研究生综合英语(翻译+答案)

Unit One An Image or a Mirage

V.Translation

A.

从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出

有利的反应。他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评

价。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。就算许多选民投一位候选人的

票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使

他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。

我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。然而，一个

候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能

杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力，但在与别人一对一的

交流中却表现极为出色。这种能充分表达自己见解的能力，固然十分重要，

但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下

这种优点仅仅只是“表面现象”。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动

听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位不事张扬但更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅

是因为他的形象令人信服。

B.

If you want a winning image with others, your first concern must be a winning self-image. The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others. He may be able to fool some people for a while, but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others. Throughout the ages, great philosophers have stated, “Y ou are what you think you are. ” It is imperative for you to have good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression in others.

No matter who you are, everything worthwhile will depend on your own self-image. Your happiness will be based on it. You will live only one life, and in order to enjoy it, you must have a winning self-image. Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves, we should try to have positive, winning thoughts. In your own attempt to build a winning image you must begin with the self — otherwise, the

image you strive for will be supported by nothing but a sand foundation.

Any athlete will tell you that you must know you’ re a winnerin order to be one. To many, this kind of message will sound like double-talk, but it contains an essential truth. Although you can apply this same message to anything in life, I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved.

Unit Two Is Love An Art?

V.Translation

A.

学习艺术的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分：一是精通理论；二是善于实践。

如果我想学习医学，我必须首先了解人体结构和各种疾病。当我具有了这些理论知

识以后，我并不能胜任医学工作。只有经过大量的实践，我才能掌握这门学科，直

到最终我把所掌握的理论知识和实践收获结合起来，并融合为一体——即成为我的

直觉知识，这才是掌握任何一门学科的本质。然而，除学习理论和实践以外，

在任何一门学科上想成为专家还必需有第三个因素——那就是，掌握这门艺术是

你最关心的事情，在这个世界上肯定没有比这门学科更为重要的东西了。这一点

适用于音乐、医学、木工——也适合于爱情。这也可能正是问题的答案所在：

为什么在我们的文化中人们即使已遭遇显而易见的失败，但人们很少去尝试学习爱

这门艺术。虽然人们内心深藏着爱，但他们几乎把所有其他的东西如成功、名誉、

金钱、权力都视为比爱更重要，几乎把所有的精力都用来学习如何实现这些目标了，几乎没有人去学习爱这门艺术。

只有那些能赢得金钱和荣誉的东西才值得学习，而爱只是一件我们无权为之浪

费许多精力的奢侈品，它只能使心灵获益、而毫无现代意义上的好处可言。难道

果真如此吗？

B.

Intimacy, passion, and commitment are the warm, hot, and cold vertices of Sternberg ’loves triangle. Alone and in combination they give rise to eight possible

kinds of love relationships. The first is nonlove— absenceof all three components. This describes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply

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causal interactions.

The second kind of love is liking.“ If you just have intimacy” , Sternberg expla “ that liking’s. You can talk to the person, tell about your life. And if that ’ s all there’ s

to it, that ’whats we mean by liking.It”refers to the feelings experienced in true

friendships. Liking includes such feelings as closeness and warmth but not the intense

feelings of passion or commitment.

If you just have passion, it ’ s calledinfatuated love —“ love atfirst sight” that can

arise almost instantaneously and dissipate just as quickly.It involves a high degree pf

physiological arousal but not intimacy or commitment. It ’thes 10th-grader who falls

madly in love with the beautiful girl in his biology class but never gets up the courage

to talk to her or get to know her.

Empty love is commitment without intimacy or passion, the kind of love

sometimes seenin a 30-year-old marriage that has become stagnant. The couple used

to be intimated, but they don to each’ttalkother any more. They used to be passionate,

but that ’ s died out. All that remainsis the commitment to stay with the other person.

In societies in which marriage are arranged, Sternberg points out, empty love may

precede the other kind of love.

Unit Five Solve that Problem---with Humor

V. Translation

A.

在处理我们生活中难以应付的局面时，幽默是一种非常有效的手段，却常常

被人们忽视。它可以用来解决分歧、表示道歉、说“不”、进行批评、让别人根

据你的要求做事又不丢面子。对于某些工作来说，幽默是唯一能获胜的工具。它

是讨论敏感话题的一种办法。在讨论太敏感的话题时一本正经地对话，可能会引

起激烈冲突。例如，许多人都认为电视喜剧演员，如今为了种族间和宗教间的相互

包容所起的作用，比其他任何论坛的人都更大。

幽默通常是防止小误会升级到大问题的最佳方法。最近，我的一位邻居在妻

子开车送他去机场的路上，与她发生了一点口角。上了飞机后，他感到很痛苦，

知道妻子也很难过。当他妻子两小时后回到家时，接到了一个长途电话。“受话

人’Mrs.I. A. Pologize(夫人，我道歉 ) ’，”接线员拖长声音说道，“名字的拼写为

P?。”一眨眼功夫，电话线两端的人的整个一天由阴转晴。

B.

A sense of humor is universally considered the most valuable assetin a person ’ s personality. It is born within every person's heart, but it has to be cultivated. A person without a sense of humor is just like a spring without flowers or a dish without seasoning. In a sense, your personality lies in your sense of humor.

Humor can enhance physical as well as mental well being. It helps us relieve pressure,reduce tension, helps us overcome our frustrations, relax our muscles, and dissolve countless trifles and irritations offered by day to day life. With the cracking of a joke, all of our worries, sadness and fatigue disappear like mist and we are full of vigor once again. Besides, humor helps us live in harmony with others. With it you can always stay on good terms with others.

One way to cultivate a senseof humor is to have a wide range of knowledge about many topics so that the slightest differences in meaning of a joke can be fully understood; otherwise we would be simply at a loss in such a situation. Another crucial point in developing a senseof humor is to have a rich imagination. Nothing can be worse than the lack of imagination to kill an otherwise funny joke.

A sense of humor is one of the ways in which we relax and recreate ourselves. The things we find humorous may vary, but to have a sense of humor is very important and should be cultivated to get the most out of life.

Unit Six The Media and the Ethics of Cloning

V.Translation

A．

当这比较复杂的信息受到一些媒体的关注时，我们不断读到一些报道，强调

富人可能有一天能够造出他们自己的复制本，或者一个奄奄一息的婴儿的夫妇可

能会创造出一个跟这小孩一模一样的人来。大众媒体似乎是被纽约大学社会学家

多萝西·内尔金所说的“DNA即命运”弄得束手无策。

另外，克隆事件还表明这样一种方式：大众传媒培育了科技决定论的态度，

暗示科学“进步”永远不会停止。当然，许多科学家具有同样的看法，而且，

他们经常拒绝接受他们参与的科研可能会给人类带来苦难的道德责任。不过，科学

家不应该仅仅只顾辛勤科研，而把道德论证留给别人。他们应该参与公众辩论，

讨论某些科研项目是否有害，是不是就应该禁止它们继续做下去，因为它们蕴涵

了一些丧失人性、不合理的因素。一个很好的例子就是许多核物理学家对核武器的

研究进行了直言不讳的批评。而且这些核物理学家成功地限制了旨在制造出更加有

效的核设备的研究。

B．

Science remains to be a two-edged sword ever since. But to judge whether a certain scientific progress is beneficial to the human beings or not will mainly depend on how the human beings treat it and get it applied properly. We should not stop our efforts simply because it seems temporarily unreasonable. Actually, cloning technique, like atomic energy, can be both a blessing as well as a curse. But the nature of “ fear for technology ”lies in the fear of misusing the technology instead of fear for technology itself.

At present, the attitudes towards cloning humans in the countries of the world tend to be very “ ambiguous ”For. example, in Britain, a proposed law of allowing scientists to clone the early embryo of humans was voted through last year by the majority of two thirds while in America, Germany and Australia, more voices are heard to require loosening the restrictions of therapeutic cloning. We can definitely say that whichever country that masters the technique of cloning human beings first will win the advantages and initiative while the countries which lag behind will suffer from the unpredictable losses. America ery ’of sthemasttechnique of atomic

energy is a good case in point. Despite the fact that such technique presents its harmful influence at the outset, yet the other countries still have to follow it by quickening their researchesand experiments in this aspect. Simply taken from this angle, it is worth thinking about simply taking negative attitudes towards the experiments of cloning humans.

Unit Eight The Business World as Hunting Ground

V.Translation

A.

工作对于男人来说，生死攸关。通常说来，他踏入社会的最初几年具有决定意义。任何男人到了 25 岁如果在人生道路上尚未取得显赫的成就，那无论怎么说，都可被

视为无药可救了。在这个阶段，他的各种能力都正在发展，他与竞争对手的争斗

是一种殊死搏斗。在工作友情的面具下，他密切注视着任何一位同事身上显示出

的任何优势，一有优势出现，他就会焦虑不安。如果他关注的这个同事显示出软

弱或优柔寡断的迹象，他会立刻加以利用。然而，人仅仅是一台巨大工作机器上

的一个小零件，实际上他自己处处受剥削。当他驱使别人时，他首先在驱使自己。他的命令实际上来自上司，由他传达罢了。如果上司偶尔花点时间夸奖他，并非

是为了让他高兴，只不过是鞭策他而已，激发他更加卖力。对于从小养成自傲并

要人尊敬的男人来说，每一个工作日都不过是一系列无止尽的蒙受耻辱。他明知产

品无用却要表现出热情，明知笑话无聊却要放声大笑，他还要讲述并不属于自己

的观点。他必须时刻牢记：稍有疏忽就意味着降职，稍有口误就会丢了饭碗。

然而女人正是这些争斗的根本原因，并且争斗就在她们眼皮底下进行，而她们却站在一旁，冷眼相看。对于她们来说，上班意味着调情、约会、挑逗和嬉闹，

干点零星的“活儿”也不过是做做样子—工作通常无需她们负责。她知道自己

不过是在混日子，即便出于这样或那样的原因她必须继续工作，至少她已经做过了

多年的美梦。她站在一个安全的地方观望男人们争斗，偶尔为其中一位斗士鼓掌喝彩，或是鼓励他或是奚落他。在她为男人们冲咖啡、拆邮件或者听他们打电话的时候，她在不露声色地挑选自己的意中人。一旦发现了“如意郎君”，她就欣然引退，将战场留给后来者。

B.

The first requirement for the acquisition of power by the Positive Woman is to understand the differences between men and women.ourY outlook on life, your faith, your behavior, your potential for fulfillment, all are determined by the factors of your original premise. The Positive Woman starts with the assumption that she is capable of doing whatever she wants to (the world is her oyster). She rejoices in the creative capability with her body and the power potential of her mind. She understandsthat

men and women are different, and that those very differences provide the key to

her success as a person and fulfillment as a woman.

The women’ s liberationist, on the other hand, is imprisoned by her own negative

view of herself and of her place in the world around her. This view of women was

most succinctly expressed in an advertisement designed by the principal women’ s liberationist organization, the National Organization for Women (NOW), and run in

many magazines and newspapers and as spot announcements on many television stations. The advertisement showed a darling curlyheaded girl withthe caption:

“ This healthy, normal baby has a handicap. She was born female.”

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Unit Two

V.Translation

A．

有一段时间，我曾与一个女子约会——她是爱好文学的那一类、博览群书、

其寓所藏书甚丰——我非常羡慕她。在一次圣诞节我决定赠送她一件非同寻常的

好东西，当然，恐怕也是非同寻常地昂贵。我给她买了一套斯威夫特文集——不

是一套一般性的集子，而是十八世纪早期的珍本；然后我将每卷皮装书单独包

起来，每一卷附有一张书卡，卡上写有精心挑选的斯威夫特的语录。我觉得真是

浪漫极了；我甚至想象到在圣诞节前夕，当我们坐在壁炉旁呷饮法国白兰地和

欣赏着勃兰登堡协奏曲时，她把文集一卷卷地打开时的那种情景。

我有时是多么傻啊！她，一个我本应了解的讲究实惠的女人，给我买了

两双袜子、一件衬衫外加一本阿曼斯小诗集。她翻开斯威夫特文集时哭了起来。

我以为那是快乐的眼泪，但却不是。“我不能接受这个礼物，”她说。“这实在太

不合适了。”她坚持让我把礼物收回，或者把它们卖了或者自己留着。当我对此

表示异议时，她变得更加烦躁，最后她请我离开并把书一齐带走。我照她的话做

了，但心灵受到了伤害而且感到迷惑不解。我花了几个星期才搞明白自己所犯的

错误。布莱克默曾在某处这样写过，“在我们所有人身上都有一股傻劲——愚蠢

而又固执。”

使我感到荣耀的是，在送礼方面我一般还是比较明智的，不是一个爱炫

耀自己的人，但是炫耀在我身上依然存在，正如我以前的女友所说，我做事太

没有分寸，如给人送超出自己财力的礼物，或馈赠象征着根本不存在的亲密关

系的礼物，或赠送与受礼者的兴趣与心愿毫不相干的礼物。我对送礼的奥妙简直

是麻木不仁，我经常因不了解这一点而痛责自己。

B.

Flowers are among the most frequently given gifts. There ’as traditional floral language, and a carefully selected bouquet or plant can convey a wide range of emotions and sentiments.Red roses symbolize love as well as the hopeful beginning

of a new enterprise; violets beseech the recipient not to forget the donor; orchids and

other exquisite blooms indicate that the recipient regards you as exotic, precious and

rare.A floral gift that evokes warm recollections will be prized more than one that is

simply showy and extravagant. A customer asked a florist to deliver a bouquet of a

certain variety of rose— yellow tinged with red — to a hospital where her mother lay

seriously ill. “ They’ veben my mother ’favorites flowers since she carried them at

her wedding many years ago,” she said. The florist found the flowers she wanted after

a week of searching. The customer ’ s mother was delighted at the sight of the flowers. In

addition, a floral gift can also strengthen the emotional ties between

husband and wife. A doctor, on his 57th birthday, received an ambitious floral gift.

When he returned home from work, much to his joyful surprise, he found his front

lawn turned into a rose garden containing 57 bushes. “ It was a wonderful,

self-renewing gift from my wife — a constant reminder of her.” he said.

Unite four

V.Translation

A

我从来没有施行过主动安乐死，这种行为在我国被认为是谋杀，会被判处

死刑。但是我确信在临床医学实践中，主动安乐死应拥有明确的地位。而且我还

认为我们不应该害怕讨论它在这一格局中所处的地位，也不应害怕探讨对患有绝

症的病人使用这种方法的可能性。

我不能接受那种简单地认为医生无权剥夺他人生命的说法。此外，我认为

最大的困难在于如何界定生命。我本人把生命定义为活着的快乐。如果生活缺少

快乐，又无望康复，患者神智清醒、精神正常，又符合其他标准如护理者出于

良好的意愿，而且法律手续也完备，那么在伦理方面就没有什么理由不能实施

主动安乐死。

我确实经常感到奇怪，有一种人出于怜悯，会去结束一个遭受痛苦折磨

的动物的生命，却不愿意将这种特权的范围扩大到自己的同胞身上。也许在我们

所有人心中都潜藏着一种负罪感—有什么能比得上为他人的死亡承担责任更

令人有负罪感呢？

B

Controversy surrounding the morality of euthanasia has been heightened in recent years because of advances in medical technology that makes it possible for human beings to be kept alive almost indefinitely, even when severely impaired. As a man’ s life span lengthens, more and more people will reach a high age when illness and disability create the possibility for euthanasia. If a patient ’conditions are deteriorating, making him unable to make a rational choice, decisions to prolong or terminate life must be left to his family, doctors, and courts. But unfortunately the definition of “ life is”still at issue. A person may be declared “ brain dead while”his vital organs still function. Some people regard the problems posed by euthanasia as essentially religious. They think that life is sacred, no matter how severely disabled the patient may be; nobody can make a decision

whether he or she should stay alive or not. Some others insist that death may

be preferable to a severely impaired life. Euthanasia thus becomes an act of charity

Unite Five

V.Translation

A.

自少年时代起，我的一生主要部分奉献给了两个不同的目标，它们长期以

来彼此分隔，直至近年才合为一体。一方面我想探究能否做到知晓一切；另一方

面我想尽己所能创造一个更为幸福的世界。在三十岁之前，我把大部分精力用在

了前一项任务上。怀疑论令我苦恼不已，我被迫无奈得出如下结论：大部分所谓

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的知识都非定论，可以进行合理地怀疑。就像人们想获得宗教信仰一样，我想得

到事物的确定性。我以为，与其他任何领域相比，在数学中更可能找到确定性。

但我发现在老师期望我接受的许多数学演算中充满了谬误。我还发现，如果在数学

中真正能找到确定性的话，它将存在于一种新数学中，其根基比那些迄今被

认为是安全可靠的基础更加牢固。然而，随着工作的推进，不断地使我联想起那

则关于大象和乌龟的寓言。我建造了一头支撑数学界的大象，之后发现大象摇摇

欲坠，于是又建造了一只乌龟去支撑大象使之不倒。可是乌龟和大象一样靠不住经

过大约二十年的艰辛劳动，我渐渐得出结论：在使数学知识确切无疑方面我

已无能为力。接着第一次世界大战爆发，我的思想就集中到人类的悲惨遭遇和愚

昧行为上去了。在我看来，无论是悲惨遭遇还是愚昧行为都不是人类不可避免的命

运。我深信，只要人类不去毁灭自己，那么智慧、耐心和雄辩迟早会引导人类走

出作茧自缚的折磨。

B.

Psychologically there are two dangersto be guarded againstin old age. One of

these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for

the good old days, or in sadness aboutfriends who are dead. One’ s thom u stghtsbe

directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is

not always easy; one’ s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to

oneself that one’ s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’ s mind keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be

true. The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor

from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives,

and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young,

you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. This

does not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one interest’should

be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals

become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves,

but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.

Unite Seven

V.Translation:

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A．

读完我写下的这些文字，我感到自己把这项历史性的辉煌盛事描述的过于晦暗。

尽管文中所述的这些可悲的舞弊行为是真实存在的，但我从内心深处仍不赞同那位因

一部名著而对“1984这”个数字几乎享有特权的作家所持的悲观态度。乔治·奥维

尔认为，奥运会“交织着仇恨、妒忌、夸耀、对规则的藐视，以及从观看

暴力行为中获得的变态的快感。换句话说，这是一场没有硝烟的战争。”

他的话过于偏激了。奥运会反映的只是人性中一切美好和丑陋的方面。对古

希腊体育运动中的欺诈行为的记载证明了奥运会总是不断地受到所谓的“人性的弱点”的影响。

也许有人会提出，现代人在道德水准上要略高于古希腊人。我想，很少有人

会赞同一位欧洲教练近来发表的观点，“只要你还活着为胜利而庆贺，就应该得

到报酬。体育比赛中没有伦理道德的位置。”

B.

Spectator sports provide an outlet for viewing the vitality of youth, speed, and strength. The levels of skill displayed fascinate people. Men identify more directly than most women with spectator sports because of their childhood experience and the macho nature of most games. For men there is an additional attraction in their minds that because they are male they could be called on to be there on field, asked to contribute their playing or coaching skills. Viewing sport thus provides the raw material for dreams. Nevertheless, women too feel vicarious satisfaction of a desire to win, and more women are becoming active in competitive sports.

By the early 1970s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by network television, had transformed professional sportsinto lucrative business enterprises. As a result, entirely new leagues sprang up to compete with established organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports became more like traditional businesses, players increasingly turned to agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now professional sports have entered a new era.

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科技英语翻译课后答案 High quality manuscripts are welcome to download

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新视野大学英语课后习 题翻译答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

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科技英语综合教程课后练习答案及参考译文

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Unit 1 搏弈论 阿维纳什?迪克斯特&巴里?内尔巴夫 搏弈是有关策略的科学。它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。 搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰?冯?诺依曼。在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。 搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。 搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。 对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。每个博弈者应该弄清楚其他博弈者会对他当前的策略行为做出怎样的回应，他自己将如何应对等情况。博弈者要预料到他的最初决定会最终导致何种结果，并且运用对形势的判断来计划好当前的最佳策略。在考虑其他博弈者会如何应对时，博弈者必须能设身处地地换位思考，而不能把自己的主观判断强加与人。 从理论上说，采取固定次序行动的任何连续博弈都可以圆满地完成。我们可以通过预测每个可能的结果来决定各个博弈者的最佳策略。例如象井字棋(tic-tac-toe)这样的简单游戏由于可以以这样的方式完成，因而并不具有挑战性。但诸如象象棋等的其他博弈，即使是借助电脑的帮助，由于其本身的计算过程过于复杂而难以在实践中去实施。因此，博弈者往往会会依据经验提前对形势作出判断并尽可能的评估最终的局面。 与连续策略博弈的线形思维不同的是，采取共发性策略的博弈要求逻辑思维。在忽略其他参与者当前策略的情况下，尽管博弈者们同时采取行动，每一个参与者必须清楚的意识同时还会有其他的参与者在依次关注整个博弈过程。这时的思维模式可描述为：我想他认为我会这样考虑…。因此，博弈者必须从全体博弈者的立场出发并努力判断出最终的博弈结果。每个参与者的个人最佳行为都是全局谋划中不可或缺的一部分。 运用普林斯顿数学家约翰?纳什提出的均衡概念，可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。我们寻求一系列的策略组合，每个博弈者都会有自己的选择，当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时，我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。换句话说，每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。 有时, 无论其他博弈者如何行动，博弈的一方的最佳策略组合始终如一，这被称作这一博弈者的优策略。在其他情况下，如果博弈者的策略始终于己不利，则被称作劣策略，其含义是指无论其他博弈者如何行动，对手的策略总是优于自己。因此，谋求策略均衡应该从寻找优策略和消除劣策略开始。 当我们把博弈的结果表述为一种均衡的时候，并不是基于以下的假设：即博弈的每个参与者的个人最佳策略将会带来共同的最优化结果。确实也存在着一些糟糕的例子，比如囚徒困境(见下文)，由于囚徒们都追求个人私利的最大化而导致了全体参与者的困境。纳什的关于均衡的定义还不能完全解决联立策略博弈中逻辑推理思考的问题，有些博弈包含多种此类的均衡，而有些博弈却并不包含这样的均衡。纳什均衡也还没有清楚地说明关于导致均衡的动态过程。尽管有这样的一些缺陷，纳什均衡的定义已被证明在分析策略性互动时具有重要作用。 以下策略性互动的实例可以说明博弈论的一些基本理论框架: 囚徒困境。两个嫌疑犯分别被审问，每个人都可以招供或保持沉默。如果嫌犯A保持沉默，嫌犯B可以通过招供而获得较轻的发落。如果嫌犯A招供，嫌犯B最好选择招供以免被从重处理。这时招供就是嫌犯B的优策略。同样的情况也适用与B。因此，在均衡的