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英语翻译笔记

?语言层级（由小到大）

词组——短语——句子——段落——篇章

?短语分类

?并列&蓝天白云

?偏正&蓝天

?主谓&意志坚定心情舒畅

?动宾

●真

短语或句子（祈使句或被动句）

●伪

真正主语省略&下雨下雪读书

?翻译举例及分析

?他被捕报道了。

<语言层级属于句子，可以用他或者隐含的他被捕这个消息做

主语>

●The news is reported that he is arrested.

（他被捕这个消息做主语被动句的使用）

●He is reportedly arrested.

(他做主语副词的使用)

?明天有会。

<语言层级属于句子，可以省略主语，采用there be句型，或

者用明天做主语>

● A meeting will be held tomorrow.

（会议做主语，明天做时间状语被动句）

●There will be a meeting tomorrow.

（There be 结构的使用）

●Tomorrow will see/witness a meeting.

（明天做主语，表示看见/见证了重大事件的发生）

◆拓展

1.there be 某处有某物，表处所关系

have 表所属关系

2.have/have got（常用于口语）

possess/possession 占有

有own 拥有

boast 拥有（引以为豪的事物）

there be

?周末有电影。

<语言层级属于句子，采用被动句或it作形式主语>

●It will be a film on the weekend.

(主语省略，用it作形式主语)

● A movie will be shown on the weekend.

（被动句）

?明天有雨。

<语言层级属于句子，采用it作主语>

●It will rain tomorrow.

?杨陵近十年发生了巨大的变化。

<语言层级属于句子，可用杨凌、巨大的变化做主语>

●Great changes have taken place in the town of Yangling in the past 10

years.

(被动句)

(&西安市the city of Xian &杨凌区the town of Yangling)

●The past 10 years witness the great changes of Yangling.

◆拓展

元素与集合、部分与整体的所属关系

1.Of 同位语& the city of Rome

前后谓主关系& return of spring

Occur 通常指发生不好的事情

2.发生happen 碰巧发生（意外）

Take place 通常指重大事件的发生

?要努力扩大就业。

<语言层级属于句子，主语省略，需补充>

●We should make efforts to enlarge/expand employment.

(主语省略)

?胡锦涛，安徽人，清华毕业。

<插入语的使用>

<语言层级属于句子，胡锦涛做主语，安徽人或清华毕业作谓语或宾语，其他部分作插入语，那一部分做插入语取决于需要强调哪一部分>

●Hu Jintao was born in the province of Anhui and graduated in Peking

University.

●Hu Jintao , who was born in Anhui, is graduated from Peking University.

●Hu Jintao , born in Anhui, is graduated from Peking University.

(句子的非重点部分做插入语,要强调的部分做宾语)

?孙其信，甘肃人，全国农大委员会会员，西农校长。

<插入语的使用>

●Sun Qixin , having graduated from Gansu Agricultural University ,

born in Gansu province ,a member of the National Agricultural

Commission is the school master of NWAFU.

(句子的非重点部分做插入语,要强调的部分做宾语)

?二十世纪，重工业飞速发展。

<语言层级属于句子，用重工业或20世纪做主语>

●Heavy industry developed rapidly 20 century.

●Heavy industry soared 20 century.(猛涨)

●The period of 1960s witnessed the sored of heavy industry.

?他，历史清白。

<语言层级属于句子，他做主语>

●He has a clean personal record.

?这文章语法错误。

<语言层级属于句子，语法做主语>

●The grammar of this article is wrong.

●It is wrong in grammar.

●It is grammatically wrong.

(词语的转换副词的使用)

?这是化学合成的。

<语言层级属于句子>

●It is chemothetic.

?1999年，以美国为首的北约之国际条约于不顾，绕开联合国

安理会，打着避免“人道主义”灾难的旗号，对主权国家南

联盟进行了长达78天的狂轰滥炸，酿成了二战后西欧最严重

的人道主义灾难。

?平遥古城，是按照汉民族传统规划思想和建筑风格建设起来

的城市。集中体现了公元14~17世纪的历史文化特色，对研

究这一历史时期的政治、经济、军事、文化、道德、伦理等

有重要的参考价值。

?语法知识

?同位语

（一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。

●用法一：

有两个或两个以上同一语言层级的语言单位组成的结构，其中前项和后项所

指相同，句法功能也相同，后项是前项的同位语，常用“，”连接。

&Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.

我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。

●用法二：

同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用“，”隔开；同位语对其同位成分只作

补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

&He told me that his brother John was a world-famous doctor.

他本人对我讲，他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。

（brother和John都是单一的字作同位语，与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。）

&Yesterday I talked to my English teacher,Mr. James.

昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。

（同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher，同位语与其同位成分

之间可用逗点隔开。）

●用法三：

同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外，还可以表示部分意义。

&We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.

我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

（Chinese people是we的同位语。）

&He is interested in sports,especially ball games.

他喜欢运动，特别是球类运动。

（ball games是sports的同位语。）

●从句

◆先行词

1．定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。

2．when，where，why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。

◆引导词（关系词）

定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。

下面把四个引导词分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。

1．引导词that

引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当一定成分，并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用。不能省略。

&：

①The news （that you told me yesterday）was really exciting．

括号部分是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。

②We heard the news （that our team had won）．

括号部分是同位语从句，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。

2．引导词when，where，why

引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成"

介词+关系代词"的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们叫做连接副词，在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

&：

①I will never forget the day （when I joined the army）．

括号部分是定语从句，when在从句中作状语，它可以转换成on which 的形式；

②We have no idea （when she was born）．

括号部分是同位语从句，when在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望），fact(事实），belief (信仰），news（消息），idea（主意；观念），promise（承诺），information（信息），conclusion（结论），order（命令），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），thought （想法）等后面。

?考点

◆单词做同位语

◆短语做同位语

⑴使用不定式作同位语。

&He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason,to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.

⑵使用介词短语作同位语。

&WangLi,just back from the training class,was made director of the Maternity Home.

⑶有时可用形容词作同位语，作用接近定语，但放在所同位名词的后面，

且有逗号把它们分开。

&People,old and young,took to the streets to watch the parade.

◆区分同位语从句和定语从句

从意义上讲，前者对名词加以补充说明，而后者对名词进行修饰和限定。

从结构上讲，前者由连接词引导，后者由关系代词引导。

从内涵上讲，前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语等。

引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，而引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。

同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词，而定语从句所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。

考博英语翻译笔记整理版(唐静主讲)

2010考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静）一、考研翻译的三大基本问题（一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘” 做真题，而不是看翻译做翻译＝写汉字（二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试容 1、题型 ①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整 ②小的方面：阅读题没有必要通读全文有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文划线句子有代词，需要读上下文 2、命题原则 ①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象 ②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的） ③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句 3、考试容=考点 1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释（1）专有名词人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语 Big Bang大爆炸理论 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论（3）学科术语 anthropoloist人类学家 anthropological人类学的 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论 SARS非典（4）词组 as……as by means of home appliances家用电器die out灭绝（5）多义词： school 学派before以前serve起作用 life 生命、生活（6）熟词生义 set （成套）设备；集、集合 offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词 2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择 A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序 46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。例如：I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。 B、词义选择：即选择一个单词的意思来翻译，解决单词问题（单词不认识怎么办）词义选择的方法： a、分析词根、词缀 multimedia 多媒体，传媒determinism 决定论methodology 方法论anthropological 人类学的 b、分析上下文来翻译： ①借生词的上下文来造句人类有能力______环境（改造/征服/适应）Television is one of the meas.（电视是一种工具/方式/媒介）②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换 aspect方面 P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. deal with 处理，解决aspect在这里为“问题” P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” 处理挑战？deal with在这里为“应对/解决” 在应对（面对/解决）如此大规模的挑战的时候，… P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 优雅的系统？elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”3）考察具体句型的翻译包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构（三）考研翻译的方法直译为主，适当意译直译不等于死译考研翻译的标准和步骤： 1、标准：准确、通顺、完整；严复：信、达、雅傅雷：神似；钱钟书：化境 2、衡量的方式：读 3、翻译步骤：第一步：通读全句、查找连接第二步：分析成分、划分意群第三步：选择词义、表达贴切第四步：适当调整、书写译文考研翻译步骤例题：P7 61）One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on. 第一步：通读全句、查找连接第二步：分析全句，划分译群主语：one difficulty 谓语：is that引导的表语从句从句的主语：almost all of what is called behavioral science（被动）谓语：continues 第一个to：不定式的符号第二个to：介词的符号，后接名词4个名词：states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语第三步：选择词义表达 1、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为behavioral science 行为科学continue 继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到states of mind 心理状态feelings感觉、感情、情感character 性格train 特征human 人类nature大自然；本性and so on 等等第四步：适当调整、书写译文 2、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是→在于that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为→所谓的behavioral science 行为科学……（不通顺） 3、one 一个 is 是→在于that almost 几乎what is called 被称之为→所谓的行为科学……（不通顺） 4、将all放在behavioral science 后：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都（加上）continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到……（不对劲） 5、第二个to 到换为根据：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 根据……（还不对劲） 6、第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性

经典中文英文翻译

经典中文的英译但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.

合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.

考博英语翻译笔记

考博英语翻译笔记倒装和分割结构为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。译文：例如，它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。 2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's “baby boom ” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。 3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much ，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业 4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果only 修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West . 分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。译文：1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析：hardly…when的结构表示“冈U…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外，hardly分句中一般采用过去完成时，而when (或before )分句中使用过去时。还有，与hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有barely (scarcely)…whe n … 译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.

英语专业研究生考试笔记,英汉翻译笔记

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