应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry

I. Comprehension.

1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry

2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.

3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?

4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 ―elements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.

5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment D

D.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into another

II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.

1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it

is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.

2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an

activity by which knowledge is generated.

3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single

mundane planet.

4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas

others are highly complex.

5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is

neither life nor death.

6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,

although many of us are not fully aware of this.

III. Translation.

1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术

(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation

2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and so on.

3.化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前

Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.

4.根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体

According to the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.

5.在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清它的各种性质

You must make sure the properties of the material before you use it.

IV. Translation

化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），

（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。

Unit 4 Dinking Water Quality And Health

1.The uniqueness of the compound’s structure is A. necessary to learning its synthesis and its application.

2.The structure B. conversation of this molecule leads to its various usage

3.There is a wide range of compounds at trace levels that cannot be thoroughly D. eliminated from the water

4.What’s the main idea of this text? D

D.Water carries many chemical components that result in various diseases

5.What happens when people are exposed to low concentrations of chemical constituents? C

C.They will be sick over a long time, sometimes a lifelong time

6.What kind of evidence shows that chemicals in drinking effect human health? C

C.Though no clear evidence, there are really some precautions for it

7.Which organization does the European Union is preferred to follow its legislation on minimum drinking water quality? A.W.H.O

8.What’s the reason that led is still a danger to man’s health? D

D.Although lead is seldom used now, there still exist many older lead properties in use

9.There is no evidence that nitrate-contained water will cause gastric cancer, because A

A.the increase in nitrate level sometime result to a decrease in gastric cancer rates

1.Some chemicals are accumulated in the bodies of certain organisms, concentrations of them reflecting environmental pollution levels over time

2.Nonyl-phenols were suspected of stimulating vitellogenin production in the trout

3.Clearly, some chemical in the effluent was behaving like a female hormone and the fish provided an early warning of a potential problem requiring urgent investigation

4.This compound is normally produces in the liver of female fish in response to the hormone oestradiol and is incorporated into the yolk of developing eggs

5.The amount of change in the community will be related to the severity of the incident

6.the definition of pollution given above includes the adverse effects on living resources and ecological systems so that impacts need quantifying

7.The measured quantities can then be compared with standards of allowable concentrations

8.Water pollution can be defined as the introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity, or interference in/with legitimate uses of the environment

9.How people design computer game is beyond me

10.Anyone with an annual income of under 5000 may be eligible to apply

1.饮水中毒的例子有时是触目惊心的

The case of water poisoning is sometimes shocking

2.生物耗氧量的定义是与1L废水中的还原剂作用所需的氧气质量

Biological oxygen demand is defined with 1L water reducing agent in the role of the oxygen required quality

3.人体中大部分的水是喝进去的，但是相当一部分来自食物，还有相当一部分水是人体对食物中的氢原子进行氧化时生成的

The body most of the water is to drink it, but rather part from food, there is a considerable portion of water is the body of the food in the hydrogen oxidation is generated when the

4.但是应该清醒地认识到即使是最先进的检测方法也有可能放过一些会产生新的意想不到的后果的有害物质

However it should be soberly aware of even the most advanced detection methods also have the potential to be let off some will produce new beat all the consequences of hazardous substance 5.这种疾病称为正铁血红蛋白症，是婴儿紫绀综合征的病因之一——婴儿的水分和氧气需要量很大，而由于亚硝酸盐的存在，他们的血红蛋白值却很低

The disease known as methemoglobinemia disease, is one of the causes of bluebaby syndrome-- baby moisture and oxygen in great demand, and as a result of nitrite presence, their hemoglobin value is very low

一个主要来源的有机污染废水的污水处理工程。在英国，这种废水是，作为最低要求，满足了皇家委员会的标准，允许不超过30毫克/升的悬浮物和20毫克/升的生化需氧量（一个30:20污水稀释）。至少八体积的水，具有生化需氧量不超过2毫克/升，是要达到这个标准。不幸的是，设计能力的许多污水处理厂以下的人口现在他们的服务。这可能导致慢性河流的污染或造成定期刷新水质差，破坏水生群落。在大多数发展中国家的世界少有，或是没有，污水处理设施和粪便污染的水的结果在许多寄生感染和水性疾病如痢疾，霍乱和脊髓灰质炎。受污染的水供应仍然造成了每年超过二百万人死亡和无数的疾病。

Unit 5 The Periodic Table

1.From the first paragraph, we can get information about the periodic table except C

C.the periodic table records how many neutrons in the atoms directly

2.We can infer from the passage that periodic table A

A.is first presented by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

3.According to the passage, which is true among the following sentences? B

B.Mendeleev had made many valuable predictions of the undiscovered elements

4.From Mendeleev’s periodic table, we can conclude that A

A.the elements’ arrangement brought to light the periodicity of chemical properties

5.Which sentence best states the modern periodic table? C

C.The size of atoms and the activity of electrons can be predicted with the number of the element’s period

6.Owing to their electron structure, the noble gases have some special character’s as B

B.because of their stability, the noble gases don’t undergo reactions and all exist in monatomic states

7.The noble gases share a similarity in certain properties. For example C

C.All of the noble gases are unreactive in chemical reactions readily

Certain groupings of elements in the periodic table are designated by special names. The heavy, stepped, diagonal line on the table divides the elements into two major classed. Those to the left of the line are called metals, and those to the right, nonmetal. GroupⅠA elements are known as alkali metals; GroupⅡA are alkaline earth metals; Group ⅦA, halogens. Group Ⅵ A

elements are known as the chalcogens. The group at the extreme right of the table contains the noble gases. All the Group B elements are called transition metals.

1.除汞外所有的金属在室温下均为固体，而且它们的原子排列的很有规则，通常彼此靠的很紧，以便占有最小的空间

In addition to mercury all metals are solid at room temperature, and the arrangement of the atoms are rules rely on each other, usually very tight, so as to occupy a minimum of space

2. 直到1854年左右，铝才开始进行工业规模的生产

Until around 1854, aluminium began on an industrial scale production

3. 这两种元素不仅在常温下不起化合作用，即使在高温下也不发生明显的反应。

The two elements not only in room temperature on photosynthesis, even at high temperatures without obvious reaction

4. 二者都是无色气体，但像所有气体一样可以液化。

Two is a colorless gas, but like all the same gas can be liquefied

5. 这两种化合物的分离即便并非没有可能，也是十分困难。

The two compounds separation even if not impossible, it is very difficult

Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances

I. Comprehension

1.chemical nomenclature can indicate A

A.the elements which are present in the substance

2.Which of the following sentence is not true? B

B.when an element can from a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms, the ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite

3.The formulas of oxoacids are derived from C

C.the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions

4.Binary molecular compound C

C.consists of two kinds of elements

5.in nomenclature, the prefix of –per means B

B.the oxyanion has one more oxygen than corresponding ion which has the suffix ate-

II. Give the systematic name for the following

ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion;

Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion;

hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;

silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;

Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion;

calcium ion; mercury(II) ion;

chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.

carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide;

carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide;

sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide

arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;

arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;

phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;

phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;

carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;

chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;

dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;

oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;

sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;

sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.

III. Complete the table.

Formula Old name Systematic name

FeO Ferrous oxide iron (II) oxide

Fe2O3Ferric oxide iron (III) oxide

Sn(OH)2Stannous hydroxide tin(II) hydroxide

Sn(OH)4Stannic hydroxide tin(IV) hydroxide

Hg2SO4Mercurous sulfate mercury (I) sulfate

HgSO4Mercuric sulfate mercury (II) sulfate NaCLO Sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite

K2Cr2O7Potassium dichromate potassium dichromate

Cu3(AsO4)2Cupric arsenate copper(II) arsenate

Cr(C2H3O2)3Chromic acetate chromium(IV) acetate

IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.

Formula of acid Old name Name of acid

H2CO3Carbonate ion carbonic acid

HClO2Chlorite ion chlorous acid

HClO4Perchlorate ion perchloric acid

HCN Cyanide ion hydrocyanic acid

HBr Bromide ion hydrobromic acid

H4SiO4Silicate ion silicic acid

H3AsO4Arsenate ion arsenic acid

V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.

1.Only the outermost or valence electron energy level is altered when ionic compounds are formed from atoms

2.To illustrate these change for sodium and chlorine we can draw modified Bohr diagrams for the atoms and ions involved

3.The chemical formula for the compound sodium chloride is NaCl. This formula indicates that in the compound there is one sodium ion for each chloride ion

4.We should expect that bonds in water to be polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

5.If the atoms in the water molecule were in a straight row ( that is, in a linear arrangement, ) the

two polar bonds would cancel one another out

6.Instead of having one end of the molecule positive and the other end negative, the electrons are pulled toward the right in one bond and toward the left in the other

7.Many of the properties of compounds, like melting point, boiling point, and solubility, depend on the polarity of the molecules of the compound

8.Most of the ionic compounds that we have just named are also referred to as salts

9.A salt is an ionic compound formed by the combination of a cation with an anion

10.Most of the compounds that we have discussed so far are ionic compounds, which constitute a significant portion of the ―hard‖ part of nature

VI. Translation

1. 物质既不能创造亦不能消灭

Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.

2. 科学家必须知道怎么运用数字以求得对问题的准确解释

It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.

3. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的

Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.

4. 试验是成功，它的结果正如我们预期的一样

The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected.

5. 我们不久就会完成这个试验

It will not be long before we finish the experiment.

Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons

I. Comprehension

1.The IUPAC system is also known as Geneva system because the first meetings of IUPAC system were held in C. Geneva, Switzerland

2.According to the second paragraph, the first four prefixes listed in Table 10.1 were

A.chosen by the IUPAC because they were well establish in

B.established before there were the language of organic chemistry

C.established by organic chemists

3.If there are two or more different substituents when listing them in alphabetical order, we can not ignore B. the prefixes iso- and neo-

4.Despite the precision of IUPAC system, routine communication in organic chemistry still relies on A.Trival names B.semisystematic names C.systematic names

5.The name assigned to any compound with a chain of carbon atoms consist of B. two parts

6.The infix of the name of any compound tells A

A.the number of carbon atom in the parent chain

II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system

1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane

2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane

3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane

4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(

CH3)2

5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane

6 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane

7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene

8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene

9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne

10 CH2=CH-C≡CH 1-buten-3-yne

11 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH34-methyl-2-pentanol

12 CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH33-hexen-2-ol

13 (CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol

14 (CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane

15 (CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane

16 (CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol

17 CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol

18 CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol

19 CH3CH2NH2aminoethane

20 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpent

ane

III. Draw structures for the following compounds.

1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

2 3-methy-2-heptene

3 cyclohexene

4 2-pentyne C-C C-C-C

5 3,3-dimethylhexyne

6 3-bromotoluene

CH3

Br

7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl

8 acetylene C C

9 para-dichlorobenzene

Cl Cl

10 m-chlorobromobenzene

Br

Cl

11 toluene CH

3

12 chlorobenzene Cl

13 1,2-dibromobenzene

Br

Br

14 naphthalene

15 anthracene

16 phenanthrene

17 2-methyl-1-propanol C C

C OH

C

18 Cyclohexanol OH

19 Methoxyethene

C C O C

20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OH

OC2H5

IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.

1.Alkynes react primarily by A.addition

2.The structure represents: A. cyclopropene

3.Which of the following is an alkene? B.C6H12

4.How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene C.3

Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

I. Comprehension

1.In the reaction of the carboxylic acid with the alcohol, B

B. –OH from the carboxylic acid and –H from the alcohol forms water

2.The author believes that the acid halide can be formed B

B.by the reaction of the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride

3.The anhydride derived from two molecules of phosphoric is a strong acid, C

C.because it is completely ionized at pH7.0

4.Halides react readily with water to form with phenols to form and ammonia to form D. Carboxylic acid/esters/amides

5.In A. Hydrolysis reaction, an anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid

6.Ibuprofen has been used widely as newer nonprescription analgesics, A

A.because Aspirin can irritate the stomach wall

IV. Translation

1. 同样，溶剂也可以不是液体物质，而是其他物质

Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others

2.以溶解度作为一个坐标，以温度作为另一个坐标所作的曲线图称为溶解度曲线

A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.

( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)

3. 空气是混合物气体，含量最多的是以N2形式存在的氮

Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).

4.反应的方向和平衡的位置也受温度、压力和其他条件的影响

The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the

temperature, pressure, and other conditions.

5.氢对氧有着很强的亲和力，很容易与氧化合形成水

Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.

V. Translation

玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。

4总结

化合物宿命包括：水，盐，糖，氨和石英。

Compounds common names include water , salt , sugar, ammonia ,and quartz.

1.阳离子命名（the names of cations )

(1).单原子阳离子的名称同元素的名称相同，后跟随离子一词。

The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element , with the addition of the word ion .

例如：钠离子Sodium ion

(2) 当一种元素可以形成不止一种阳离子，用编码---罗马数字等于离子电荷数来命名。

When an element can form more than one kind of cation , we use the stock number , a Roman numeral equal to the change of the cation .

例如：亚铜离子（Cu+）copper（I) ion 铜离子（Cu2+）copper（II) ion 亚铁离子（Fe2+）iron（II) ion 铁离子（Fe3+）iron（III）ion

2.阴离子命名（Names of Anions）

（1）单原子阴离子命名时，元素名作为第一部分，加上后缀—ide。

Monatomic anion are named by adding the suffix—ide and the first part of the name of the element.

例如：氟离子（F-）flouride 氯离子（cl-）chloride 溴离子(Br-) bromide (2)含氧酸跟命名是以元素命名作主干，加后缀—ate。

The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix-ate to the stem of the name of the element.

例如：碳酸跟（CO32-）carbonate.

（3)然而，许多元素可以形成有不同数目氧原子的含氧酸根，含氧较多数目的离子加后缀-ite.

However，many element can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms. The ion with larger number of oxygen is given the suffix-ate. And that with smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite.

例如：硝酸根（NO3-）nitrate 亚硝酸跟(NO2-) nitrite

(1)'' 若超过两种含氧酸根，具有最少氧原子数目的含氧酸根加前缀hypo-并加后缀-ite，

具最多数目氧原子的含氧酸根加前缀per-并加后缀-ate。

Some element form more than two oxoanions. The name of oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo-

to the -ite form of the name. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxoanion atoms is named with the prefix pre- add to the -ate form of the name.

例如：ClO- hypochorite ClO2- chalorite ClO3- chalorate ClO4- perchlorate

（2）"含H阴离子，命名是将这些阴离子在开头加“hydrogen".

Some anions include hydrogen , the name of these anions begin with "hydrogen".

例如：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate

（3）”含氧酸命名是源于对应的含氧酸根，并用-ic acid代替-ate，或用-ous acid代替-ite。The formulas of oxoanions are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions, -ic oxoacides are the parent of -ate oxoanions and -ous oxoacides are the parents of -ite oxoanion.

例如：H2SO4 sulfuric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid

3.离子化合物命名（names of Ionic compound）

（1）命名是以阳离子在前，阴离子在后的方式。

An ionic compound is named with cation name first , followed by the name of the anion.

例如;KCI potassium chloride NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate

(2)水合物命名是首先给出化合物名字，后用希腊前缀加hydrate，前缀表示有多少水分子。Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found.

例如;CuSO4.5H2O copper（II)sulfate pentahydrate

4.分子化合物命名（names of molecular compounds）

分子化合物命名是用希腊前缀表示每种原子出现的数目，没有前缀的话则表示只有一个原子。

Molecular compound are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present. No prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present.

例如：PCI3 phosphorus trichloride N2O dinitrogen oxiden

SF6 sulfur hexafluoride N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

5.单价金属离子.

命名和书写二元离子化合物，先写金属再写非金属，金属名字不变，阴离子是在词根后加-ide.

In both naming and writing the formular for a binary ionic compound , the metal comes first and the nonmental second. The unchanged English name of the metal is used . The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide.

例如：NaCl sodium chloride CaO calcium oxide

6.多原子离子化合物命名同上阴离子命名.

应用化学专业英语词汇

Toxic chemicals：有毒化学品 Chemical pollution：化学污染 Physical property ：物性 Natural changes: 自然变化 Scientific fields：科学领域 Isolate：分离 Determine：测定 Synthesize：合成 Fundamental principles：基本原理 Investigation：研究 Utilize：利用 化学式书写的基本规则 如何写化学式 命名化合物 二元化合物：氧化物，盐，酸 （1）阴离子元素加后缀–ide （2）多价态元素加前缀：mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- （3）低价氧化态后缀–ous，高价氧化态后缀–ic 氧化物 盐 酸：基础元素（前缀hydro-, 后缀-ic）+ acid 氢氧化物（碱）： 金属元素（价态）+ hydroxide 含氧酸及其盐 （1）基本元素仅有一种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 盐：阳离子元素+基础元素加后缀-ate （2）基本元素有二种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀（-ous低价态，-ic高价态）+ acid 盐：阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀（-ite低价态, -ate高价态）（3）基本元素有多种氧化态 酸：最低氧化态基础元素（前缀hypo-, 后缀-ous）+ acid 较低氧化态基础元素加后缀-ous+ acid 较高氧化态基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 最高氧化态基础元素（前缀per-, 后缀-ic）+ acid 盐：最低氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素（前缀hypo-, 后缀-ite）较低氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀-ite 较高氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素加后缀-ate 最高氧化态阳离子元素+ 基础元素（前缀per-, 后缀-ate） 不同水分子含量的酸 较低水含量前缀meta- 较高水含量前缀ortho-

化学专业英语(修订版)翻译

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

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U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

应用化学专业英语Unit5-万有志

The Periodic Table As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published his periodic table of the elements. 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev，一位俄罗斯化学家，出版了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev prepared his table by taking into account both the atomic weights and the periodicity of certain properties of the elements. Mendeleev综合考虑元素的原子量和性质的相似性制成了他的元素周期表。The elements were arranged primarily in order of increasing atomic weight. 元素主要按照原子量增加的顺序排列。In a few cases, Mendeleev placed a slightly heavier element with similar chemical properties in the same row. 在一些情况里，Mendeleev把稍微重一点且性质相似的（元素）放在一列中。For example, he placed tellurium (atomic weight = 128) ahead of iodine (atomic weight = 127) because tellurium resembled sulfur and selenium in its properties, whereas iodine was similar to chlorine and bromine. 例如，他把碲(原子量= 128)排在碘(原子量= 127)前面，因为碲在它的特性方面类似硫和硒，而碘类似于氯和溴。 Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table. Mendeleev在他的元素周期表中留下了许多空格。Instead of looking upon those blank spaces as defects, he boldly predicted the existence of elements as yet undiscovered. 他没有认为这些空格的出现是周期表的缺陷，而是大胆的预言还有未被发现的元素的存在。Furthermore, he even predicted the properties of some of these missing elements. 而且，他甚至预言一些这些未发现的元素的特性。In succeeding years, many of the gaps were filled in by the discovery of new elements. 在以后的许多年中，许多空格被发现的新元素填入。The properties were often quite close to those Mendeleev had predicted. 性质经常十分接近于Mendeleev已经预言的那些性质。The predictive value of this great innovation led to the wide acceptance of Mendeleev's table. 这个伟大革新的预言价值是Mendeleev的元素周期表被广泛接受。 It is now known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 现在知道一种元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能级的电子数目。Sodium atoms have one electron in their outermost energy level (the third). 钠原子在它们的最外层能级(第3层)里有一个电子. Lithium atoms have a single electron in their outermost level (the second). 锂原子在他们的最外层能级(第2)里有一个单电子. The chemical properties of sodium and lithium are similar. 钠和锂的化学性质是相似的。The atoms of helium and neon have filled outer electron energy levels, and both elements are inert. 氦和氖的原子充满电子能级，并且两种元素都是无活动的。That is, they do not undergo chemical reactions readily. 也就是说，他们不容易经历化学反应。Apparently, not only are similar chemical properties shared by elements whose atoms have similar electron configurations (arrangements) but also certain configurations appear to be more stable (less reactive) than others. 显然，不仅是具有相似的电子构造(安排)的原子的元素具有相似的化学性质，而且某些构造看起来比其它（构造）是更稳定(更少活性)的。

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Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助

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Applied chemistry speciality One、applied chemistry speciality-main courses: Training target：This specialized raise has the chemical basic theory, basic knowledge in strong experimental skills,can in scientific research institutions,colleges and universities and enterprises and institutions, engaged in scientific research,teaching and management work of the senior specialized talents. Training requirements：Students of this specialty mainly study the basic knowledge of chemistry,the basic theory,basic skills and related engineering knowledge,is the basic research and applied basic research of scientific thought and scientific experiment training,has good scientific literacy,have use knowledge and experimental skills in applied research,technology development and technology management of the basic skills. Main courses: Main subject:chemical Main course:Inorganic chemistry、,analytical chemistry(including instrument analysis),organic chemistry,physical chemistry(including structural chemistry,chemical engineering foundation and chemical mapping. The main practice teaching links include production practice,graduation thesis,general arrangement and a week of twenty. Length of schooling:four years awarded degree：physical or Bachelor's Similar professional:chemical applied chemistry chemical biology molecular science and engineering chemical engineering and technology Two、Four chemistry： （Inorganic chemistry,analytical chemistry,organic chemistry,physical chemistry） Inorganic chemistry：Inorganic chemistry relative to organic chemistry, the non carbon.However,some carbon compounds,such as carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,carbon disulfide,carbonic acid compounds,

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1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原

新视野大学英语课后习题翻译答案

新视野大学英语课后习 题翻译答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释 How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.

我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们 只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her . 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没有给我打电话作任何解 释。 Mike didn’t come to the party last night , nor did he call me to give an explanation. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么 大作家。 The man sitting next to him did publish some novels , but he is by no means a great writer. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 He is not interested in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.

应用化学专业英语及答案

黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷 考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思 考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points） 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6．超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points） 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points） A卷【第1页共 3 页】

大学英语 课后翻译答案

Unit 1 1.3000多辆汽车因刹车问题昨日被召回（because of；recall） 1. More than 3000 cars were recalled yesterday because of a brake problem. 2.他尽管病得很重，但还是来参加会议了。（despite） 2. He came to the meeting despite his serious illness. 3.要确保同样得错误今后不再发生了。（see it that） 3. See to it that the same mistake won't happen again. 4.现在他们之间的了解多了一些，他们相处得就好些了。（now that） 4. Now that they've got to know more about each other，they get along better. 5.此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。（find oneself） 5. Then Ifound myself surrounded by five or six boys. 6.在这幸福的时刻，我向你致以最美好的祝愿。（on occasion） 6. I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. Unit3 1)很多事情导致了我与那家公司断绝关系。(contribute to) A lot of things contributed to the end of my relationship with that company. 2.面对严峻的疾病，她表现出了巨大的勇气。（in the face of） She showed great courage in the face of serious illness. 3.我们得出结论，她讲的是真话。（come to） We came to the conclusion that she was telling the truth. 4他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。（fail to）