英国文学总结一览表
英国的文学复习资料
1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学
1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.
2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章
romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗
3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟
1、the father of English poetry and english fiction 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)
大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4 Popular Ballads 大众民谣 a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).
歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔
2、The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期的文学(14世纪到16世纪中期) （Greek and Roman）
戏剧drama 诗章canto
总述：The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. English literature developed with a great speed in Elizabethan period. The most distinctive achievement is the drama.the lyrical poetry(抒情诗)also develops and is remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feelings.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。戏剧发展最为明显，抒情诗也发展较快以其多样，新鲜和浪漫的感情著称。
(文艺复兴，斯宾塞诗体，夸饰文体p104)
1、key work: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement
代表作家
诗歌poem
1) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人he is the most interesting poet of the first half of 16th ventury and the first to introduce
the sonnet into english literature. sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter
2) sir Philip Sidney 菲利普锡德尼爵士1554-1586英格兰诗人
《Astrophel and stella 》爱星者与星《apology for poetry》诗辩
3) Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) poet laureate 桂冠诗人
《The Fairy Queen》仙后(epic poem 史诗) 《the Shephearde's calendar》牧羊人日历
散文prose
1) Thomas More 托马斯莫尔1478 -1535 《utopia》乌托邦：ideal society
2) Francis Bacon 佛朗西斯培根，1561-1626
He was England's first essayist ,his essays are the first true english prose classic,他是第一为英国散文作家，他的散文是第一个真正的英国散文经典《essays》随笔
3) John Lyly 约翰黎里英国1553-1606 《eupheus》尤弗伊斯euphuism 夸饰文体
戏剧drama
1) Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
He was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the "university wits"大学才子，he first made blank verse the principle instrument of english drama.his works paved the way for the plays of the greatest english dramatist :Shakespeare
2）William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚1564-1616莎士比亚是英国文学史上最具影响力的作家，也是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家，他将英国戏剧创作推向顶峰，他主张戏剧不受三一律：the three unities束缚，他的十四行诗代表着伊丽莎白时期诗歌创作的最高成就，围绕友情和爱情两个方面，采用抑扬格五音部lambic pentameter.在他22年创作生涯中，共有37戏剧，154 十四行诗和两首长诗。
四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
四大戏剧《a midsummer night's dream》仲夏夜之梦《as you like it》皆大欢喜《merchant of Venice》威尼斯商人《the twelfth n ight》第十二夜
3) ben Johnson 本琼森1572-1637 《Volpone》狐狸
3 the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。玄学metaphysical和骑士派cavalier poets
代表人物：
诗人
1)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌blank verse 无韵诗stylist 文体作家）
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园：贝奥武夫之后最伟大的英国史诗《Paradise Regained》复乐园《samson agonistes》力士叁孙、
2)、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的创始人物sonnet 十四行诗
《Death be not proud》死亡你别骄傲《a valediction:forbidding mourning》分别：莫忧伤
3）George Herbert 乔治赫伯特1593-1633
He is "the saint of the metaphysical school",a devout Anglican clergyman who believed that a poet should sing the glory of god它被称为玄学派圣人，最虔诚的英国国教牧师，认为诗人应该歌颂神的荣耀《the altar》祭坛《easter wings》复活节的翅膀
散文家
1）John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”
He is the most important one in the field of pro writing of the Puritan age ,he is known for his simple and lively prose style which is molded after the Bible,his language is easy to read ,colloquial ,and concise.the form of his writing is allegorical,realistic and true to life班扬是清教徒时期地位最高的散文家，文风仿照圣经，简单生动，语言口语化，简洁易懂，写作采用寓言的形式，忠于生活
《the Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程
该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream” 主旨：every Christian has to take in his inner heart a journey in order to be saved.
4 The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动
1特点、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. 启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.
无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。
2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚
启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物：
1)、alexander pope 亚历山大蒲柏1688-1744 新古典主义作家
He is regarded as the greatest poet of the 18th century,best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of homer .as a representation of the Enlightenment and the representative writer of the neo-classical school ,pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism理性主义to England .他是18世纪最伟大的诗人，以讽刺诗体以及对荷马史诗的翻译而闻名，作为英国启蒙运动和新古典主义的代表，他首次把理性主义带入英国。
2）、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福1661-1731 realistic novel 现实主义作家
Defoe was a novelist who has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel .his strong creative spirit in novel
writing won him the title "father of english and European novels"笛福是现代小说的发明者，他的创造力给她赢得了英国小说至
欧洲小说之父的称号。
Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特
1 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记novel 反讽
作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him.
努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。
2《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议:the author denounces the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the english government and stir up the Irish people to fight.
3 In the form of letters 书信体小说：《the Drapier's letter》给麻布商的信
4)Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯：散文体滑稽史诗（a comic epic poem in prose）,《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事the best novel of him
Sentimentalism 感伤主义no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.
感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
1）Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森《Pamela》帕美勒The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法a series letters
2)Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯斯特恩1713-1768 《Tristram shandy》项狄传it is the most famous book which has an unusual and queer artistic
form
3)oliver goldsmith 奥利佛戈德史密斯1728-1774 散文作家essayist he is an outstanding representative of the english sentimentalist school
他是感伤主义最杰出的代表
《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel
《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy
《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌poems
4）Thomas Gray 托马斯格雷1716 -1771 he is the leader of the sentimental poetry,especially "the graveyard school"他是感伤主义诗歌特别是“墓地派”的诗人《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
5）Edward young 爱德华杨1683-1765 《from night thoughts》夜思“墓地派”的诗人
18世纪英国戏剧
1）john gay 约翰盖伊1685-1732
《the bagger's opera》乞丐歌剧in 1728 it achieved one of the most conspicuous 显著地stage triumphs in english dramatic history
2)、Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德.布林斯里.谢尔丹
《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧comedy 莎士比亚之后最好的戏剧
5 he Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义散文prose
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。
前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人
教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱
开始的标志：beginning with th e publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"
前浪漫主义诗人：
1）james Thomson 詹姆斯汤姆森1700-1748 《the seasons》四季歌his chief fame rests upon this poem ,this poem on the theme of nature and written in blank verse has often been considered as epoch-making,the first significant poem in the tradition of pre-romanticism .他的名望得益于本诗，以自然为主题，是一部无韵诗，是浪漫主义前期第一部优秀的作品
2) William collins 斯科林威廉1721-1759 《ode to evening》黄昏颂
3）William collins 威廉布莱克英国浪漫主义诗人漫画家1757-1827
《songs of innocence》天真之歌《songs of experience》经验之歌《the marriage of heaven and hell》天堂和地狱的婚姻
4)Robert burns 罗伯特彭斯1759-1796 he is the "national poet of Scotland "苏格兰民族诗人。Burns and his works
were a source of inspiration to the pioneers of liberalism ,socialism and the campaign for Scottish self-government.
《a red ,red rose 》一朵红红的玫瑰
lake poets(湖畔诗人) 第一代浪漫主义诗人
1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)
《The Prelude》序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry 浪漫主义开始的标志：《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"
抒情歌谣"
作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的
2）Samuel Baylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒柯勒律治1772-1834he is a great poet and literary critic. He and
Wordsworth are two greatest progenitor先驱of english romantic spirit.
《the rime of the ancient mariner》古舟子咏it is his masterpiece and also one of the masterpieces of romantic
poetry
3)Robert Southey 罗布特骚塞1774-1843 《Joan of arc》圣女贞德
第二代浪漫主义诗人
1）George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦1788-1824
He made a great contribution to the english literature ,which is "Byronic hero"拜伦式英雄he wrote a loy of lyrical poems .they deal with nature and love .
《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德.哈罗德游记cantos 诗章
成名作《Don Juan》唐璜
poem 诗satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻poem 诗the first volume of poem 首卷诗
3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 伯西比西雪莱1792-1822
《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯：is his masterpiece,a lyrical drama i n acts.
《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂poem 诗《ode to a skylark》云雀颂
4)、John Keats 约翰济慈1795-1821 poet 诗人原则：beauty is truth ,truth is beauty "pure poetry " "art dor art's sake " 济慈试图在
他的所有诗歌中表达美，他的原则是“美就是真，真就是美”他是抒情诗歌的大师，纯诗大师，为艺术而艺术，对政治和社会毫不关心，只沉浸在诗歌的美好世界
《The Eve of St. Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺poem
浪漫主义时期的散文家
浪漫主义时期的小说
1)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特11771-1823
He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师
《the confession od an english opium-eater》一个鸦片人的自由
2)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女
《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛
写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人。
十九世纪散文的特点
：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.
在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.
在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定
八、Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Critical Realism 批判现实主义，humanism 人文主义
1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级
政治运动。
2、代表人物：
1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯《Hard Times》艰难时刻《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》
双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。
2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女
《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱Emily Bronte
艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff）
特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.
3)、Mrs. Gaskell 《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方
4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.
Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义
人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.
唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。
特点：novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。
5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女
《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》
Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。
特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。
3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：
1)、Alfred Tennyson
2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小气)
贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances 戏剧传奇
九、19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期
1、Aestheticism 唯美主义Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者
作者Thomas hardy 托马斯哈代
《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》苔丝《Jude the obscure》裘德novel
特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。
2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
《The Picture of Dorian Gray》
3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright)
《Mrs. Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业
4)、D. H. Lawrence 大卫赫伯特劳伦斯心理小说家
《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人《The Rainbow》彩虹《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人：the novel is largely autobiographical 3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：
1)、Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫1882-1941
评价：she is the most influential woman writers in the 20th century ,she is regarded as one the main exponents of Modernism and one of the great innovative novelists of the 20th century .she id a strong advocator of the feminist movement Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.
她是20世纪最有影响力的女作家，是现代主义的代表者，小说的改革者，也是女权运动的倡导者。非常重视妇女的地位
《Mrs. Dalloway》达罗落维夫人in the novel ，omniscient description ，indirect and direct interior monologue,and soliloquy are used alternatively .moreover ,the difference between direct and indirect speech become blurred.
《A Room of One’s Own》
2)、James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯1882-1941
He is one of the most original novelists of the 20th century ,his work shows unique synthesis of realism .he is considered as the forerunner of using the "stream of consciousness" his writing techniques include symbolism.他是20th 最有创造力的小说家，他的作品显示出现实主义的独特性质，被认为是“意识流”的先驱。
《Ulysses》尤利西斯《Finnegans wake 》芬尼跟的觉醒《Dubliner》都柏林人
英国文学作家及作品分析,语言学
英国文学作品与作家 一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1343~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 作品： ①
莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（Ben Johnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于。（He was not of an age, but for all time.） 作品： ①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; He nry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies:
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学作品赏析复习大纲
Review 1.Literary Glossary Question: What is the definition of each literary term below? Heroic couplet Byronic hero stream-of-consciousness Metaphysical poetry/poet Romance comedy tragedy soliloquy Sentimentalism/Sentimental novel Gothic novel foil Romanticism/Romantic era sonnet blank verse stanza Iambic pentameter Aestheticism 2.Selected reading. (1). The first twelve lines in the General Prologue in Canterbury Tale. (2). Shakespeare: sonnet 18(The main theme of this poem.) Act3 scene3, Hamlet’s monologue (main idea, major themes, meter and rhyme) (3). Milton, Paradise Lost Book 1, excerpt, lines describing Satan’s unyielding spirit (line50--75) (Satan’s character) (4). Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal (For whom was this essay written?) Gulliver’s travels (the name of each place Gulliver visits) (5). William Blake: Tyger (central image, main theme) (6). Robert Burns: My heart’s in the highlands (theme, does the speaker love the highlands? How does he show his love in the poem?) (7). William Wordsworth: I wondered lonely as a cloud (the central image, rhyme scheme, main idea of each stanza) (8). Shelley: Ode to the west wind. First stanza. (why is the west wind both destroyer and preserver?) (9). Jane Austen: chapter 1, first and second paragraph: “It is truly universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of life” (Is there any irony? What does this sentence imply?) (10). Jane Eyre: Chapter 5 and chapter 4 (Jane Eyre’s personality and Mr Rochester’s character) (11). Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles (subtitle of the novel, Tess’ character) 3.Key characters. Hamlet, Shylock, Satan, Robinson Crusoe, Jane Eyre… 4.Literary stages What are the main themes and dominating literary genres(文学体裁) in each of the following historical periods? Medieval age, the Renaissance, the Restoration and Revolution, The age of Enlightenment, Romantic era, the Victorian age (the age of realist critical realism, modernism.
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学赏析整理
Alexander Pope An Essay on Man （know then thyself） The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, every two line have the same thyme at the last word. The poem is important in the sense that it embodies the 18th century concepts of the universe and man’s place in it, that is man is made in the shape of God, and occupies a middle position in the Great Chain of Being. As the poet says sometimes we have too much knowledge and feel suspect about everything, but sometimes we have too much weakness and can not be as pride as Stotic, sometimes we seem to have the power to rule all things but sometimes we seem prey to all. We are in the middle place and sometimes we are confused about whether to act or rest. The poet perfectly describes man’s feeling about ourselves and about the world. Although Pope is never profound in thought but he is very adapt in voicing the idea of his contemporaries in a beautiful and clever way. Robert Burns A Red, Red, Rose The metrical pattern of the poem is basically in the ballad form, i.e. each stanza consisting of four lines, with four stressed syllables in the odd-numbered lines and three stressed syllables in the even-numbered lines, and with rhymes occurring on the even-numbered lines. The image of rose evokes traditional associations of beauty, love and romance. Its simple lyrics and straight form and expression of feeling make it a favorite choice for poetry anthologies and a most appreciated poem for readers. Incorporating various elements from folk songs, the poem is supposed to be a song sung by an Irish sailor to his sweet heart before his ship sailed off to sea, the exaggerated declaration of love “till the
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解 Part one:Early and medieval English literature 1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3) 2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3) 3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5) 4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6) 5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8) The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles : “matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers) “matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so for th) 6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11) 7.The ballads(民谣)(P17) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas [?st?nz?],with the second and fourth lines rhymed. It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood. 8.Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions <1>Father of English poetry in 14th century. Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26) <2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26) <3>the founder of English realism(P23) The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English so ciety of Chaucer’s time <4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行) 9.Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20) 10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》 Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》 10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下） Part two:The English renaissance
英国文学总结
英国文学总结： 一：The Anglo-Saxon period（央格鲁萨克逊时期）(450----1066) 1. First Anglo-Saxon poet: Caedom. 2. Two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature-----Northumbrian school and Wessex literature 3. “Father of English History” is Venerable Bede. “英国历史之父” 代表作：The Ecclesiastical History of the English People 4. The king Alfred：代表作：The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle He created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure. 他创造了Anglo-Saxon散文体。 5. Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf《贝奥武夫》( national and religion epic) A mixture of paganism(异教) and Christian elements. 二：The Norman Period (1066---1350) =The Medieval Period 1. Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. (1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland (2): the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy. (3): the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the death of King Arthur. 三：The Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代) (1350----1440) 1.John Wycliff：Father of English prose“英国散文之父”, translate the Bible into standard English. 2.William Langland: Piers Plowman《农夫彼尔斯》Form: Allegory寓言 3.Geoffrey Chaucer:The Father of English Poetry“英国诗歌之父”，首创“heroic couplets”英雄双韵体，首次用伦敦方言写作，被葬在：Westminster Abbey Works divided three periods: A: 1360—1372: French literature: The book of the Duchess B: 1372---1836: Italian literature: Troilus and Criseyde adapted from Boccaccio The Decameron C: the last fifteen year of his life: The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 四:The Fifteen Century (1400----1550) 1.Ballds(歌谣) became an important feature in the 15th. The most popular is the Robin Hood Ballads.五：The English Renaissance (1550—1642) 1.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞：The poet’s poet 诗人的诗人 代表作：The Shepherds Calendar《牧羊人日记》 The Faerie Queene《仙后》 Amoretti《爱情小唱》 2. Christopher Marlow马洛创造了无韵体/素体诗“blank verse”, 代表作：Tumburlaine《帖木儿大帝》 The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德斯博士的悲剧》 3. William Shakespeare莎士比亚 代表作：two narrative poems: Venus and Adonis The rape of Lucrece 四部悲剧：Othello Macbeth Hamlet King Lear 四部喜剧：As you like it《皆大欢喜》Mid-summer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》 六：The Seventeenth Century (1603---1688) 1.Francis Bacon培根：father of science 科学之父 First English essayist 第一位随笔作家 The founder of English materialist philosophy唯物主义哲学开拓者 代表作：Essay《随笔》----of studies《论学习》
英国文学选读知识总结
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) 乔叟He was born in 1343 in London. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.“The Canterbury Tales” (1387-1400) It is Chaucer?s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” (英雄双韵体) to English poetry.His masterpiece “The Canterbury T ales” is one of the monumental works in English literature 公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德 Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts: (1) Stanza (节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem. It is the poetic equivalent of a paragraph in prose. In traditional poems, the stanza usually contains a unit of thought.(2) The line (行) : a single line of poetry (3) The foot (音步) : a syllable or a group of 2 or 3 syllables. T o scan a line of poetry one counts the number of feet in a line. For a beginner, the easiest thing to do is to count the number of stresses. Typically a foot will contain a stressed and an unstressed syllable. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)playwright, poet, actor.Shakespeare and Aeschylus are the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.—Carl Marks.The Great Tragedies: 《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601 ) 《奥赛罗》(Othello, 1604) 《李尔王》(King Lear, 1605) 《麦克白》(Macbeth, 1606) The Great Comedies威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream,1596) 《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night, 1600) 《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It, 1601) Shakespeare’s car eer as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases.: The First Period(1590-1594) This period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. Works: Henry VI The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love?s Labor?s Lost 《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet, etc. The Second Period (1595-1600) This period is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. It includes 6 comedies, 5 historical plays and 1 Roman tragedy. His sonnets are also thought to be written in this period. The Third Period (1601-1607) The third period of Shakespeare?s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies, 3 comedies and 2 Roman tragedies.Major works written in this period:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra The Fourth Period (1608-1612) The fourth period of Shakespeare?s work is the period of romantic drama. It includes 4 romances or “reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”. Shakespeare’s Literary Position:Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers in world literature. Hamlet:Hamle t is considered the summit of Shakespeare?s art. It is one of Shakespeare?s canon, and it is universally included in the list of the world?s greatest works.It?s written in the form of blank verse.blank verse : poetry in rhymeless iambic pentameter.（素体诗剧）The story, coming from an old Danish legend, is a tragedy of the “revenge” genre. Shakespeare incorporates into the medieval story other major humanistic themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness, and the spirit of the time Injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society。1. first blow: father?s murder and mother?s re-marriage2.second blow: betrayal of his two former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern3. third blow: betrayal of his girl friend OpheliaThe greatness o f the play: in praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.