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考研英语阅读全文翻译

考研英语阅读全文翻译
考研英语阅读全文翻译

P a s s a g e 1

谨慎的(tight-lipped)老人们过去常说“在这个世界上,重要的不是你想要什么,而是你能够得到什么。”

心理学(psychology)教导人们,如果你知道你想要什么,并且你想要的东西又合乎情理,那么你就能会得到它。

在脑海里,你可以为你的愿望描绘一幅蓝图(blueprint),就像你绘制房屋的蓝图一样;日常生活中,我们每个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。如果我们想请朋友吃饭,我们就要定菜谱,列购物清单(make a shopping list),并决定先做哪道菜。这样的计划对于举行的任何形式的饭局都是必不可少的。

同样,如果你想找份工作,就应该拿张纸,写一份自我简评(brief account)。为找工作制订计划时,应该以自己的实际情况为出发点,因为只有当你确切地知道你可以提供什么时,你才可能明智地(intelligently)计划到哪儿去求职(sell your services)。

实际上,你的这份自我评估是你工作经历的一个简介(sketch),应当包括你的受教育程度、经历以及证明材料(reference)。这样的简历很有用。在填写正式申请表格(application blank)时可以作为参照,在面试时更是起极大的作用。在与你交谈时,你可能的(could be)雇主将根据你的受教育程度、工作经历以及其他

资历(qualification)来确定你是否值得他雇用,因此你必须以相关的合理而有序的方式展现你的“商品”和能力。

当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后,你就有了确切的(tangible)东西可推销了。这样你

就可以找工作(hunt for a job)了。你应当尽可能地收集所有有关你未来工作的信息。查询(make inquiry)有关工作和公司的详细情况。保持耳目灵敏,运用自己的判断。每天花一定的时间寻找(seek)你想要的工作,并时刻记住:你现在的工作就是找份工作(secure a job)。

Passage 2

随着BBC (英国广播公司)国际电视服务节目的开播(start),亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以收听

到该公司的广播,还可以收看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。

当然,英国的听众(listener)和观众(viewer)可以调频收看两个BBC 电视频道(television channel)、收听五个BBC 全国广播电台和几十个地方广播电台(radio station)的节目。每户每年交八十三英镑的收视费(license fee)便可收看、收听体育新闻、喜剧、戏剧表演、音乐节目、新闻、时事(current affair)、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目以及电影等。

BBC 已经连续运作(stretch)了七十多年,可谓历程辉煌:然而,现在的BBC 却前途未卜(in doubt)。目前该公司还可以作为政府基金资助(publicly-funded)的公办广播机构(broadcasting organization)生存下去,但是它的作用、规模(size)以及它的节目已成为现阶段整个英国争论的话题(subject)。

这场争论是由英国政府发起的(launch)。政府邀请任何对BBC 有看法的人(包括普通听众和观众)对公司的好、坏情况发表意见,他们甚至可以发表有关“公司是否值得办下去”这样的意见。政府像这样征求意

见的原因是BBC 持有的皇家契约(royal charter)将于一九九六年到期(run out),政府必须决定是让公司维持原状,还是实行改革(make change)。

公司的扞卫者中有很多人喜欢引用美国的口号:“如果东西没坏(broke),就不要修它。”他们说,

BBC“没有破产”,意思是说该公司没有垮掉(与“一文不名”一词的含义完全不同,“一文不名”意为没有资金),为什么要自找麻烦去改变它呢

然而,BBC 将不得不实行改革,因为其周边的广播界(broadcasting world)正在发生变革。撒切尔政府的广播法要求商业电视频道(TV channel)(独立电视台和第四频道)更加商业化,互相竞争广告业务(advertiser),降低成本,裁减员工。但是,从长远来看,正是新卫星频道(satellite channel)的出现由于它们的部分资金来自广告收入,部分来自用户的收视费(subscription),才会带来最大的变革。

Passage 3

十九世纪后半叶,“资方(capital)和劳方(labor)”按现代方式不断壮大并完善(prefect)各自对立的(rival)组

(collectivism)和市营企业、国有企业(state owned business)的一个步骤。虽然铁路公司还是为股东(shareholder)谋利(manage for the benefit)的私营企业(private business),但同过去的家族式企业已大不相同了。与此同时,市政当局(municipality)也开始涉足实业界,为纳税人(taxpayer)提供电力、交通(tram)和其它服务。

企业负责任的管理中的分离。整个十九世纪,美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚和欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资金发展,而英国的股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像Bournmouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇迅速发展起来,为大批“享乐”阶层提供了住所,而这些人靠自己的丰厚收入(income)过着隐居生活,这些人除了分取红利(dividend)、偶尔参加股东大会向管理人员发号施令外,他们与外界没有任何联系。另一方面,“股权(shareholding)”意味着悠闲和自由,而这正是维多利亚时代后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。

的老字号的雇主通常十分了解工人的情况。实际上,仅仅是经营(operation)规模和所涉及的工人人数就使这样的关系变得不可能。然而,幸运的是,工会(trade union)的势力和组织在不断扩大,至少在技术行业(skilled trade)的工会是这样,这使得工人与雇用他们的公司经理的地位平等了。罢工和封闭工厂的无情惩罚(discipline)使得双方懂得彼此尊重,理解了公平协商(fair negotiation)的价值。

Passage4

敏锐的(acute)外国观察家认为,美国人的适应能力(adaptiveness)以及善于创造性(inventiveness)得益于这种教育优势。正如一八五三年一位访问过这里的英国委员会成员所报道的,“由于美国的孩子在学校接受了彻底的训练(discipline),所以他们很快就成为熟练(skilled)工人。”

更进一步激励(stimulus)发明的因素就是“奖励”制度,这种制度产生于专利(patent)制度之前,并与专利制度共存了(parallel)许多年。这种奖励方法源于国外,它为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其它奖励(incentive)。

在美国,给新发明(device)的众多奖项一般在农村的商品展销会(fair)和主要城市的工业博览会上颁发(award)。美国人纷纷涌向这些展销会,去鉴赏那些新机械,因而使他们更新(renew)了自己的观点,坚信先进(advance)的技术可以造福人类。

由于对技术革新(innovation)的这种乐观态度,美国工人很轻易地习惯了机械技术(mechanical technology)所需的专门的非语言思维方式。正如尤金·福格森所指出的,“一位技术家所考虑的东西不可能用确切的(unambiguous)语言描述;他处理这些东西的过程是一个视觉的、非语言过程……。设计人员和发明者能够在他们的脑子里编制和应用(manipulate)那些尚不存在的设计。”

了具有美国特征的竞争(emulation)。如今,该词意味着纯粹的模仿(imitation)。但在早期,它意味着为了名望和出类拔萃(excellence)而进行的友好而激烈的竞争。

Passage5

据传言,二十多本有关创世纪论(creationism)和进化论(evolution)的书籍即将问世。有几本书已经面世

数的非原教旨主义(non fundamentalist)宗教领袖们已经开始把科学的创世纪论看成是“拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教”。

金切尔的书在前四章非常简洁地介绍了进化论。作者在恰当的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评,并提

(deception)和歪曲(distortion)事实的程度可能会让他们感到气愤和吃惊,由于他们的基本动机motivation)是为了宗教,人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。

(philosopher)

说,书中有关创世纪论者的最后一章阐述得相当清楚。这部优秀作品的封皮上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的一句话,“本书代表的就是理性(reason)”。“这本书也的确这么做——如果理性是评判创世纪论与进化论之争的惟一标准的话,那么一切问题就已解决了。

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完型 鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。然而,真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。事实上,这样的预测已经出现二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。例如,1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的定义”,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。为何人们进入无现金社会的速度如此缓慢呢? 尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效,然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因。第一,使电子货币成为最主要的支付方式必须的设备包括电脑、读卡器和电信网络,而安装这些设备价格昂贵。第二,纸质支票有提供收据这一优势,这是消费者不愿放弃的。第三,使用纸质支票可以让开票人多几天让钱“悬浮”在帐户里,对方得花上几天才能凭支票取现,这也就是意味着开票方又多赚了几天利息钱。而由于电子支票是即时的,因此也就没有这种优势。第四,电子支付方式还有可能存在安全和隐私隐患。 我们曾多次听到媒体报道说某个非法黑客入侵了用户的数据库并且篡改了里面的信息。这种情况时有发生,这也意味着别有用心之人可能侵入电子支付系统,盗取别人的银行帐号而盗款成功。要防止这类诈骗并非易事,正在研发新的电脑科学领域来处理该类安全问题。此外,人们对于电子支付方式的担忧在于进行电子交易之后所留下的包含个人信息的痕迹。人们担心政府部门,雇员和市场营销人员会看到这些数据,侵犯个人隐私。 Text1 在一篇名为(entitled)《成功(make it)在美国》的文章中,作者亚当·戴维森讲述(relate)了这样一个源自棉花出产国的笑话,笑话是关于现代纺织(textile)作坊(mill)已高度自动化(automate):现如今,一家普通作坊里只有两名员工,“一个人和一条狗,人在作坊里是为了喂狗,狗在作坊里是为了使人远离(away from)机器。”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reaso n we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,which a re more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.最近出现了很多(a number of)类似戴维森所写的文章,它们都表明了这样一种看法(make a point):之所以失业人数(unemployment)居高难下(stubbornly high)和中产阶级(middle-class)收入(income)持续下降,原因是全球化与信息技术革命已经取得了诸多进步,它们使得机器和国外员工在取代(replace..with)本国劳动力(labor)方面比以往任何时候都要迅速。 以往,具有一般技术、从事一般工作的员工可以赚得(earn)普通的生活。但现如今,普通人才正式地过时了(officially)。继续普通无法再让你过上以前的生活,其原因是当下更多的雇主可以用(have access to)比普通还要低廉的价格,来雇佣国外员工,购买机器人(robotics)和软件(software),实现自动化(automation),获得天才(genus)。因此,每个人都需要挖掘身上额外的东西-来让他们做出独特的、有价值的贡献,这种贡献会让他们脱颖而出(stand out),不管他们身处什么工作领域(field of employment)。 确实,新科技在过去、现在和将来都在“吞噬”工作岗位,但这种“吞噬”速度已经提高了。正如戴维森所指出(note):“(美国)工厂裁员(shed workers)速度是如此之快,以至于从1999到2009十年间裁员人数超过了之前70年新增员工人数的总和;大约有1/3的制造业工作岗位——总约600万——消失了。 未来,改变会一直存在——新工作、新产品和新服务。但我们肯定(know for sure)的一件事情是:随着全球化和信息技术革命所取得的每一个进步,那些最好的工作都将需要劳动者们接受更多、更好的教育,以使他们优于普通员工。 生活在普通人才已正式过时的世界中,我们有很多的事情需要做来扶持就业(employment),但其中最重要的是为21世纪通过某种“士兵教育促就业法案(于1944年通

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————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:

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