robust operation in hostile environments, broad and deep knowledge of large domains, the ability to interact naturally with people, and a degree of self-understanding and internal integrity.

While the first industrial revolution was fuelled by natural resources, the second is being fuelled by information and knowledge —which justifies the fourth century slogan: ‘Knowledge is power’. Today, a sure way for a company to commit commercial suicide is by failing to protect its intellectual

property (i.e. knowledge and by ignoring the machines of the second industrial revolution. Those companies that make current machines more intelligent and exploit them to their advantage are set to dominate the twenty-first century.

这不是AI领域所追求的目标。这一新生产物不属于独立的AI应用,不同于新一代AI应用。AI 现在可以嵌入到异构网络计算环境并可以用于搜索、检测、和分析以前无法想象的大量数据。因为大量的数据直接进行人工分析是不可能办到的事情,使用基于AI的支持来帮助用户充分利用这些信息已变得很必要。

虽然计算机已经普遍存在,对于许多任务,很多人仍然很明确的更喜欢使用纸和笔,因为用纸和笔做记录,与当前的计算机相比通常较不具有侵入性、噪音少、更灵活、更方便也更简单。

AI范式之间并不彼此正交。它们相当成功地介入了我们对于认知系统应该是什么的知识。看来,目前在AI领域至少使用了三种范式。让我们称它们为haviourist范式、agent范式和人造生命范式。

对于下一代基础研究结果的预测要么需要勇气要么需要愚蠢,不需要面对这样的危险,而是,能够识别出第二代人工智能系统所面临的核心挑战,即在恶劣的环境、广泛而深入的知识大领域中表现出的鲁莽性,能够自然的与人类进行交互的能力和一定程度的自我理解力与内在的完整性。

第一次工业革命是由自然资源驱动的,第二次工业革命是由信息和知识驱动的….这就证明了第四世纪的口号:“知识就是力量”。今天,一个公司进行商业自杀的明确方式就是未能保护好自己的知识产权和忽视第二次工业革命带来的机器。能够将当前的机器变得更智能并且能够将它们作为自己优势的公司开始主宰21世纪。

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2017年考研英语考试真题

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在职研究生考试英语(翻译、作文)

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研究生英语期末考试试卷

ad if 命 封 线 密

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The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . 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A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

江苏省委党校在职研究生入学考试英语复习资料

江苏省委党校社会学专业在职研究生入学考试英语复习参考资料 一、完形填空（20分） 二、语句翻译（20分） 1、As far as ability is concerned,I am sure he will qualify for the job. 7、Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true. 14、In general,prices may be brought down by increasing supply or decreasing demand. 17、Jack didn’t know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf,so his choice was quite arbitrary. 18、We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems. 23、The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top manager. 27、Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their education. 32、We came to the meeting full of expectations,yet we left very disappointed. 34、The spokesman made in clear that the president would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 40、The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives,as a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all of the country. 43、It is not unusual for this scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning. 45、We didn’t like his attitude that he deserved special treatment. 48、These artists devoted all their lives to art,and made great contributions to the artistic field. 52、There are a lot of papers to sign,but the only urgent one is this contract. 53、The government is taking these measure in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses. 三、阅读理解（30分） 四、段落翻译（30分） 3、在1991年，巴西在全世界环保主义者的压力下改变了做法，它取消了鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠，批准了一个新雨林保护项目的资金计划。 牛场主、矿工、移民抗议这一行动并继续破坏雨林，尽管速度比以前要慢。去年当矿工为了夺取一群印第安人的土地而将他们杀死使得矛盾扩大了。政府承诺将保护该地区的原住民，问题是这一承诺真实的程度究竟多大。

研究生英语期末考试 选择(缩印版)

一.同义词 16.Children may ridicule other children new to a neighborhood. A. make fun of 17.It is useless to attempt to flee from every danger, some risks must be taken. C. run away 18.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. B. disadvantages 19.Magazines are the fifth most important advertising medium, and magazine advertising requires a substantial investment from advertisers. D. considerable 20.Efforts to ameliorate housing conditions for the poor were halted because government funds were cut off. C. improve 21.Because of the close collaboration of architect and builder, the building was completed ahead of schedule. B. joint work 22.After World War , the Vietnamese believed that the French would allow them to be an autonomous people. A. self-governing 23.Physical well-being presupposes that one should vary his diet and often have some wholesome food. C. healthful 24.The layout of the book, with the text on the left and the notes on the right, makes it a pleasure to use. B. arrangement 25.A child leaving home before he is ready is analogous to bird trying to leave the nest before it can fly. D. similar 单选 26.He had always been oblivious to the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a compliment. 27.I like the professor's lecture because he amplified his lecture with some vivid slide shows. 28.On the seminar the historians still cannot agree on the date on which the particular war commenced . 29.Despite the news that her son had been dead years ago, she still clung to the hope that he would return some day. 30.During the night a person's temperature may drop one or two degrees, and it can be difficult to arouse him in the morning if his body hasn't become hot yet. 31.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at stake. 32.Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that stands out in pictures from space. 33.When business is depressed , there is usually an obvious increase in unemployment. 34.Social structure organization is simply the way that people, groups, and institutions are organized with respect. to one another. 35.One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he asks after almost everyone every time when he comes back from the big city. 二.同义词 16.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. C. was deprived of 17.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. A. attack 18.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. B. unable to in 19.His behavior had been perturbing me more than had cared to admit. D. troubling 20.Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience. A. ideal 21It is said that you can intimidate your enemies by speaking in a low voice and carrying a big stick. C. frighten 22 .If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. D. motive 23.The soldier discovers martial stirrings in his breast as he puts on his uniform. B. excitement 24.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. C. disadvantages 25.You'll succeed in the final examination if you stick to your belief that you are not a failure. A. adhere to 单选 26Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise. 27.The teacher set up those obstacles for no other purpose than to challenge the students to overcome them. 28.The police who was lack of experiences was completely, taken in by the thief's disguise. 29.My aunt wound a brightly-colored thread round her finger so as not to forget her appointment. 30.They could not go to the theater together because his free time never coincides with hers. 31.A (n) personnel manager has a variety of role relations with people occupying related statuses. 32.This is a difficult job that needs to be tackled whole-heartedly-not ply at. 33.The curtain had risen hardly when shot startled the audience. 34.He would go to endless trouble to help anyone he thought worthy of encouragement. 35.Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. 三.同义词 16. If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. B. motive 17.The mother soothed the disappointed child and then promised to take him on a picnic as soon as it stopped raining. D. comforted 18.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. C. calm 19.Sales are an accurate gauge of a book's popularity rather than a representation of it's real value. A. criterion 20.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. D. unable to in 21.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. B. attack 22.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. A. was deprived of 23.At the international conference on the nuclear weapons several dissenting statements were made. D. opposing 24.The dominant theme is of tranquility and peacefulness. C. major 25.A conservative person opposes change and too many new ideas. A. unprogressive 单选 26.It is very likely that the Martian will also be adapted to underground existence, for conditions are much more equable underground. 27.The medicine scientists discovered that the prime reason for her lung cancer is excessive smoking. 28.The interviewer interpreted the applicant's late arrival as a sign of disorganization, undependability or lack of interest in the job. 29.After about an early age of 13, perceptions have already been formed and ambitions cast. 30.South Africa's black majority got its first real say in governing early last December. 31.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and 32.delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. 32.Jack is the very person who can be entrusted with either money or secret information. 33.He stopped the car so abruptly that he was hit by the car behind him. 34.The black people launched civil movement, struggling for abolition of slavery. 35.After a long journey, the tourists who experienced danger and hardship reached their destination at length.