考研英语阅读及翻译
考研英语阅读
（1）
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only
well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。”现在，就有这样一个运动正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回
应，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，原因在于它依赖公共资金的资助，并且很少有人懂得医学研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
例如，在最近一次街头集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。当被问到她是否反对免疫接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种”。当被问到瘟疫爆发怎么办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会找到一种方法，用计算机来解决问题”。看，这样好心的人们就是不明白。
科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的语言，一般人能够明白的语言，而不要使用分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。许多人不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。
有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一副真理的面容。科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬?库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
（2）
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the
impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional tinkers who "work well with the team."
在实践中，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）的心理是否有足够的准备。艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。多少个世纪以来，苹果一直在许多地方落到地面，也有成千上万的人看到过苹果落地。多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它们处于现在的位置呢？它们为什么不落到天空之外呢？苹果向下落到地面不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大果实——月球和行星所存有的疑问。
多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？牛顿考虑过，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的思想在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究不可或缺的一个重要特征。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为科学杂志撰写千篇一律的报告时常常忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。
在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够充分。”预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出臆测。
当然，这几乎等于说：那位科学家成了他自己论文的受害者。他所提出的种种论断是如
此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，还要用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。
（3）
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner —amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings
properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more th an a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。
过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。
开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。
如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。
同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。
（4）
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.
Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。反复练习对记忆有很大影响，可以使人们熟练地演奏钢琴、背诵诗歌、乃至总结和理解这些词句。用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆能力是推理的一个基本需求。解决任何问题，甚至是识别问题存在的能力都取决于记忆。最典型的是，决定过街也要凭借许多对以前经历的记忆。
实践（或称复习）就是建立并保持对某一任务或所学材料的记忆。有一段时间不实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘）；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子也可被看做具有适应性。从这个意义上说，遗忘能力可解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。的确，如果记住一段痛苦的情感经历会导致严重的焦虑，那么遗忘倒可以使人得到解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人难以理解普遍的渐进遗忘过程是如何在自然选择中幸存下来的。
在考虑记忆的进化及其所有可能的方面时，思考一下如果记忆不会消失会产生什么结果是很有用处的。显然，遗忘有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出，从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。没有遗忘，适应会受影响，例如，已学会的行为十年前可能是正确的，现在则不然了。有记录表明，有些人（按一般标准）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混乱不堪。因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。
另一种思路则假定人的记忆存储系统储量有限，这个系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。根据这个观点，在学习或记忆储存（输入）和遗忘（输出）之间要不断进行调整。的
确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。这些数据为假定输入——输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了明确的证据。
（5）
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
“不知其中艰辛的人”认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧化事件的结果。亚历山大·佛莱明爵士并不像传说中的那样，看到一块奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了发明青霉素的想法。在做出发现之前，他已经花了九年时间试验抗菌物质。发明和创新几乎总是来自艰辛的尝试和错误。创新就像踢足球，即使是最好的球员也会将球射失，而且他们的射门被挡住的时候多，得分的时候少。
问题是，得分最多的球员正是那些射门次数最多的——任何领域的创新都是如此。创新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法。人人都有想法，但是创新者自觉钻研自己的想法，并将这些想法坚持到底，直到这些想法被证明可行或不可行为止。普通人认为是奇思怪想的抽象的东西，在职业创新者的眼中却是实在的可能性。
语言专家鲁道夫·佛莱士写道：“创造性思维往往只源于下列认识——以传统方法做事未必就好”。这说明了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮旅行箱之类看似简单却令生活更方便的发明的反应：“以前怎么就没人想到这一点呢？”
创造性方法始于这样一个主张：一切事情的真实情况都不像它们所表现出来的样子。创新者从不认为做一件事情的方法只有一种。在面临从A走到B的问题时普通人会自动走那条
最为人熟悉、并且从表面上看起来最简单的路线。创新者会寻找其他路线——这些路线从长远来看会更加容易，而且即使通向死胡同也注定更加有趣、更富挑战性。
具有高度创造性的人的确有与众不同的想法。
最新高中英语阅读理解翻译100篇资料
V. Reading Comprehension (15%) A It was 3.21 a. m. when nine-year-old Glenn Kreamer awoke to the smell of burning. Except for the crackling （爆裂声）of flames somewhere below there was not a sound in the two-storey house at Baldwin, Long Island. With his father away on night duty at a local factory, Glenn was worried about the safety of his mother, his sister Karen, 14 and his 12-year-old brother Todd. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each on through the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn. The nine-year-old raced back into the house and upstairs to his mother's room. He found it impossible to wake her up. Mrs. Kreamer, a victim of the smoke, was unconscious, and there was nobody to help Glenn carry her to the garden. But the boy remained calm and, as a fireman said later, "acted with all the self-control of a trained adult." On the bedroom telephone, luckily still working, Glenn called his father and, leaving Mr. Kreamer to telephone the fire brigade and ambulance service, got on with the task of saving his mother. First he filled a bucket with water from the bathroom and threw water over his mother and her bed. Then, with a wet cloth around his head he went back to the garden. He could hear the fire engine coming up, but how would the firemen find his mother in the smoke-filled house where flames had almost swallowed up the ground flo or? Grasping firmly a ball of string from the garage, Glenn raced back into the house and dashed upstairs to his mother's room. Tying one end of the string to her hand he ran back, laying out the string as he went, through the hall and back out into the ga rden. Minutes later he was telling fire chief John Coughlan :"The string will lead you to mother." Mrs. Kreamer was carried to safety as the flames were breaking through her bedroom floor. 71．Why did Glenn run downstairs first? A．He wanted to find out what was happening. B．He was worried about his mother's safety.
考研英语阅读理解全文翻译
Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语
2013考研英语全文翻译
2013 Text1 2006 年的一部电影《穿普拉达的女王》有段情节这样演绎：Meryl Streepb 扮演的Miranda Priestly，斥责她毫无吸引力的助手，因为她反映高端时尚并不能感染她，然后Priestly,说明了助手毛衫的深蓝色是如何从时尚展览中慢慢伸展到百货商店再到平价店中，毫无疑问是这个可怜女孩挑选了这件衣服的地方。 Elizabeth Cline 对“快餐时尚”的这三年时尚业管理严密的理念已经非常过时了，或与 Zara，的控诉书《过度装扮》中所描述的狂热不一致。在过去的十几年里，技术的发展使得像 H&M ，Uniqlo等的一些大众市场商标更快地对趋势做出反应，更精确的抢占市场需求。更快地周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更频繁的发布，更高的利润。这些商标煽动那些关心样式而且，他们不做广告，并每隔几周就全部的消费者把衣服当做只洗一到两次的一次性物品， 更新店面的衣服。Cline 认为，这些品牌以极低的价格提供潮流商品的这种行为是在抢劫时尚圈，动摇了这个产业长久以来惯有的季节性。 H&M这次变革的受害者不仅仅是设计者。对于来说，为其全球
2300 家分店提供一个 5.95 美元的编制迷你裙必须依赖海外的廉价劳动力，大量的耗尽自然资源的订单，大量的有害化学品。 Michael Pollan 的《过度装扮》是时尚界对像The Omnivore 's Dilemma 这样的消费者权 益维护者的畅销书的回答。“大量生产的衣物就像快餐，满足饥饿和需求，还是一次性的，浪费的，”Cline 认为。她还发现，美国人一年大概要买64 件一年-200 亿件衣物-平均每人 不论他们是花费了多少钱，这种不节制导致极大的浪费。 在《过度装扮》的最后部分，Cline 介绍的她理想的典范，一个布鲁克林的女人Sarah Kate Cline年开始自己制作自己所有的衣物，并且毫不逊色。但是像从2008 Beaumont,记录的那Beaumont样，花了十年时间完善她的手艺；这个例子不该被忽略。H&M包括虽然许多快餐式时尚公司已经努力控制对劳动力和环境的消极影响，公司的 绿色循环生产线，Cline 依然相信只有消费者的改变才能对此产生长久的改变。她提出对于多数可持续发展（不论是对于食物和能量）的支持者都同有的理想。浮华在继续着；只有在被逼无奈之下人们在消费时才会考虑到可持续性。 Version 描述，说法，叙述，解释，译文，版本 scold 责骂，斥责
2015-211 翻译硕士英语
第 1 页共9 页
12. His proposal is __________ to our interests. A. adverse B. diverse C. averse D. reverse 13. Mr. Wilson is ____________ in his work. A. sufficient B. deficient C. proficient D. efficient 14. You’d better put a __________ on that cut finger. A. string B. band C. bandage D. cloth 15. Turntable, amplifier and speaker are ___________ of a phonograph. A. compounds B. compositions C. composites D. components 16. As a result of careless washing the jacket __________ to a child’s size. A. shrank B. condensed C. decreased D. compressed 17. All things ____________, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered 18. During the conference the speaker tried to _________ his feeling concerning the urgency of a favorable decision. A. comply B. impose C. imply D. convey 19. I can’t afford a car, so I guess I’ll have to __________. A. do without it B. do without C. be without D. be without it 20. They seldom paid us high ___________, even if we did our best to do the job. A. complement B. compliment C. implement D. supplement 21. Weight is an inherent ___________ of matter. A. propriety B. prosperity C. property D. privilege 22. I haven’t booked a ticket. I’m taking a chance __________ the theatre not being full. A. on B. for C. in D. to 23. The travelers ___________ themselves after a short break. A. refreshed B. resumed C. renewed D. restored 24. The doorway was too low that he had to ____________ to go through it. A. scoop B. snoop C. sloop D. stoop 25. He could not help walking to and fro, for he was _________ at the false accusation. A. indifferent B. indignant C. indicative D. indigenous 26. Don’t be so ____________, spend your money more carefully. A. extravagant B. extraordinary C. extramarital D. extrasensory 27. At last the two armies ____________ at the railway station. A. convicted B. converged C. converted D. compelled 28. The company has really _________ since the chief engineer joined us. A. flattered B. fluttered C. flourished D. flushed 29. Tigers’ coats are tawny with black ___________. A. stripes B. strikes C. strolls D. strides 30. After ____________ the window open, the burglar sneaked into the house and took away all he had. A. prying B. plying C. pluming D. probing 第 2 页共9 页
材料英语翻译
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has
2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及参考答案
精心整理2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版） 2011-01-16 21-25CBDBA Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthet alkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Fort
hemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTo mmasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。 2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。 ,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。 就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
211《翻译硕士英语》考试大纲
211《翻译硕士英语》考试大纲 一、考试目的 《翻译硕士英语》是翻译硕士专业研究生入学考试的专业基础课考试科目，旨在考察考生是否具备达到进入MTI阶段口笔译学习所要求的英语水平。 二、考试性质与范围 本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括考生应具备的英语词汇量、语法知识以及英语阅读与写作等方面的技能。 三、考试基本要求 1.具有良好的英语基本功，认知词汇量在10,000以上，掌握5,000个以上的积极词汇，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。 2.能熟练掌握正确的英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。 3.具有较强的阅读理解能力和英语写作能力。 四、考试形式 本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法。各项试题的分布情况见“考试内容一览表”。 五、考试内容 本考试包括以下部分：词汇语法、阅读理解、英语写作等。总分为100分。 I.词汇语法 1.要求 1)词汇量要求：考生的认知词汇量应在10,000以上，其中积极词汇量为5,000以上，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。 2)语法要求：考生能正确运用英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。 2.题型： 多项选择或改错题 II.阅读理解 1.要求： 1）能读懂常见外刊上的专题文章、历史传记及文学作品等各种文体的文章，
既能理解其主旨和大意，又能分辨出其中的事实与细节，并能理解其中的观点和隐含意义。 2）能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度。 2.题型： 1)多项选择题（包括信息事实性阅读题和观点评判性阅读题） 2)简答题（要求根据所阅读的文章，用3-5行字数的有限篇幅扼要回答问题，重点考查阅读综述能力） 3.选材 本部分题材广泛，体裁多样，选材体现时代性、实用性；重点考查通过阅读获取信息和理解观点的能力；对阅读速度有一定要求。 III.英语写作 1.要求： 能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的记叙文、说明文或议论文。要求语言通顺，用词得体，结构合理，文体恰当。 2.题型：命题作文 《翻译硕士英语》考试内容一览表 参考书目：张汉熙主编：《高级英语》（第三版1-2册），外语教学与研究出版社，2011年。 声明：此资源由本人收集整理于网络只用于交流学习。如有侵权请联系删除处理。
英语阅读理解及翻译
1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。 根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."
研究生英语阅读教程翻译8-11
Lesson 8 IV. Translation Put the following into Chinese. 1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it. 每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。 2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works. 改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。 3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices. 结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。 4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas? 这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？ 5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established. 一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。 V. Oral Practice and Discussion 1. How was music used during World War II and during the Vietnam War? 2. Describe peacetime uses of music. 3. List the major effects and functions of music. 4. Identify the basic issues in the FCC regulatory position. 5. What problems do you foresee in the development of record labeling plans? 6. Adaptation of popular or favorite songs is a persuasive tactic. Where is this technique used today? Cite several examples. (Hint: Advertising commercials) 7. If music shapes our perceptions and attitudes, then, should we be forced to listen to music in public places such as restaurants and shopping malls? 8. Are there other effects of music not included in this article?
2013-考研英语二文章翻译
完型 鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。然而，真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。事实上,这样的预测已经出现二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。例如,1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的定义”，并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。为何人们进入无现金社会的速度如此缓慢呢？ 尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因。第一，使电子货币成为最主要的支付方式必须的设备包括电脑、读卡器和电信网络，而安装这些设备价格昂贵。第二，纸质支票有提供收据这一优势，这是消费者不愿放弃的。第三，使用纸质支票可以让开票人多几天让钱“悬浮”在帐户里，对方得花上几天才能凭支票取现，这也就是意味着开票方又多赚了几天利息钱。而由于电子支票是即时的，因此也就没有这种优势。第四，电子支付方式还有可能存在安全和隐私隐患。 我们曾多次听到媒体报道说某个非法黑客入侵了用户的数据库并且篡改了里面的信息。这种情况时有发生，这也意味着别有用心之人可能侵入电子支付系统，盗取别人的银行帐号而盗款成功。要防止这类诈骗并非易事，正在研发新的电脑科学领域来处理该类安全问题。此外，人们对于电子支付方式的担忧在于进行电子交易之后所留下的包含个人信息的痕迹。人们担心政府部门，雇员和市场营销人员会看到这些数据，侵犯个人隐私。 Text1 在一篇名为(entitled)《成功（make it）在美国》的文章中，作者亚当·戴维森讲述(relate)了这样一个源自棉花出产国的笑话，笑话是关于现代纺织(textile)作坊(mill)已高度自动化(automate)：现如今，一家普通作坊里只有两名员工，“一个人和一条狗，人在作坊里是为了喂狗，狗在作坊里是为了使人远离(away from)机器。”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reaso n we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,which a re more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.最近出现了很多(a number of)类似戴维森所写的文章，它们都表明了这样一种看法(make a point)：之所以失业人数(unemployment)居高难下(stubbornly high)和中产阶级(middle-class)收入(income)持续下降，原因是全球化与信息技术革命已经取得了诸多进步，它们使得机器和国外员工在取代(replace..with)本国劳动力(labor)方面比以往任何时候都要迅速。 以往，具有一般技术、从事一般工作的员工可以赚得(earn)普通的生活。但现如今，普通人才正式地过时了(officially)。继续普通无法再让你过上以前的生活，其原因是当下更多的雇主可以用(have access to)比普通还要低廉的价格，来雇佣国外员工，购买机器人(robotics)和软件(software)，实现自动化(automation)，获得天才(genus)。因此，每个人都需要挖掘身上额外的东西-来让他们做出独特的、有价值的贡献，这种贡献会让他们脱颖而出(stand out),不管他们身处什么工作领域(field of employment)。 确实，新科技在过去、现在和将来都在“吞噬”工作岗位，但这种“吞噬”速度已经提高了。正如戴维森所指出(note)：“（美国）工厂裁员(shed workers)速度是如此之快，以至于从1999到2009十年间裁员人数超过了之前70年新增员工人数的总和；大约有1/3的制造业工作岗位——总约600万——消失了。 未来，改变会一直存在——新工作、新产品和新服务。但我们肯定(know for sure)的一件事情是：随着全球化和信息技术革命所取得的每一个进步，那些最好的工作都将需要劳动者们接受更多、更好的教育，以使他们优于普通员工。 生活在普通人才已正式过时的世界中，我们有很多的事情需要做来扶持就业(employment)，但其中最重要的是为21世纪通过某种“士兵教育促就业法案（于1944年通