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电子信息工程外文翻译--杜比实验室谈杜比

电子信息工程外文翻译--杜比实验室谈杜比
电子信息工程外文翻译--杜比实验室谈杜比

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Dolby laboratory on Dolby

Author: Tiger

Multichannel perceptual coding

Dolby AC-3is a kind of efficiency, quality and functional aspects with unprecedented effect perceptual digital audio coding technology. From the beginning of 1992, it has been for the cinema provide multichannel digital audio system and achieved in 1994into the two channel I BS application. It in the cassette and disc type family television system for transmitting multichannel digital sound function has been to the consumer electronics industry with very excited. In the United States, high definition television ( HDTV ) broadcasting the selected Dolby digital surround sound transmission, estimated that in 1996will be put into a test screening.

Many have been announced and the potential applications of the technology of test shows, Dolby AC-3decoder has a beautifully versatility. AC-3 is not a single machine system, but a kind of use can make such as bit rate and number of channels such parameters to adapt to different special application flexible procedures for the treatment of familial. Various types of all decoder in order to work on the same principle as the foundation, and designed to take full account of the future need for compatibility and adaptability. Important is, Dolby AC-3will be high quality sound and excellent digital efficiency is very perfect combination. Because of the Dolby Laboratory for more than 20 years focus on human auditory research, in the development of signal processing field has accumulated rich experience, so, although AC-3than in the CD disk to the last channel lower bit rate to create a multi-channel surround sound, however, it makes the sound quality fully meet the listener expectations.

Audio : past present and future

In 30, the famous Baer Laboratories began using the three channel stereo sound. In 50, when the stereo into public movie, it uses the channel in four above, sometimes reaching over seven channels. A few years later, the stereo into families, since all of the phonograph records only with dual channel matching, so the family leave acoustic device only by dual channel playback, the technical limitations, can not the listener will generally two-channel stereo as the home audio selection criteria.

But the film makers have channel 1( left, right, center ) and surround channel2as a compelling vivid sound minimum requirements. This can be from 70 time end, eighty time period the film industry widely adopted Dolby stereo to record film confirmed, Dolby stereo is the principle, let four channel matrix coding input two optical sound track, then an appropriate audio processor will restore it into four channels matrix coding reproduction.

When Dolby stereo film is converted into audio signals, four channel coding retained the dubbing integrity, from 80 time begin first, Dolby surround has made multiple channel decoding into family time, today, tens of thousands of home audio systems are equipped with Dolby surround sound system, in fact, multi-channel surround sound system sales has been far

beyond the two-channel stereo system sales, at present, Dolby surround sound has been widely used in film, TV and music on CD recording studio, and its accompanying family Dolby surround systems on the market rapid development.

With multi-channel audio in consumer electronics in the field of rapid growth, a more advanced technology was born, the technology is born there is nothing comparable to this, it has simulated realistic sound effects, and can satisfy various listening conditions and high demand cannot imagine adaptability, this is Dolby AC-3decoding technology Dolby AC-3 decoder, the successful development and application, is the world's electro-acoustic industry a major achievement.

Dolby AC-3

In 1987, high-definition television channel in the United States has officially become the standard process, its audio track is used for the first time in the four channel matrix encoding conversion for transmission of digital code stereo. However, by 1990, in order to avoid audio matrix are affected, four mono or stereo combined configuration as the optimal configuration. Due to time technical limitations, such an arrangement would have to increase by at least a bit rate.

It is in this context, Dolby AC-3was born. It has the advantage of only two independent stereo more code rates can realize multi-channel audio code. Dolby advanced to the transmission of the code technology, such as Dolby AC-2 decoder for Dolby AC-3's successful development paved the way, but the complexity of multichannel code also need further research, including a new type of bit allocation technique.

The Dolby laboratory is established by Rui Milton Dolby. Dr. Dolby was born in 1933 in the United States Portland Oregon City, grew up in the San Francisco Bay area. At the age of 16 he was still in high school, in Ampex company works. The company is the United States 's first production of magnetic tape recording equipment manufacturers. Later, he is responsible for the development of the company developed the world's first practical VCR portion of an electronic circuit.

In 1957 Dolby graduated from Stanford University, University of Cambridge, Marshall won the British provided scholarships, study of L-band X light. In 1961 he received a doctor's degree in physics. In 1963, he accepted the UN appointed to India as a two-year consultant.

As an amateur recording enthusiasts, Dr. Dolby over the years to recognize on the tape recording audio or video signal when background noise on the recording quality damage. While in India he began thinking seriously about a noise reduction without compromising the recording quality approach. His exploration of these became the Dolby A B noise reduction and noise reduction, noise reduction system based on C.

In 1965, returning to England, in London he established his own laboratory in order to carry out in India he thought scheme. Set up in 1968 to" the Dolby lab" named company. Although the company was founded10 years ago, the work of the centre in the UK, but it has been an American company. After 1976, the company's main work moved to San francisco.

In 1965, the first Dolby A type noise reducer ( A representing audio Audio ) production out of. The design of the system for a variety of audio noise reduction application, especially can solve the studio recording tape when the tape recorder generated noise. Until 1966, there have been

several noise reducing technology available, but they are much to damage the recording quality. So Dr Dolby faced difficulty is how to make the personage inside course of study and potential customers to believe his technique. At that time, multitrack recorder, from the 4 rail, track 8, track 16to 24 track, start the application, when multitrack recording tape audio mixing, the mixing of the two track tape noise level than double direct recording of the master tape is much higher.

In 1966January, Decca Records UK Department believes that Dolby A type noise reducer can indeed as Dr. Dolby described that play a role, and then ordered9Dolby A301A type noise reducer, applied for the first time in 1966May in Vienna to record Ashe Ken that Qi played some of Mozart's piano concerto. In 1966November, Decca published the first application of Dolby A type noise reducer record by Georg Solti / Muller second symphony. Subsequently, the recording industry began to recognize and use a large amount of Dolby A type noise reduction system. Initially used only recorded classical music, when multitrack recording technology promotion, will be more widely applied. Soon, the whole world of professional and non-professional begin to" Dolby" with high quality recording together.

With the hope that Dolby will be present and noise reduction technology for civilian recorder voice rising, in an American commercial tape recorder manufacturer KLH company 's urging,1967April Dolby lab started to develop more practical civil noise reduction technology, initially known as the" simplified Dolby system", which later became known as Dolby B type noise reduction technology. In the Dolby B noise reduction technology development is nearing completion, Dr. Dolby made the decision, Dolby laboratory will not civilian production of audio products, consumer electronics products, but to the manufacturers authorized Dolby technology has been very mature, then by manufacturers for production. By the end of 1974, the Dolby laboratory authorized manufacturers already amounted to 47, including all consumer audio equipment manufacturers.

Thereafter, Dolby laboratory has developed a series of Technology: C type noise reduction, SR ( spectral recording ), S type noise reduction, HXPro, stereo surround Dolby, Dolby, Dolby Pro Logic, AC1, AC2, Dolby digital ( AC3), Dolby E. These techniques are widely used in civil and professional audio equipment, sound recording film, cinema playback apparatus, digital broadcast etc..

In addition to the headquarters in San Francisco, Dolby laboratory at present in the world have established branches or liaison offices: Losangeles, Wootton Barcelona ( UK), London, Brisbane, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Beijing, Hongkong.

AC-3 multi-channel frame

Dolby surround ( Dolby Surround ) is the original Dolby multichannel film analog format consumer version. In the production of Dolby surround sound, a 4Channel -- left, right, and surround sound channel audio information through matrix coding in two tracks on a record. The two tracks from stereo format program source such as a video and television broadcast program and carrying into the family, and decoded the original 4channels of information can be reduced and surround sound. Hundreds of thousands of home videos and TV shows by Dolby surround coding." Dolby surround ( Dolby Surround ) as the most primary surround sound standard, provides a 4channel surround sound support.

Dolby surround and DTS surround is similar in that they are lossy digital compression technology. This is referred to as" emotional" data compression technique is based on the human psychoacoustics that possess sound characteristics -- for high level sensitive voices, while shielding the other is not sensitive to the sound development of.

Because Dolby stereo is a coding technology of digital stereo, and decoding technique uses a direction identifying circuit or a directional logic circuit, so that the use of Dolby company this circuit technology of sound is called Dolby Pro Logic sound; with Dolby 's proprietary specific decoding technology is called a Dolby Pro logic decoder decoder.

Of course, only with the use of Dolby to the logic function of the AV amplifier, played by Dolby sound recording software, can hear the true high fidelity digital stereo sound effect. Dolby digital systems will generally be5.1 channel sound compression to 384bps, and some CD with 448bps, the maximum to the 640bps; DTS usually use much larger bit rate --1536bps. If other conditions are the same, is a bit more quality is better, this assertion is wrong? Unfortunately, the answer to this question is not so easy, because the Dolby Digital ( abbreviated as DD ) and DTS data compression circuit is different. For example, a coding efficiency very low signal, even if the bit rate is very high, also just wasted bits and disc space, but does not improve sound quality. Once a system is said to be" transparent", increase the bit rate without causing it to improve the sound quality. In addition because the DTS bit rate higher than Dolby, need takes up more space, if the DVD disk capacity constraints, may produce adverse effects on image quality, or to increase the additional cd.

Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound ( Dolby Pro Logic ) is Dolby developed a surround sound system. It is the four track stereo recording by a specific encoding means for the synthesis of two channel, the original left channel ( L ), the right channel ( R ), the center channel ( C ), surround channel ( S ) of the 4signal, encoded into LT, RT composite double channel signal, replay through the decoder will encoded two-channel composite signals LT and RT reduction for encoding the left, right, in around four, each stem and independent signal, amplified respectively input left, right, center and surround sound speakers.

In order to playback symmetry reasons, surround speakers using the left and right surround speakers, respectively, from the output of the amplifier, so the business to Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound output called channel five. But due to a left, right surround sound speakers connected in a channel, the output is the same as the surround channel information, the essence is still four channel. The business also has six channels and seven channels Dolby Pro Logic AV amplifier. The six track is the central channel two amplifying circuit is respectively connected with the output, in left center speaker and right center speaker. But left, right center speaker connected to a center channel, it is essentially a four channel. Seven channel surround sound channels is divided into four channel output, i.e. left rear surround, right rear surround sound, and adopts four surround sound, which became a seven channel output. But the output of the seven track four surround speakers are connected in a surround channel, also can calculate the output of four sound channels. So with Dolby Pro logic decoder AV amplifier whether five channel output, six channels of output or the seven output channels, is essentially a four channel. Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound in the left, right, three channel frequency range can reach 20-20000Hz, can meet the full range of requirements, but surround channel frequency range is narrow, only 100-7000Hz.

Dolby E is designed for digital TV broadcast and post-production and the design of a

professional audio coding system. Using the Dolby E, a AES / EBU channel can send up to 8channels of high quality digital audio stream, and also can be loaded Dolby digital control data signals (often called the metadata, including the Dolby digital mono mode, dynamic range, type, output level automatic adjustment of parameters, to ensure that users can correct Dolby digital program ). Dolby E with its advanced coding algorithm and higher data transmission rate, can ensure the digital TV audio signals through as many as 10cycle coding - decoding or other editing process, and does not cause quality deterioration. Dolby E audio can be associated with various formats of video signal is a good match, won't because video interference blind audio, sound burr or other distortion. Dolby E audio and video frames in the sequence are completely corresponding, can achieve precise audio and video integrated editing. More importantly, by use of this new type of coding technology, the existing radio and television system without large-scale transformation can spread multi-channel digital TV audio signals, thereby greatly reducing the system cost.

Dolby E application is in digital television stations intermediate transfer, from a local television program transmitted by satellite to another local TV station. Dolby E in conveying to the transmitting terminal will be converted to PCM audio, and then encoded into Dolby digital signal, transmitted to thousands of households. Therefore, consumers in the home can be directly received by Dolby E signal, but only receives a digital signal on channel 5.1Dolby. In order to avoid the confusion, usually Dolby E called transfer coding system, and Dolby will be called to launch digital coding system.

Dolby E standard data transfer rate is 1.92Mbits / sec (20bit / 48kHz for audio signal ), typical operating mode is "5.1+2", using six channel transmits a 5.1channel surround sound signal, the other two channel transmission of two-channel matrix coding signal ( such as Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound ) or dual mono stereo signal. Can also work in other modes, such as with two mono signal"5.1+1+1" pattern, three way stereo signal "3x 2" mode and a six single channel signal"6x 1" mode. Dolby's current version supports 29.97fps frame rate ( NTSC standard, PAL25FPS ),20bit length and 48kHz sampling frequency of the audio signal, a future version will support25FPS,16bit or24bit audio signal.

AC-3 transmission form

AC-3 based transmission system into a more extensive application field is feasible in technology. At the end of the century before, several AC-3 based application technology into commercial production.

High definition television ( HDTV ) is declared using a AC-3 code first application technology. Grand Alliance has selected the United States developed this technique. For its high definition television system with digital surround sound and in 1996Atlanta Olympic Games for the first time as media.

Because the AC-3effects and can be associated with high definition television matches the standard features of digital cable TV system, therefore, is a natural candidate for AC - 3. The first test transmission was 1994year. Due to the current available programs can use a single sound, stereo can also use with matrix ( matrix - sur-round ) stereo, therefore, a AC-3dual channel decoder for has been developed. And when the multi-channel digital program for transmission, high function converter ( converter ) will create a synthetic stereo downward

mixing effect.

Always as home theater the highest quality image source DVD ( (LD ) as Dolby surround digital multi-channel audio examples show. Using AC-3bit stream ( bit stream ) alternative FM channel in a channel, so that the stereo pulse code modulation ( PCM ) digital audio soundtrack with FM mono cooperate with each other, so that it can be compatible with existing any player. With cable, DBS and DAB is realized by AC-3spectrum effect, quality and multi channel features a unique mix of choice. The first use of AC-3DBS system has been introduced in 1994, it can be for commercial organizations to provide a single transmitter transmission up to 120 stereo music channel transmission system.

Other areas of application include medical telemetry devices suitable for very low bit-rate code under development. Potential users and system developers and the Dolby laboratory, in order to obtain the AC-3 technical support.

AC-3 integrated circuit

Dolby surround digital main technical progress is Rolland ( Irap ) Company IR38000, which is a can perform AC-3decoder to decode single chip digital sound field processor ( DSP ). It was first used in second generation Dolby stereo digital cinema in the decoding unit.

A Rolland company development, lower cost, especially suitable for consumer electronics equipment and also can provide the program logic decoding ( Pro Logic decoding ) AC--3 decoder integrated circuit in the middle of 1994launch. This is a dual channel integrated circuit chip can be used, such as cable television 's top decoder. Other semiconductor manufacturers have been or are ready to supply the AC-3 decoder integrated circuit.

Dolby and digital

AC-3 is Dolby's laboratory developed the third generation of perceptual coding system. Each code system will be a special psychological acoustics ( psycho acoustics ) knowledge and advanced digital signal processing technology combine very well.

AC-1 initially by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 1985 for its DBS system. Perhaps partly because AC-1 decoder cost reasons, it appears to be widely applied to other DBS services, satellite communication network and digital" wired broadcasting system". According to their different applications, each channel code rate for 220-325bit / sec. As an adaptation of delta modulation ( ADM ) in the form of a digital stream, ( datastream) contains information not by audio signal absolute value provided, but by different sampling ( Sample ) value changes identified. By Dolby transform to noise reduction techniques, such as: continuous transformation step and pre-emphasis can greatly improve the adaptation of delta modulation ( ADM ) basic performance.

Dolby AC-2advanced adaptive transmission code used in professional audio transmission and storage, which each channel digital rate of 128 or192day / sec. Narrow band multiplicity of frequency control signal program fully adopted the noise masking superiority, resulting in an efficient reduction rate and high signal transparent effect. In other applications, such as: a long distance transmission, real time (real-time ) recording, mixing and adding storage ( ADR ) are very widely used for connecting remote recording studio or film shooting field. AC =3 is also

used to connect the BBC Transmitter Room and the Dolby DSTLR system core equipment. AC-3 is in the AC-1and AC-2is developed on the basis of multi channel coding technology, to retain the original AC - 2such as window function, exponential transform coding, adaptive bit allocation and many other features, but also a new stereophonic sound channel coding technology strategy for the coupling and rematrix algorithm. In general, the stereo left channel and a right channel signal in the sense of hearing is very similar, there are many repetitive redundancy information, will be the two channel signals combine to be coded, can remove redundant signal and will not affect the original sound quality. Here AC-3array low bit rate and an effective means of.

AC-3PC voice data input, output the compressed digital bit stream. Coding is the first step, using the TDAC ( Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation ) filter the time-domain PC sampling data is transformed into a frequency domain blocks into a series of transform coefficients, each transform coefficient in binary exponential notation, namely an exponent and a mantissa. Exponent part encoded constitutes the entire signal substantially the spectrum, also known as the spectral envelope. Using the spectrum including and shaded by line correlation decision each mantissa bit allocation. Because the bit allocation is adopted in the anterior / posterior to the hybrid adaptive bit allocation and public bit pool technology, which can make the limited rate in the channel between the different frequency components, between the rational allocation of the mantissa; in quantization process, the mantissa is shaking, shaking the pseudo random number generator can be on a different platform to get the same results. By the end of six blocks of the spectral envelope, coarse quantization of the mantissa and the corresponding parameters consisting of AC-3 data frame format, continuous frame merged into a digital stream output.

By the time domain is transformed to the frequency domain block length selection is the exponential transform coding based on. As defined in AC-3two length switching, a512sample value point of the long block, a256sample value point of short block. In the analysis of signal spectrum, to deal with the channel signal blocks cut made longer, so that you can get a better frequency resolution, but also can get higher coding efficiency. But long data block may contain a number of different possible recognition of noise, such as pre-echo. That is to say the ear due to time and frequency exists on the shadowing effect in the exponential transform coding is a contradiction, not at the same time, must plan as a whole processing. For the steady state signal, whose frequency varies with time transform slow, in order to improve the coding efficiency, requirement filter has good frequency resolution, which requires a long block; as for the rapidly changing signal, requires good time resolution, which requires a short block. In the encoder, the input signal after3Hz high-pass filter removes the DC component, and then through a8kHz high-pass filter out high-frequency components, with its energy are compared with a preset threshold, in order to detect the signal transient situation.

AC-3based on the modified discrete cosine transform ( MDCT ) adaptive transform coding ( ATC ) algorithm. Although defined in AC-3 standard MDCT transform, but the actual using a N / 4IFFT ( FFT ), plus two simple Pre-IFFT and Post-IFFT as adjustment, in order to achieve a N IMDCT transform. ATC algorithm is an important consideration is based on auditory masking effect critical band theory, namely in the critical band within a voice to another voice signal shielding effect the most obvious. Therefore, dividing the band filter group to have fast enough to ensure that critical band frequency response, and noise attenuation is large enough,

the time and frequency of noise within the defined in the masking threshold.

The AC-3 encoder bit allocation technique, has been applied widely on the forward and backward adaptive bit allocation rule. Forward adaptive bit allocation method is the encoder calculation, and the bit allocation information explicitly incorporated into the stream of data bits, and is characterized in that the front end of the encoding process uses auditory model, thus modifying the model the receiving side decoding process has no effect; the disadvantage of reducing coding efficiency, because of the need to transfer the bit allocation information while occupying a part effective bits. To the adaptive method did not get encoder clear bit allocation information, but from a digital stream in which the bit allocation information, has the advantages of no occupation of the effective bits, thus has higher transmission efficiency. Its drawback is from received data to calculate the bit allocation, if the calculation is too complex to the rising cost of decoder. In addition, the decoder algorithm also with encoder auditory model change. AC-3using hybrid backward / forward adaptive bit allocation, in enhancing the rate and reduce the cost of strikes a balance between.

AC-3 decoder decoding principle basically is encoded by the reverse process, firstly, the decoder must with the encoded data stream synchronization, and then from a data error correction of digital flow separation control data, system configuration, the encoded spectral envelope and the quantized mantissas and other content, according to the sound spectrum envelope to generate the bit allocation information, the mantissa part of inverse quantization, restoring the transform coefficient exponent and mantissa, after synthesis filter banks, the data from the frequency domain to time domain, the final output of the PCM sample signal reconstruction.

Through the understanding of AC-3, you can see the AC-3technology makes full use of the human ear sensory model, according to the different properties of signal, to take the corresponding effective algorithm, achieved at a high quality under the premise of achieving a higher rate for the intended purpose, is a very efficient and economical digital audio compression system. AC-3 is the American digital television system of mandatory standard, is the European digital television system recommended standard, at the same time, AC-3or DVD system of compulsory standards. At present our country is the development and promotion of digital TV system, all have reasons to believe that AC-3 technology will have a good prospect of application.

Dolby Chun chamber ( About DolbyLaboratoies ) from the analog noise reduction ( analog noisereduction ) to the digital code ( digitalcode ), Dolby has concentrated on rooted in laboratory to ear sound perception based audio processing development. In the process of development, Dolby has always been the emphasis is on the critical listening and tested. Either analog or digital program program, their results are the same, with low cost, greatly improves the efficiency of communication media. In some cases, it also for the improvement of new products, such as: Dolby surround sound ( DolbySurround ) and home theater ( home theater T ) make contribution.

The Dolby laboratory consists of the following components: investment and Technology Development Engineering Department, occupation audio product design and manufacturing sector, experts the organization and distribution of all over the world in the field of support group. Dolby products from companies located in modern American and British manufacturing plant. Lyrics by the world's major consumer electronics manufacturers group; for each license

production of the product prototype ( prototype ) test; examination of worldwide manufacturing facilities; and an integrated circuit ( IC ) manufacturers in close cooperation ( ( / L more than a dozen and Dolby techniques related to integrated circuit manufacturers have license the production of all kinds of product development ).

By Dolby training consultant for world production center to provide advisory services, to help solve the film, video and music broadcast media sound track technical problems. When the technology into the multi-channel digital audio field laboratory, Dolby not only in the technology development in the world and to effectively transfer technology are in the leading position there is nothing comparable to this.

Dolby AC-3( How Dolby AC-3Works principle )

For CD (16bit pulse code modulation ) digital audio code ( digital audio coding ) from the highest volume to the minimum noise floor of the total range is% dB ( ( dB ), the digital audio code based on each channel picked up44100 times / sec16bit sampling ( Sample ) obtained. The volume is too big to economic storage or transmission, especially when you need to use multiple channels is more like this. So, known as a" perceptual code" ( perceptual coding ) is a new generation of digital audio code will emerge as the times require. This new sound code can be at a low code rate to create a minimum decline in quality sense.

Dolby AC-3 is the first design specially for multichannel digital audio perceptual code. It is the only one from the other two successful perceptual code system of Dolby AC-1 and Dolby AC-2 development to reap the benefits of the system, but also from the Dolby of professional and civilian noise reduction systems to reap the benefits of the system. But the two kinds of noise reduction system is essentially a perceptual coding system simulation.

In fact, the Dolby laboratory in noise reduction in the field of extraordinary experience is the important basis of AC-3high efficiency reduction rate: used to describe an audio signal bit less noise, more. Dolby noise reduction techniques can be in the case of an audio signal to reduce the noise, but also in other time to create a strong or masking noise in audio signals. So, it is from the cover is called a hearing masking ( auditory masking ) psychological audio (psychoaudio ) phenomenon benefit. Even in the spectrum of some part of the audio signal, the noise reduction system can reduce the other parts of the noise, therefore, the noise is hardly feel. This is because the audio signal only covers appeared on the adjacent frequency noise.

AC-3's biggest advantage is it can maximize the use of the human auditory masking model. It is based on human auditory frequency selectivity of each track audio spectrum is divided into different sizes of narrow band. Thus, it makes the code noise filtering possible, so that the noise frequency had to be very close to being the code combination frequency part of audio signal. Based on the audio signal masking site code noise of original signal or noise elimination, sound quality can be retained better. In this critical area, like a AC-3 decoder such perceptual code system in noise reduction function is very important, very powerful.

In the Dolby AC-3, along the filter band bit is always based upon the show's special frequency spectrum or dynamic characteristics need distribution. An auditory masking built-in model make code can change its frequency selectivity ( and time ), to ensure that each band are used to describe the audio signal to a sufficient number of bits, so that, the noise can be fully masking.

AC-3can also be determined at the same bit rate bit in each channel of distribution. For

example: this technique enables those with more frequency than the capacity of channel capacity with less channel need more digital or make a channel in the intensity of the sound masking noise in other channels. Dolby AC-3skilled masking patterns and shared bit library arrangement is such a decoder unusual spectrum efficiency. More importantly, when other code system to use a considerable amount of ( and valuable ) data decoder instruction, AC-3 had proportionally more transmission data to show stereo, which means better sound quality. Technically, AC-3 can be in a20Hz to 20, OOOHz + 0 5dB (3Hz and20 3kHz as a3dB ) in the frequency range of at least 20bit dynamic range of digital audio signals. The bass effect channel coverage for20120Hz + 0 5dB (3Hz and121Hz for a3dB )3244.1 and 48kHz sampling rate ( sampling rate ) received support. Mono Digital rate as low as 32000bit / sec, high up to 64000bit / sec, so, taking a greater demand range. The standard AC-3applications include: for5.1 channel Dolby surround digital384000bit / sec civil models for dual channel audio distribution of 192000bit / s mode.

" The sound of music" before power amplifier elements, the fidelity of the system should be able to accurately reproduce the program signal tone, pitch and intensity, should not go out of form, play the music should be bright, clear soprano, Alto High analysis, loud, melodious, bass powerful, flexible, there is enough energy, basically no background noise. A hi-fi system consists of at least a program signal source, a power amplifier and a loudspeaker system of 3 basic parts and assembled, the program source weak output signal is applied to a power amplifier amplifying, driving the speaker, the recorded sound reduction program source. Because the power amplifier in the system plays a crucial role, so its performance in high fidelity systems play a decisive role in the transmission of sound source, shall faithfully given signal, which requires the amplifier circuit to have minimal levels of distortion, wide frequency response and large dynamic range. So, how to measure the power amplifier of the good and bad? From the main amplifier technology index in signal to noise ratio, frequency response, intermodulation distortion, harmonic distortion, transient response, transient intermodulation distortion and damping coefficient and so on, these factors we usually called power amplifier performance elements. (left and right )

Dolby AC-3 surround stereophonic Technology

Dolby AC-3surround sound technology research in high definition color television development, as the next generation of high definition television high quality image of the standard, the corresponding sound also requires a high quality surplus technology to match with it. So, Dolby started a new surround sound system, which experienced by AC-1, AC-2 to AC-3 research process . AC-3is currently the most successful American high definition television audio system, and in 1996 the Atlanta Olympics, respectively, the new. VD ( digital compact disk ) will also be listed as Dolby AC-3sound bend compression standard . AC-3the multi-channel digital audio compression coding technology based on such a principle: a basic multichannel sound child encoder working at the hit bit rate and coding two separate track the desired bit rate is approximately equal to, and at the same time provide multi channel sound quite and avoid the traditional 4-2-4channel matrix system of some restrictions. It uses6 independent channels, including front, front left, front right, left, right after the five full tertiary city channel and a low a channel. Due to overweight low-sounding horn using ultra low

frequency channel of a channel0.1. So the whole system is also known as the independent 5.1channel digital surround sound system.

AC-3 encoder audio input channel using time-domain mixed Sheng offset transformation, transformation from the time domain to the frequency domain, and its output is a set of each channel is the rate coefficient, each transform coefficients are encoded into an exponent and a mantissa, index provides a wide dynamic range, the mantissa with generate quantization noise precision limited by coding. Each channel index is encoded into total signal 's spectrum representation, called spectral envelope, each spectral envelope of the time and spectrum spell rate is associated with the signal. The resolution of spectrum from 93Hz to750Hz changes, by signal determines temporal resolution from 5 3MS to32ms change. Determine a spectral envelope of time and a rate resolution algorithm is unique . AC-3AC-3encoder encoder such a spectrum envelope by using the same information, the receiver may be used in decoding, this form is used as the quantized transform coefficients and determine the bit allocation of the route.

On the pitch signal each pick up rate of Tong bit allocation is a key part of design of encoder . AC-3hybrid backward / forward adaptive bit allocation. As with the prior to the bit allocation, the encoder calculation this bit allocation and directly encoded into a bitstream for distribution; as to the bit allocation, bit allocation by the coded data calculation. The encoder can compare if the core program results make it to a desired distribution. If can achieve a better matching, the encoder can deny themselves and decoder in both the core bit allocation change; when change the parameters can not achieve the desired distribution, the encoder can directly send the bit allocation information.

AC-3decoder performs the opposite function of the encoder. Input serial data is multiplexed demodulation to generate T mantissa, a spectral envelope and the bit allocation information of edge. Tertiary spectrum envelope is decoded and bit distribution calculation. In the mantissa inverse quantization, they have the same index portfolio formation frequency coefficient. These are the rate coefficients are inverse transform original recording sound quite signal. Its audio output form the various manufacturers of products may be different, but must have5.1 channels, and the advantage of AC-3's unique use of the mixing technology converted two-channel output mode.

AC-3 digital audio format in 1991May has started in the United States for the movie, once as" Star Trek"," bats man returns" films such as digital surround sound . In 1995, China imported ten big movies, such as" true lies"," life and death"," Agam" speed" etc. by Dolby AC-3surround sound system . AC-3way, already available DVD decoder.

Dolby AC-3surround stereophonic technology information of high quality, stereo image can not only on the left and the right, before and after the exercise, but also in a diagonal direction of motion, the scene feeling than the other surround systems more strongly, true, together with its strong compatibility, and good prospect. With the development of HDTV and home theater popularity, Dolby AC-3surround stereo system will gradually into your home!

杜比实验室谈杜比

作者:泰格尔

多声道感性编码

杜比AC-3是一种在效率、质量和多功能方面具有空前效果的感性数码音响编码技术。从1992年开始,它已经为电影院提供了多声道数码音响系统并在1994年实现了进入两声道IBS的应用。它在磁带和碟式家庭影视系统中传输多声道数码环绕声的功能方面已经给消费电子工业提供了特别的兴奋。在美国,高清晰度电视(HDTV)的播放选中了杜比的这种数码环绕声传输,估计1996年将投入试验性播放。

许多已经宣布的和潜在的应用技术的测试表明,杜比AC-3解码器具有非同寻常的多功能性。AC-3不是一种单一呆板的系统,而是一种采用可以使诸如比特率和声道数这类参数能适应不同特殊应用的灵活程序处理家族。各类型的所有解码器都以相同的工作原理为基础,并在设计上充分考虑到了将来需要的兼容性和适应性。具有重要意义的是,杜比AC-3将高质量的音响与卓越的数码率效率非常完美的结合起来。由于杜比实验室二十多年来专注于人耳听觉的研究,在开发信号程序领域内积累了丰富的经验,所以,虽然AC-3能以比在CD盘上一个声道更低的比特率创造多声道环绕声,但是,它却能使音响质量完全满足聆听者的期望。

多声道音响:过去现在和将来

30年代,著名的贝尔实验室开始使用三声道立体声音响。50年代,当立体声音响进入公共电影时,它所使用的声道在四个以上,有时甚至达到七个声道以上。几年后,立体声进入家庭时,由于所有的留声唱片只能与双声道匹配,所以家庭留声器也只能采用双声道播放,这种技术上的局限性,可不是聆听者普遍将双声道立体声当作家庭音响的选择标准。

但电影制造商一直将声道1(左置,右置,中置)和环绕声道2看作是一种令人信服的生动声场的最低需要。这可以从70年代末,八十年代时期电影业广泛采用杜比立体声来录制电影中证实,杜比立体声的原理是,让四声道矩阵编码输入两条光学声轨,然后用一种恰当的音响程序处理器将其恢复成四声道矩阵编码重放出来。

当杜比立体声影片转换成双声道音频信号时,四声道编码保留了配音完整性,从80年代初开始,杜比环绕声已使多声道的解码进入了家庭时代,今天,成千上万的家庭音响都配有杜比环绕声系统,事实上,多声道环绕系统的音响的销售量已经远远超越了双声道立体声系统的销售量,目前,杜比环绕声已经广泛应用于电影,电视以及专放音乐的CD录音棚中,并其伴随的家庭杜比环绕系统在市场上迅猛发展。

随着多声道音响在消费电子领域内的迅速成长,一种更为先进的技术诞生了,该技术的诞生是无可比拟的,它具有模拟现实感的声音效果,同时可以满足各种各样听音条件和高需求下无法想象的适应性,这便是杜比AC-3解码技术,杜比AC-3解码器的成功开发与应用,是世界电声业的一大成就。

杜比AC-3的由来

1987年,高清晰电视频道在美国已经开始正式成为标准工艺,它的音响声轨首次采

用将四声道矩阵编码转换成用于传输的数字代码双声道立体声。但是,到了1990年,为了避免音响矩阵受到影响,四声道或者是多声道立体声的组合配置看成是最佳的配置。由于受到当时技术的限制,这样布置的话不得不至少增加一档比特率。

正是在这种情况下,杜比AC-3便诞生了。它的优点是仅需两个独立立体声多一点的代码率就能实现多声道音响代码的动作。杜比的先进适应传输的代码技术,如杜比AC-2解码器已经为杜比AC-3的成功开发铺平了道路,但复杂多声道代码还需要进一步研究,其中包括一种新型的比特分配技术。

杜比实验室是由瑞米尔顿杜比博士建立的。杜比博士1933年生于美国俄勒冈州波特兰市,成长于旧金山湾区。他16岁还在高中读书时,就在Ampex公司打工。该公司是美国最早生产磁带录制设备的厂家之一。稍后,他负责开发该公司研制的世界上第一台实用录像机的电子电路部分。

1957年杜比自斯坦福大学毕业,获得英国剑桥大学提供的马歇尔奖学金,研究长波段X光。1961年他获得物理学博士学位。1963年,他接受联合国任命前往印度担任为期两年的顾问。

作为一个业余录音爱好者,杜比博士多年以来认识到在磁带上录制音频或视频信号时本底噪声对录制质量的损坏。在印度时他开始认真地思考一种降低噪声而又不损害录制质量的办法。他的这些探索成为后来杜比A降噪,B降噪和C降噪系统的基础。

1965年回到英国后,他在伦敦建立了自己的实验室用以实施他在印度时想到的方案。1968年成立了以“杜比实验室”命名的公司。尽管在公司成立的前10年,工作的中心在英国,但它一直是一家美国公司。1976年后,公司的主要工作转移到旧金山。

1965年,第一台杜比A型降噪器(A代表音频Audio)生产了出来。该系统的设计能针对多种音频降噪应用,尤其是可以解决录音棚中录制母带时磁带录音机产生的噪声。到1966年为止,已经有好几种降噪技术问世,但它们都多少要损害录音质量。因此杜比博士当时面临的困难是如何使业内人士和潜在客户相信他的技术。那时,多轨录音机,从4轨,8轨,16轨到24轨,开始应用,当多轨录制的磁带进行混音时,其混录的两轨母带噪声电平比双轨直接录制的母带要高很多。

1966年1月,Decca唱片公司英国部认为杜比A型降噪器确能如杜比博士所描述地那样发挥作用,于是定购了9台杜比A301A型降噪器,首次应用于1966年5月在维也纳录制阿什肯那齐演奏的莫扎特的一些钢琴协奏曲。1966年11月,Decca出版了第一张应用杜比A型降噪器录制的唱片-由索尔第指挥的马勒第二交响曲。

随后,录音行业开始承认并大量使用杜比A型降噪系统。一开始只用于录古典音乐,当多轨录音技术推广后,便得以更广泛的应用。不久,全世界专业和非专业人士都开始将“杜比”与高质量录音联系在一起。

随着希望将杜比发明的降噪技术用于民品录音机的呼声的不断升高,在一家美国商用磁带录音机制造商KLH公司的敦促下,1967年4月杜比实验室开始研制更实用的民用降噪技术,起初称为“简化杜比系统”,后来成为广为人知的杜比B型降噪技术。在杜比B降噪技术的开发接近完成时,杜比博士作出决定,杜比实验室将不生产民用音频产品或称消费电子产品,而是向厂家授权杜比的技术,再由已经很成熟的厂家进行应用生产。到1974年底,杜比实验室的授权厂家已达47家,包括了所有消费类音响器材的主要生产厂家。

此后,杜比实验室开发了一系列的技术:C型降噪,SR(频谱录音),S型降噪,HXPro,杜比立体声,杜比环绕,杜比定向逻辑,AC-1,AC-2,杜比数字(AC-3),杜比E。这些技术被广泛应用于专业及民用音响器材,电影录音,影院回放设备,数字广播等方面。

除了设在旧金山的总部,杜比实验室目前在世界各地建立了分支机构或联络办事处:洛杉矶,伍顿巴赛(英国),伦敦,布里斯班,纽约,东京,上海,北京,香港。

AC-3多声道构架

杜比环绕(Dolby Surround)是原来杜比多声道电影模拟格式的消费类版本。在制作杜比环绕声轨时,4个声道——左、中、右和环绕声道的音频信息经矩阵编码后录制在两路声轨上。这两路声轨可以由立体声格式的节目源如录像带及电视广播节目所携带并进入到家庭,经解码后原有4个声道的信息得以还原并产生环绕声。成百上千的家庭录像带以及许多电视节目是经杜比环绕编码的。”杜比环绕(Dolby Surround)作为最初级的环绕声标准,提供了4个声道的环绕声支持。

杜比环绕与DTS环绕具有的相近之处在于它们都是属于有损的数字压缩技术。这种称为“感性的”数据压缩技术是基于人类心理声学上所具备的听音特性——对于高电平的声音敏感,而屏蔽其它不敏感的声音开发而来的。

由于杜比立体声是一种采用编码技术的数字化立体声,而解码技术上采用了一种方向识别电路或定向逻辑电路,因此凡是使用杜比公司这种电路技术的声就称为杜比定向逻辑声;具有杜比公司专有的特定解码技术的解码器就称为杜比定向逻辑解码器。

当然,只有使用带杜比下向逻辑功能的A V放大器,播放按杜比声方式录制的软件时,才能听到真正的高保真数字式立体声效果。

杜比数字系统一般将5.1声道声轨压缩到384bps,而有些光盘使用448bps,最高可以到640bps;DTS通常使用大得多的比特率——1536bps。如果其他条件全都相同,则比特越多音质就越好,这种说法对不对?不幸的是,对这个问题的回答并不那么容易,因为Dolby Digital(缩写为DD)和DTS的数据压缩电路是各不相同的。例如,一个编码效率很低的信号,即使其比特率很高,也只是白白浪费比特和光盘空间,而不会改善音质。一旦一个系统被称为是“透明的”,提高比特率也不会使它改善音质。此外由于DTS 比特率高于杜比,需要占用更多的空间,如果遇到DVD盘片容量限制,可能会对图像质量产生不利的影响,或者不得不增加额外一张光盘。

杜比定向逻辑环绕声(Dolby Pro Logic)是杜比公司开发的环绕声系统。它是把四声道立体声在录制时通过特定的编码手段合成为两声道,即将原来的左声道(L)、右声道(R)、中置声道(C)、环绕声道(S)的4个信号,经编码后合成为LT、RT复合双声道信号,重放时通过解码器将已编码的双声道复合信号LT和RT还原为编码的左、右、中、环绕四个互不干犹的独立信号,经放大后分别输入左音箱、右音箱、中置音箱和环绕音箱。

为了放音对称起见,环绕音箱采用了左环绕和右环绕音箱,分别从放大器输出,所以商业上把杜比定向逻辑环绕声的输出称为五声道。但因左、右环绕声音箱接在一个声道上,输出的是相同的环绕声道信息,故实质上仍旧是四声道。商业上也有六声道和七声道的杜比定向逻辑AV放大器。所谓六声道是将中央声道用两个放大线路输出,分别接在左中置音箱和右中置音箱上。但左、右中置音箱接在一个中置声道上,故实质上也是四声道。七声道则是将环绕声声道分成四个通道输出,即左后置环绕声、右后置环绕声,并分别采用四个环绕音箱,这就成了七声道输出。但是七声道输出的四个环绕音箱都接在一个环绕声道上,也只能算四声道输出。因此带杜比定向逻辑解码器的AV放大器不管是五声道输出、六声道输出或七声道输出,实质上都是四声道。杜比定向逻辑环绕声的左、中、右三个声道的频率范围能达到20-20000Hz,即可满足全音域的要求,但环绕声声道的频率范围比较窄,只有100-7000Hz。

杜比定向逻辑Ⅱ的解码是将经杜比环绕编码的信号(2/0信号)恢复为5.1声道的解

码方式,这是在杜比定向逻辑的基础上发展起来的新制式,简单来说,定向逻辑II在环绕声道频响及由单声道变为立体声这两方面改进最大,其次是在主声场(左、中、右三声场)方面也作了较大的改进。未经杜比编码处理的立体声信号采用杜比定向逻辑Ⅱ解码也有一定的效果。

杜比E是专为数字电视广播传送和后期制作而设计的一种专业级音频编码系统。利用杜比E技术,一个AES/EBU信道就可以传送多达8个声道的高质量音频数码流,同时还可以加载杜比数字的控制数据信号(常称为metadata,包括杜比数字的声道模式、动态范围类型、输出电平自动调节参数等,以确保用户能正确播放杜比数字节目)。杜比E以其先进的编码算法和较高的数据传输率,能保证数字电视的音频信号经历多达10个循环的编码-解码或其它编辑过程,而不会造成音质的劣化。杜比E的音频可以与各种格式的视频信号良好的匹配,不会因视频干扰导致盲音、声音的毛刺或其它失真。杜比E的音频帧与视频帧在时序上完全对应,可以实现精确的音视频一体化编辑。更为重要的是,利用这种新型编码技术,现有的广播电视系统不经大规模改造就能传播多声道的数字电视音频信号,从而大大降低了系统成本。

杜比E的主要应用场合是在数字电视台站中间的传送,从一个地方电视台通过卫星将节目传送到另一个地方电视台。杜比E在输送到发射终端时会被转换为PCM 音频,然后再编码成杜比数字信号,传送到千家万户。因此消费者在家中不可能直接收到杜比E信号,而只能接收到5.1声道的杜比数字信号。为了避免将两者相混淆,通常将杜比E叫做传送编码系统,而将杜比数字叫做发射编码系统。

杜比E的标准数据传输率是1.92Mbits/sec(针对20bit/48kHz的音频信号),典型的工作模式是“5.1+2”,即用六个声道传送5.1声道环绕声信号,另两个声道传送双声道的矩阵编码信号(如杜比定向逻辑环绕声)或双声道的立体声信号。也可工作在其它模式下,如带有两路单声道信号的“5.1+1+1”模式、三路立体声信号的“3×2"模式和六路单声道信号的“6×1"模式等。杜比目前的版本支持29.97fps 帧频(NTSC制式,PAL制式为25fps)、20bit字长和48kHz采样频率的音频信号,将来的版本会支持25fps、16bit或24bit的音频信号。

AC-3的传送形式

以AC-3为基础的传输系统进人更广泛的应用领域在技术上是可行的。在本世纪结束之前,几种以AC-3为基础的应用技术将进.人商业性生产。

高清晰度电视(HDTV)是宣布使用AC-3代码的第一种应用技术。Grand Alliance已经选择了美国开发的这种技术。为其高清晰度电视系统提供数码环绕声并将在1996年亚特兰大奥林匹克运动会上首次将其作为媒体传播手段。

由于AC-3的效果和其可以与高清晰度电视匹配的标准特点,所以,数码缆电视系统也是AC-3的自然候选人。首次试验性传输已于1994年末进行。由于目前可获的节目既能使用单声、立体声也能使用带矩阵环绕(matrix - surround)的立体声所以,一种AC-3双声道用的解码器就已经开发出来了。而当多声道数码节目投人传输时,具有高功能的转换器(converter)将创造一种合成立体声向下混音的效果。

一向作为家庭影院最高质量影像之源的影碟((LD)已经作为杜比环绕声数码多声道音响的范例展示出来。用AC-3比特流(bit stream)替代调频声道中的一个声道,使立体声脉冲代码调制(PCM)的数码音响可以与调频声轨中的单声道相互配合,从而使其可以与现存的任何播放器兼容。

与电缆一样,DBS和DAB是利用AC-3实现频谱效果、质量和多声道功能独特配合

的首选。第一种使用AC-3的DBS系统已于1994年推出它可以为商业机构提供一种通过单传输器传输多达120个立体声音乐声道的传输系统。

其他领域的应用技术包括适用于医疗用遥测装置的极低比特率代码正在开发中。潜在的使用者和系统的开发者可与杜比实验室联系,以便获得AC-3技术支持。

AC-3集成电路

杜比环绕声数码的主要技术进展是罗兰(Irap)公司IR38000,这是一种可以执行AC-3解码器解码的单芯片数字声场处理器(DSP)。它首次用于第二代杜比立体声数码影院的解码单元中。

一种由罗兰公司开发,成本更低,特别适用于消费电子器材并同时也能提供程序逻辑解码(Pro Logic decoding)的AC-3解码器集成电路于1994年中期推出。这是一种双声道芯片集成电路,可运用于诸如有线电视的顶级解码器等场合。其他的半导体制造商也已经或准备供应AC-3解码器的集成电路。

杜比和数码

AC-3是杜比实验室开发的第三代感性代码系统。每种代码系统都将一种特殊的心理音响(psycho acoustics)知识与先进的数码信号处理技术很好地结合起来。

AC-1最初由澳大利亚广播公司于1985年用于其DBS系统。或许部分地是由于AC-1解码器成本低廉的原故,它一出现就被广泛应用于其他DBS的服务,卫星通讯网和数码“有线广播”系统。根据其不同的应用,每个声道的数码率可以为220-325位/秒。作为一种适配性delta调制(ADM)的形式,数码流(datastream)所包含的信息不是由音响信号的绝对值提供,而是由不同取样(Sample)值的变化确定。由杜比降噪改造而来的技术,如:连续变换步长和预增强可以大大改善适配性delta调制(ADM)的基本性能。

杜比AC-2将先进的适配性传输代码运用于专业声频传输与储存上,它每个声道的数码率为128或192位节/秒。窄频带相重数中的频控信号程序充分采用了噪声掩蔽的优越性,从而造成一种高效率的降码率和高信号透明效果。在其他应用中,如:长距离传输、实时(real-time)录制、混音和加法寄存(ADR)中都非常广泛地用于联接远距离录制演播厅或电影地拍摄场。AC-3也是用于连接广播公司广播室和发射机的杜比DSTLR系统的核心设备。

AC-3是在AC-1和AC-2基础上发展起来的多通道编码技术,保留了原AC-2中如窗函数处理、指数变换编码、自适应比特分配等许多特点,还新增了运用立体声多声道的编码技术策略的coupling和rematrix算法。一般而言,立体声的左声道和右声道的信号在听觉上十分相似,存在着许多重复的冗余信息,将这两个声道的信号联合起来加以编码,便可除去冗余的信号且不会影响原来的音质。这里AC-3阵低码率的又一个有效的手法。

AC-3输入PC声音数据,输出压缩后的数码流。编码的第一步是,运用TDAC (Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation)滤波器把时域内的PC取样数据变换成频域内成块的一系列变换系数,每个变换系数以二进制指数形式表示,即由一个指数和一个尾数构成。指数部分经编码后构成了整个信号大致的频谱,又被称为频谱包络。用频谱包括和遮蔽由线的相关性决定每个尾数的比特分配。由于比特分配中采用了前/后向混合自适应比特分配以及公共比特池等技术,因而可使有限的码率在各声道之间、不同的频率分量之间获得合理的分配;在对尾数的量化过程中,可对尾数进行抖晃处理,抖晃所使用的伪随机数生器的可在不同的平台上获得相同的结果。最后由六个块的频谱包络、粗量化的尾数及相应的参数组成AC-3数据帧格式,连续的帧汇成数码流输出。

由时域变换到频域的块长度的选择是指数变换编码的基础。在AC-3中定义了两种长度切换,一种是512个样值点的长块,一种是256个样值点的短块。在信号频谱分析时,对要处理的声道信号块区截取得越长越好,这样可以得到较好的频率分辨力,同时也能得到较高的编码效率。但是较长的数据块可能包含了一些不同一些可能被识别的噪音,如pre-echo。也就是说人耳因时间和频率上存在的遮蔽效应在进行指数变换编码时是有矛质的,不能同时兼顾,必须统筹处理。对于稳态信号,其频率随时间变换缓慢,为提高编码效率,要求滤波器组有好的频率分辨力,即要求一个长区块;而对于快速变化的信号,则要求好的时间分辨力,即要求一个短区块。在编码器中,输入信号在经过3Hz高通滤波器去除直流成分后,再经过一个8kHz的高通滤波器取出高频成分,用其能量与预先设定的阈值相比较,以检测信号的瞬变情况。

AC-3采用基于改良离散余弦变换(MDCT)的自适应变换编码(ATC)算法。虽然在AC-3标准中定义了MDCT变换,但是实际采用一个N/4点的IFFT(快速傅立叶变换),再加上两个简单的Pre-IFFT和Post-IFFT作为调整,以实现一个N点的IMDCT变换。ATC算法的一个重要考虑是基于听觉遮蔽效应的临界频带理论,即在临界频带内一个声音对另一个声音信号的遮蔽效应最明显。因此,划分频带的滤波器组要有足够迅速的频率响应,以此保证临界频带外的噪声衰减足够大,使时域和频率内的噪声限定在遮蔽阈值以下。

在AC-3编码器的比特分配技术中,采用了应用广泛的前向和后向自适应比特分配法则。前向自适应方法是编码器计算比特分配,并把比特分配信息明确地编入数据比特流中,其特点是在前端编码过程中使用听觉模型,因此修改模型对接收侧解码过程没有影响;其缺点是降低编码效率,因为要传送比特分配信息而占用了一部分有效比特。后向自适应方法没有得到编码器明确的比特分配信息,而是从数码流中产生比特分配信息,优点是不占用有效比特,因此有更高的传输效率。其缺点是要从接收的数据中计算比特分配,如果计算太复杂会使解码器的成本升高。此外,解码器的算法也会随着编码器听觉模型的改变而改变。AC-3采用混合前向/后向自适应比特分配,在提高码率和降低成本间取得了平衡。

AC-3解码器的解码原理基本上是编码的逆向过程,首先解码器必须与编码数据流同步,然后从经过数据纠错校验的数码流中分离出控制数据、系统配置参数、编码后的频谱包络及量化后的尾数等内容,根据声音的频谱包络产生比特分配信息,对尾数部分进行反量化,恢复变换系数的指数和尾数,再经过合成滤波器组,把数据由频域变换到时域,最后输出重建的PCM样值信号。

通过对AC-3的了解,可以看到AC-3技术充分利用人耳的感官模型,针对不同性质的信号,采取了相应有效的算法,达到了在保证较高音质的前提下实现较高码率的预期目的,是一种非常高效而又经济的数字音频压缩系统。AC-3是美国数字电视系统的强制标准,是欧洲数字电视系统的推荐标准,同时,AC-3还是DVD系统的强制标准。目前我国正在发展和推广数字电视系统,所有有理由相信AC-3技术会有一个不错的应用前景。

杜比实骏室(About DolbyLaboratoies)从模拟降噪(analog noisereduction)到数码代码(digitalcode),杜比实验室始终潜心专攻植根于以人耳感受声音为基础的音频处理的开发。在开发的过程中,杜比始终将强调的重点等同地放在关键性听音和进行测试上。不管是模拟程序或是数码程序,它们的结果都一样,以低成本为代价,大大地改善了传播媒体的效率。在某些情况下,它还为改进新产品系列,如:杜比环绕声(DolbySurround)和家庭影院(home theater)作出巨大贡献。

杜比实验室由下述部门组成:投资和技术开发工程部门、职业音响产品设计与制造部

门、专家试听组织和分布在世界各地的实地支持小组。杜比的产品由公司设在美国和英国的现代工厂制造。试听由世界各主要消费电子制造商组织;对每种许可证生产产品的样机(prototype)进行测试;检查世界各地的制造设施;与集成电路(IC)制造商密切合作((十几家与杜比技术有关的集成电路制造商已经许可生产了各类开发产品)。

由杜比培训的咨询专家可以为世界各地的生产中心提供咨询服务,帮助解决电影、录像广播和音乐媒体多声道轨的技术问题。当技术进人多声道数码音响领域时,杜比实验室不仅在技术的开发上而且在向世界有效地转让技术上都处于无可比拟的领先地位。

杜比AC-3的工作原理(How Dolby AC-3 Works)

用于CD片(16比特脉冲代码调制)的数码音频代码(digital audio coding)从最高音量到最低噪声底的总范围为%分贝((dB),这种数码音响代码是通过对每个声道拾取44,100次/秒16比特取样(Sample)获得的。这个量是太大了而无法经济地储存或传输,特别是当需要采用多声道时更是这样。所以,一种称为“感性代码”(perceptual coding)的新一代数码音响代码就应运而生了。这种新型的音响代码可以以低的数码率创造最低音质下降感。

杜比AC-3是第一种设计来专门用于多声道数码音频的感性代码。它是唯一从另两种成功的感性代码系统杜比AC-1和杜比AC-2的开发中获得好处的系统,也是从杜比专业和民用降噪系统中获得好处的系统。而这两种降噪系统本质上讲是一种模拟的感性代码系统。

事实上,杜比实验室在声音降噪领域内超乎寻常的经验是AC-3高效率减码率的重要基础:用于描述一种音频信号的比特越少,噪声就越大。杜比的降噪技术可以在无音频信号的情况下降低噪声,同时也可以在其他时间创造强有力的或掩蔽噪声的音频信号。这样,它就从覆盖了一种被称为听觉掩蔽(auditory masking)的心理音频(psychoaudio)现象中获得了好处。即使是在频谱的某些部分出现音频信号,这种降噪系统都可以降低其他部分的噪声,所以,噪声便很难被感觉到。这是由于音频信号仅仅覆盖出现在相邻频率的噪声。

AC-3的最大优越性是它可以最大限度地利用人的听觉掩蔽优点。它依据人听觉对频率的选择性将每个声道的音频频谱分进不同尺寸的窄频带。这样,它就使代码噪声的过滤成为可能,以使噪声频率不得不非常接近正在代码的音频信号组合的频率部位。通过对那些无音频信号掩蔽部位代码噪声的降噪或消噪,原信号的音质就可以更好地保留。在这一关键领域内,一种象AC-3解码器这样的感性代码系统在降噪功能方面就显得十分重要,十分强而有力。

在杜比AC-3中,沿过滤频带的比特总是根据节目的特殊频率频谱或动态特点的需要分布的。一种听觉掩蔽的内置模型使代码器能改变其频率的选择性(以及时间处理),以确保每个频带内存在用于描述音频信号的足够数量的比特,这样,噪声就可以充分掩蔽了。

AC-3也可以决定在相同比特率中的比特如何在各个声道中分布。例如:这种技术使那些具更多频率容量的声道比容量较少的声道需要更多的数码或使一个声道中力度大的音响掩蔽其他声道中的噪声。杜比AC-3技术精良的掩蔽模式和共用比特库安排是这种解码器超乎寻常的频谱效率的关键。更重要的是,当其他代码系统不得不使用相当数量的(和宝贵的)数据执行解码器的指令时,AC-3却能按比例地使用更多的传输数据去表现音响,而这就意味着更好的音质。

从技术上讲,AC-3可以在一种20Hz到20, OOOHz的0.5dB(3Hz和20.3kHz时为一3dB )的频率范围内处理至少20比特动态范围的数码音频信号。低音效果声道的覆盖范围为20到120Hz的0.5dB(3Hz和0.121Hz时为一3dB) 3244.1和48kHz的取样率(sampling

rate)得到了支持。单声道的数码率范围低达32000位/秒,高达64000位/秒,所以,包揽了更大的需求范围。AC-3的标准应用包括:用于5. 1声道杜比环绕数码的384000位/秒的民用模式和用于双声道音频分配的192000位/秒模式。

“音响音乐”功率放大器前诸要素,高保真系统要能够准确地重现节目信号的音色、音调和音强,不应走样,播放出的音乐应该是高音明亮、清晰,中音解析力高、宏亮、悠扬,低音浑厚有力、有弹性、有足够的能量,基本无背景噪声.一个高保真系统至少由节目信号源、功率放大器和扬声器系统3个基本部分组合而成,节目信号源微弱的输出信号加到功率放大器上进行放大后,推动扬声器,还原节目源所记录的声音。由于功率放大器在整个系统中起着承前启后的关键作用,所以其性能在高保真系统中具有举足轻重的地位,应如实地传输声源给出的信号,这就要求放大器的各级电路要有极小的失真度、很宽的频响和足够大的动态范围。那么,如何衡量功率放大器的好与坏呢?主要应从放大器技术指标中的信噪比、频率响应、互调失真、谐波失真、瞬态响应、瞬态互调失真和阻尼系数等方面着眼,这些因素我们通常称为功率放大器的性能要素。(左右)

杜比AC-3环绕立体声技术

杜比AC-3环绕立体声技术的研究始于高清晰度彩色电视的开发,作为下一代高清晰度电视具有高质量的图像标准,相应的声音也要求有高质盈的技术与之相匹配。于是,杜比公司开始了新的环绕声系统的研究,其中间经历了由AC-1, AC-2到AC-3的研究过程。AC-3是目前较成功的美国高清晰度彩电的音频系统方案,并在1996年的亚特兰大奥运会上试播,最新的。VD(数码小影碟)也将杜比AC-3列为音倾压缩标准.AC-3这种多声道数字音频压缩编码技术基于这样一个原则:一个基本多声道音孩编码器工作时所擂的比特率与编码两个单独道所需的比特率近似相同,且同时提供多声道音颇并避免传统的4-2-4声道矩阵系统的一些限制。它采用6个相对独立的声道,包括前中、前左、前右、后左、后右五个全叔城声道和一个超低颇声道。由于超重低音喇叭所使用的超低频声道只相当于一个声道的0.1。故整个系统也称为独立5.1声道数码环绕声系统。

AC-3编码器音频输入信道采用时域混盛抵消变换,从时域变换到频域,其输出是每个声道的一组颇率系数,每个变换系数被编码成一个指数和一个尾数,指数提供一个宽的动态范围,尾数用产生量化噪声所限定的精度编码。每个声道指数被编码成总信号叔谱的表示形式,称之为频谱包络,每个频谱包络的时间和频谱分拼率是同信号关联的。频谱分辨率从93Hz到750Hz间变化,由信号决定时间分辨率从5.3ms到32ms间变化。确定颇谱包络的时间和颇率分辨率的算法是AC-3编码器独有的。AC-3编码器解码这种颇谱包络所使用的同样信息,在接收机中可使用,这种解码形式被用作量化变换系数及确定比特分配的荃准。

对音感信号各个掇率分童的比特分配是编码器设计的一个关健部分。AC-3采用混合前向/后向自适应比特分配。如用前向比特分配,编码器计算这种比特分配并直接编码分配成比特流;如用后向比特分配,比特分配由编码数据计算。编码器可比较若于核心程序的结果使其到一个理想的分配。如果可认实现一个更优的匹配,编码器可认使自身和解码器两者中的核心比特分配改变;当改变参数不能达到理想分配时,编码器可直接发送比特分配信息。

AC-3解码器完成编码器的相反功能.输入串行数据被复用解调产生t化尾数、颇谱包络及比特分配边缘信息。叔谱包络被解码并进行比特分配计算。在尾数反量化之后,它们同指数组合形成频率系数。这些颇率系数被逆变换再生原始的音颇信号。其音频输出形式各个厂家的产品可能有所不同,但是都必须具备5.1声道,及利用AC-3特有的的用缩混技术转换而成的双声道输出方式。

电子信息工程专业课程翻译中英文对照表

电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 (2009级培养计划)

实践环节翻译

高等数学Advanced Mathematics 大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论 和“三个代表”重要思想 概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 (就业指导) Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave

浅谈对电子信息工程专业的认识

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2. 应用电子信息工程技术的现实意义 在当前经济的发展趋势下,已经逐渐朝向全球化方向发展,与此同时国内的电子信息技术水平也得到了显著提升,然而,由于国内的电子信息业务长期以来受到各个方面的制约,从某种程度上来看会对其深入发展产生很多的不良影响。当前中国大多数公司均选用全新的科技方案加强对电子信息工程技术的研发力度。伴随着科技发展力度的不断提高,电子信息产业已经变成了信息化社会发展的主要力量,现阶段提高对电子商务的研发力度,并占据更多的行业影响份额已经变成了各个公司发展的首要目标。对于国内众多企业的发展而言,在其内部创建科技化、自动化的管理系统,可以积极提升管理工作的效率。在时代背景的影响下能够得到一定的发展,加大力度促进产业优化,在信息技术的指引下提高产业化结构,增强企业综合竞争实力,为国内经济的稳定发展贡献力量. 3. 电子信息工程技术的使用以及相关措施 3.1 在工程造价管理中的应用 现阶段,在工程造价管理的过程中已经对该项技术有了广泛的应用,在管理时将互联网作为发展载体,并在内外部创建交流系统,与此同时研发并创建出先进的自动化技术,做好工程造价管理的相关工作;除此之外,也可在该项技术的帮助下显著提升工程

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英语原文: Life of LED-Based White Light Sources The interest for using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for display and illumination applications has been growing steadily over the past few years. The potential for long life and reduced energy use are two key attributes of this rapidly evolving technology that have generated so much interest for its use in the above mentioned applications. Traditionally, the lamp life of light sources commonly used in illumination applications is determined by subjecting them to a predetermined on/off cycle until half the number of light sources cease to produce light. Unlike these sources, LEDs rarely fail catastrophically; instead, their light output slowly degrades over time. Even if an LED is technically operating and producing light, at some point the amount of light produced by the LED will be insufficient for the intended application. Therefore, the life of an LED should be based on the amount of time that the device can produce sufficient light for the intended application,rather than complete failure. Based on this argument, a recent publication from an industry group defines the life of an LED device or system for use in general lighting applications as the operating time, in hours, for the light output to reach 70% of its initial value. The most widely used white LEDs incorporate a layer of phosphor over a GaN-based, short-wavelength light emitter. Usually, the phosphor is embedded inside an epoxy resin that surrounds the LED die. Some portion of the short-wavelength radiation emitted by the LED is down-converted by the phosphor, and the combined radiation creates white light.Early white LEDs were packaged similar to the indicator-style colored LEDs, specifically 5 mm and SMD (surface mount devices). Although these products demonstrated the concept of a white light source, they did not produce sufficient light for display and illumination applications. Furthermore, these indicator-style white LEDs had a relatively short life, 5000–10 000h to reach 70% light level under normal operating conditions. To address the higher luminous flux requirements, manufacturers have started to commercialize high-power illuminator LEDs that are presently producing over one hundred times the flux compared to indicator-style white LEDs. The higher light output is

浅谈电子信息工程技术的发展和应用

? 53 ? ELECTRONICS WORLD?探索与观察 浅谈电子信息工程技术的发展和应用 大连市育明高级中学 孟子函【摘要】二十一世纪,信息产业非常火爆,这是因为它促进了科技智能化,使人类实现了高度的发展。在网络技术和电子工程技术飞速发展的今天,高科技的电子信息工程技术跟我们的生活息息相关。鉴于此,我们应当对电子信息工程技术的发展及其应用有一个基本的了解,只有这样,我们才懂得怎样更好地利用该项技术去服务社会,以及更好地为建设现代化而努力奋斗。 【关键词】电子信息工程技术;发展;应用 1.电子信息工程的发展现状 随着科技的进步,电子信息工程技术的应用范围已越来越广,因其便捷的功能也越来越受到人们的重视,对人们生活的影响也更加大。但是电子信息工程技术在应用过程中,出现了许多问题,而这些问题的出现在一定程度上不利于电子信息工程技术各功能更好地发挥。从我国目前电学信息工程技术实际情况来看,我国处于发展阶段,其在挖掘核心技术潜力上有极大的发展空间。但目前我国电子信息工程的核心技术在应用能力上有限,因此需借鉴发达国家先进的科学成果,这就对我国电子信息工程技术的发展形成了限制。此外,缺乏相关电子信息工程技术的专业人才,影响了我国电子信息工程技术的创新和发展。而政府在电子信息工程技术上的投入力度不够,导致我国此方面技术发展缓慢,极大的限制了电子信息工程技术发展和应用范围的扩大。 2.电子信息工程技术的应用 2.1 农业方面的应用 将电子信息工程技术应用于农业中,让农业机械朝着智能化、科技化、网络化方向发展。在复杂型的农业机械中,通常都装置了一些与计算机终端相连的规范型电子控制单元,很大程度上提高了农业技术的监测和调控,使其操作更为便捷。如图1所示,该图为农业大田远程监测系统,此系统运用电子信息工程技术进行监测金额控制。在电子信息工程技术的基础上进行设计,能更为快速的判断出外界环境,同时可按照人所设定的步骤有序进行操作,不仅节省了物力,还节省了人力。我国农业占比很大,在农业中应用电子信息工程技术有效促进我国农业的 发展,提高效率,于我国社会经济的整体发展而言有着重大的意义。 图1 农业大田远程监测系统 2.2 军事方面的应用 同时也促进了军事电子产品的智能化、轻量化,下战争技术上,光电子技术以其高性能、高集成度等优势,广泛应用与跟踪、侦查、识别、预警等方面,有效促进了我国军事水平的提高。我国的光电子技术凭借其高性能优势,在侦察和预警方面,都大大促进了我国在军事上水平的提升。 2.3 在航空航天方面的应用 在航空航天方面,电子信息工程技术在其研发和设计、管理等方面都有设计。在卫星导航系统和导弹航向控制方面,电子信息技术的应用非常多。通过借助该项技术,我国的航空航天技术很多在世界都是处于领先地位的。 2.4 在工程领域的应用 在很多工程建设中,对工程造价的管理非常关键,而应用电子信息工程技术就能够大大提高工作效率,还能节省大量的人力和物力投入。所谓工程造价管理,就是基于工程建设,监理一种数据库系统,开发一些软件实现对工程造价的动态管理。这种管理非常有利于提高工程管理的质量,从而使工程造价管理顺利进行。 3.电子信息工程技术发展应用途径 在信息技术时代,信息产业飞速发展,电子信息工程技术的快速发展也能促进经济更好更快地发展,其对于推进和谐繁荣的社会发展环境非常重要。因此,为了使我国的先进产业技术水平处于全球领先地位,有必要加强电子信息工程技术的研发,颁布国家相应的国家政策,通过政策导向,来引入资金和技术人才进入电子信息产业。 3.1 大力营造良好的创造发展环境,培育创新型技术人才 在电子信息工程技术产业中,只有加强技术创新,才能真正提升国家产业技术实力。从而激发技术人才的创造能力和主动性。因此,二十一世纪,为了改善我国目前的电子信息工程技术的现状,一定要重视创新型技术人才的培育。坚持“以人为本”,增强科研资金费用,打造更加完善的技术储备体系,为技术创新提供发展的前提和基础。3.2 鼓励产品及服务创新,培养电子信息经济持续增长 目前,在国内外电子信息市场竞争白热化的过程中,为了更好地分析市场,对技术进行改革和创新,从而实现核心技术的突破,做好技术人才储备是非常关键的,这也是实现可持续发展的重要前提和基础。在电子信息产业中,除了跟设备制造企业加强合作之外,还要加强自主知识产权的保护,对于技术创新的企业给予足够的费用支持。另外,我国政府要对国有电子信息产品的进行合理地控制,给国内电子信息产业足够的发展余地。使电子信息产业走向市场,让各个企业有一种危机意识,从而激发他们更加积极主动地投入到技术创新中去。 4.小结 随着时代的发展,电子信息工程技术将逐步融入我们的生活和工作中,为我们提供更加智能化的新科技产品。这也会给传统产业带来产业升级的机遇。随着我国在电子信息工程领域技术逐步实现突破,电子信息工程产业的前景将会越来越光明。 参考文献 [1]郝文江,武捷.三网融合中的安全风险及防范技术研究[J].信息网络安全,2012(01):5-9. [2]李国林.电子信息工程现代化技术探讨[J].硅谷,2012(40. [3]郎为民,杨德鹏,李虎生.无线传感器网络云连接紧急行为检测技术研究[J].信息网络安全,2012(06):3-5. [4]夏长林,陈见辉.研究电子信息工程现代化技术的发展[J].山东工业技术,2015,21:114-115. [5]刘延风.我国电子信息工程发展现状及保障措施探讨[J].产业与科技论坛,2009(4). [6]杨媛媛.计算机软件开发语言研究[J].科技风,2011,2(23):117-119. [7]秦毅,李丹.嵌入式系统在生产生活中的应用[J].辽宁师专学报(自然科学版),2011,3(1):35-37. [8]胡玲,田溪江.计算机技术在实际生活中的应用[J].读写算:教育教学研究,2011,5(35):145-147. [9]夏志竞.计算机远程网络通讯技术的应用[J].电脑知识与技术,2011,12(23):16-18. [10]刘晗.项目学习在高中信息技术课程中的应用研究[D].西安:西北师范大学,2015. DOI:10.19353/https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f16860991.html,ki.dzsj.2017.11.031

电子信息工程外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

电子信息工程电路编程中的AT89C51单片机 译文标题电路编程中的AT89C51单片机 AT89C51 In-Circuit Programming 原文标题 作者Robert W.Sparks等译名国籍美国斯帕克等W.罗伯特 Atmel Corporation 原文出处 摘要本应用说明的是ATMEL公司AT89C51的电路可编程闪存的微控制器。为在电路可编程AT89C51的应用提出了与应用程序相关的例子,它的修改要求支持在线编程。这种方法显示在该应用程序中的AT89C51单片机可通过商业电话线远程改编。本应用笔记中描述的电路,仅支持5伏电压下编程,需要使用一个AT89C51-XX-5。标准A T89C51的需要12伏电压。该应用程序的软件可从ATMEL下载。 总论 当不在进行程序设计的时候,在电路设计中的AT89C51设计将变得透明化。 在编程期间必须重视EA/VPP这一脚。在不使用外部程序存储器的应用程序中,这脚可能会永久接到VCC。应用程序使用的外部程序存储器要求这一脚为低电平才能正常运行。 RST在编程期间必须为高电平。应该提供一种方法使得电路通入电源以后,使RST代替主要的复位电路起到复位的作用。 在编程过程中,PSEN必须保持低电平,在正常运行期间绝不能使用。ALE/ PRO在编程过程中输出低电平,在正常运行期间绝不能使用 在编程过程中AT89C5I / 端口是用于模式应用程序,地址和数据选择的,可能要该控制器从应用的电路隔离。如何做到这一点取决于应用程序 输入端 在编程过程中,控制器必须与应用电路的信号来源隔离。带有三个输出状态的缓冲区在应用程序之间插入电路和控制器,同时在编程时缓冲区输出三种状态。一个多路复用器用于信号源之间进行选择,适用于任何一方的应用电路或编程控制器电路的信号 输出端 如果应用的电路可以允许端口在编程过程中的状态变化,则不需要改变电路。如果应电路的状态,必须事先在编程过程中的保持不变,可能在控制器和应用电路中插入锁存。存在编程期间是可用的,并保存应用程序的电路状态 应用实 如所示应用是AT89C5一个移动的显示情况。此应用程序有在电路重新编程时结果以图表的形式显示的简单能力。文本显示被设计作为其硬件的一部分,不能在无改编况下变化 显示的文本可DI开关选择两种模式之一中进行。在第一种模式的时候,进入个字符从右边显示和快速移动,通过每个元素显示其在最后的装配位置的左侧。 第二个模式,信息在信息窗口中右到左移动显示。这种模式与常常在股票价格的显示所使用的方法类似 输出包括四DL14141段的积分解码器和驱动程序的字母数字显示器。这就生1名显示元素,每个数字0-的显示能力,是大写字母,标点符号和一些字符。可示字符ASCII码范围20H-5F上电复位电路和一6 MH的晶体振荡器完成应用件程序。无论外部程序存储器或外部数据存储器都时可用的

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