科技英语翻译
A Practical Course on EST Translation
《实用科技英语翻译》
Course Description
Course Title: A Practical Course on EST Translation/ 《实用科技英语翻译》
Hours/week: 2 sessions per week
Students: Second-year students (A–level, Grade 2008)
Instructor:Prof. Wei CHEN, Institute for Translation & Intercultural Studies (ITIS), School of Foreign Languages, WHUT
Reference books:
1) Wuqiu FAN. Selections on Practical EST Translation. Foreign Language Publishing House.
2001./范武邱。《实用科技英语翻译讲评》。外文出版社。2001年。
2) Zhijie FENG. Essentials for EST Translation. China Translation Publishing House. 2000./冯志
杰。《汉英科技翻译指要》。中国对外翻译出版公司。2000年。
3) Xianfa HUA. A New Practical Textbook of English-Chinese Translation. Hubei Education
Press. 2001./华先发。新适用英译汉教程。湖北教育出版社。2001年。
4) Chengzhang LIN. An Introduction to English Lexicology. Wuhan University Press.1996./林承
璋。英语词汇学引论。武汉大学出版社。1996年。
Objectives:
This course aims at training students to develop some elementary translation skills as capable EST translators or CIOs (Chief Information Officers) equipped with some knowledge of lexical and discourse features of EST genres, criteria of EST translation, and aware of the common grammatical mistakes or errors in EST translation, rhetoric devices and logics through translation theories study and translating practice.
《实用科技英语翻译》是以科技英语文体的词汇语篇特征、科技英语翻译的标准、科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题为主要内容，以科技英语翻译理论为指导，在科技英语翻译实践的基础上，集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。本课程的教学目标是培养学生的科技英语的翻译能力，使他们在今后学习和工作中能轻松地胜任科技英语情报收集和翻译工作。
We wish to:
1）Offer optional but special classes for the students to develop their interests towards EST translation. As science and engineering majors, the students will have chances to learn and appreciate EST materials;
2）Help the students enlarge their EST vocabulary so as to build a robust foundation for ESP (English for Special Purposes)(在拓展学生科技英语翻译能力的同时，有效地实现大学英语与专业英语的有效衔接。);
3）Help the students improve their reading ability through studying and appreciating texts of different styles in EST translation;
4）Help the students enhance their language accuracy and fluency in EST translation; 5）Help the students improve their critical-thinking ability in EST translation;
6）Familiarize the students with relevant translation theories in order to grasp some techniques used for EST translation;
7）Offer the students workshops to do EST translation.
Teaching Methods: lectures; questions and answers; in-class discussion; presentations by students (giving students more space to air their own opinions) Contents:
Lecture 1 : Introduction
Lecture 2 : Lexical features of EST genres
Lecture 3 : Discourse features of EST genres
Lecture 4 : Common Prefixes, Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms Translation
Lecture 5 : Body Nouns Used in Technical Terms Translation
Lecture 6 : Some Common Techniques in Technical Terms Translation
Lecture 7 : Theme-Rheme Represented in EST Translation
Lecture 8 : Aesthetic Orientation in EST Translation
Lecture 9 : Shifts between Generalization and Specification in EST Translation Lecture 10 : S entence Length and Focus in EST Translation
Lecture 11 : L ogic Analysis in EST Translation
Lecture 12 : E ST Translation Practice
Lecture 13: S ome Common Grammatical Mistakes in EST Translation
Lecture 14: Some Common Rhetorical Mistakes in EST Translation
Lecture 15: Some Common Logical Mistakes in EST Translation
Lecture 16: Exam
Focuses:
1.Lexical and discourse features of EST genres;
2.Criteria of EST translation
3.Translation expertise in EST translation
Difficulty: Translation techniques in EST translation
课程的重点是科技英语文体的词汇和语篇特征和翻译的标准。难点是科技英语的翻译技巧。Requirements of Students
a)Attend every class unless it is impossible for good reason. (Points are awarded for
class participation. If you do not attend, you cannot participate.)If you cannot make it to class, please let me know ahead of time. ONE absence without note for sick leave will lead to the loss of one point; THREE absences with note for sick leave will lead to the loss of one point
b)Be punctual.
c)Keep cell phones turned off during class time.
d)Work positively and contribute to the best of your ability in class.
e)Complete all assignments on time. Makeup tests and late assignments will only be
considered in case of emergency.
f)Take full advantage of necessary resources to practice your skills. Assignments:
a)background knowledge search for each lecture;
b)preview work for each lecture;
c)exercises after each lecture;
d)one quiz for every 4 lectures.
Assessment:
a)attendance (10%)
b)in-class participation (20%)
c)monthly quiz (10%)
d)final exam (60%)
本课程分为五大部分。第一部分介绍科技英语文体的词汇特征，如科技术语的翻译总原则、合成科技术语的语义分析、类比构词及其翻译和科技术语翻译中的矛盾处理等；第二部分介绍科技英语文体的语篇特征，如：当代语言学理论在科技英语翻译中的作用、科技翻译中的美学取向、科技英语翻译中的虚实互化现象、主位述位在科技翻译中的表现、科技翻译中句长和语句重心的处理等。第三部分阐述科技英语的一般特征及其翻译的标准。第四部分说明科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题。第五部分为科技英语翻译实践。
Lecture 1 Introduction
1.The Definition of EST (English for Science & Technology)
EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.
Example 1
Since the joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine, and the primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of a piston under working condition, it is important to show up the actual deformation of piston and for this purpose the finite element has been widely applied to analyze it numerically in China.
活塞与气缸的配合间隙，对于发动机的使用寿命影响很大，影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在状态下的变形。真实反映活塞变形情况，国内已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。
Example 2
The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude.
空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。
Example 3
Pictures can be stored in the camera’s internal memory (about 14 MB) or on the Secure Digital (SD) memory card. If no memory card has been inserted in the camera, pictures will be stored in the memory, and if the camera contains a memory card, then pictures will automatically be stored on the card.
2.Stylistic Features of EST
Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.
2.1Lexical level
1)Numerous Technical Terms
Technical terms refer to those lexicons specialized in a certain subject or area, with which laymen are unfamiliar, e.g. cryogeneics（低温学）, noepinephine（新肾上腺素）
Characteristics:
A.Lengthy: mostly containing roots or affixes originating from Latin, Greek and French, etc.
e.g. nucleonics（核子学）, semisomnus（半昏迷）, autoradiography（自动射线照相术）
B.Numerous compounds coined（新造）to signify the new things coming out in the science and
technology
e.g. radiophotography（无线电传真）, anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile（反装甲导弹）
C.numerous abbreviations
e.g. FM (frequency modulation 调频), telesat (telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)
2)Numerous pseudo-technical terms
Everyday English EST different senses
e.g. frame 框架1）机架（machinery）；2）帧（telecommunications）
transmission 1)发射（radio engineering）；2）传动、变速（machinery）；3）透射（physics）；4）遗传（medical science）
2.2Syntactical Level
1)Nominalization（名词化结构）
For conciseness: abstract nouns denoting action or state + v-ing form or nominal phrases,
e.g. the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves（通过无线电波来发射和接受活动物体的图像）;
illumination intensity determination（照明强度测定）；
the generation of heat by friction（摩擦生热）；
2)Lengthy sentences and logic connectors
For explicitation（将事理充分说明）, we often employ some lengthy sentences containing expressions and clauses（短语和分句）and logic connectors such as hence, consequently, accordingly, however, on the contrary, as a result, in short, etc.
3)The Present Tense and The Perfect Tense
The stated findings and results in the essays or books can be verified and repeated.
4)The Passive Voice
Objective, less subjective, scientific, impersonal,
5)The Antecedent（先行词）‘it’Construction
For balance of sentence structure
e.g. It is quite useful to think of the earth and its atmosphere as being rather like an onion – that is a ball made up of layers, although unlike an onion, each layer is made of different material.
6)Double or triple propositions（介词词组连用）
Relationship of different things such as spatial and temporal relationship（时空关系）, subordination（所属关系）and cause-effect relationship（因果关系）etc.
e.g. The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude.
空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。
Lecture 2 Prerequisites for EST Translation
1.Basics of Specialty
EST involves many fields in natural sciences, therefore it’s quite essential to get familiar with the knowledge of the relevant subjects along with a rich vocabulary necessary for EST translation.
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德马格起重机械（上海）有限公司: 技术翻译& 高级经理教授助理
Technical Translation & Assistant Wanted
Target and Mission
1. Technical translation
2. Provide professional assistant to the Division Manager of Company Development.
Requirements:
1. University education, major in English of Science and technology, Engineering, professional translator qualification
2. Excellent in English
3. At least 3 years experience on technical translation with known translation service provider.
4. Good computer software skills (i.e. Windows, Excel, Power Point, MS Project and etc.)
5. Experience with Translation Memory Management software, e.g. Transit or Trados is preferred.
6. Basic knowledge of mechanical & electrical technology
7. Ability to work independently in area of own responsibility.
8. Proficiency in Microsoft office & operation of office machinery.
Responsibilities:
1. Translate technical documents and standards
2. Assist Division Manager in administration affairs and technical reports
3. Assist Division Manager for market survey.
4. Assist Division Manager to manage all technical standards (ISO, EU, GB, JB, Demag standards, etc)
5. Assist Division Manager to manager ISO 9001 quality system and related procedure documents;
6. Others activities request from top management team
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2.Accurate comprehension of semantic meaning
Popular words + learned words (technical terms): Specialized meanings in EST consult the dictionary
the rapid development of science and technology: newly coined words @@ we cannot find them in the dictionary ?? translation expertise
3.Analyzing the Lengthy Sentences
Lengthy sentences: segmentation + main clause + logic + translation
科技英语中有大量长句，长句中含有若干分句和许多短语及其他修饰限定成分，这给理解带来了一定困难。翻译时首先必须对长句进行深入细致的分析，先理解主干，再层层明确各成分之间的语法关系和语义逻辑关系，然后根据情况，选择采用顺译、逆译或综合译法。表达时一定要将意义的准确性和清晰度放在首位，该断句就断句，该增益就增益，不可死扣原文形式。
Prof. Guangzhong YU（余光中）:的的不休
4.Wording
EST: formal in style
3 levels: academic（学术性）+ technical（专业性）+ popular（通俗性）
experts well-educated versatile people laymen
the most formal the most informal
e.g.
1)Experts: AIDS获得性免疫缺乏综合征，poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎，diarrhea腹泻
2)Laymen: pink eye红眼病，the runs拉肚，AIDS艾滋病/“爱之病”，poliomyelitis小儿麻
痹症
5.Familiarizing the word-formation
Newly coined words: neologisms
Prefix +Root + suffix
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8218558327.html,pounds
e.g. heartman（换心人）, photobotany（光植物学）, hot-press（热压）
B.Affixation
e.g. antibody（抗体）, semisynthetic（半合成的）, futurology（未来学）
C.Clipping
e.g. influenza – flu, parachute – chute（降落伞）, university –varsity, three-dimensional film --3-D （立体电影）
D.Blending
e.g. teleprinter +exchange – telex（电传）, biological + rhythm – biorhythm（生理节奏）
E.Acronyms
e.g. AC (alternating current交流电), DC(direct current直流电),CCTV(closed circuit television闭路电视)
** Multiple meanings:
e.g. AC
1) absorption coefficient（吸收系数）, 2)adapter cable（适配电缆）, 3)air condenser（空气冷凝器）, 4)air conditioner（空调）, 5)alternating current, 6)automatic control（自动控制）, 7) accumulator（蓄电池）, 8) analog computer（模拟计算机）
6.Assignments: Summarize the commonly used prefixes and suffixes.
Lecture 3 Technical Terms in EST Translation
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8218558327.html,pound Words: the most common way to enlarge the EST vocabulary
1)Compound nouns
A.N. + N. e.g. diesel locomotive, force pump
B.ADJ. +ADJ. e.g. incandescent lamp, distant signal
C.V-ing + N. e.g. loading platform, rectifying stone
D.N. + V-ing e.g. side-loading, rail reconditioning
E.N. + V-ing + N. e.g. rail reclaiming plant, rail fastening broom
F.N. + V-ed + N./N phrase e.g.dip-forged disc wheel, dip-forged solid disc wheel
G.V. + partical（小品词）e.g. flyover, turnout
H.Particle + V. e.g. uprise, input
I.ADJ. + N. + head N.（中心名词）e.g. narrow-gauge railway, axial piston pump
J.ADJ. + ADJ. + N. + head N. e.g. basic direct access method, double acting stop block
K.ADV. + ADJ. + N./ N phrase e.g. locally alternative sequence functionally distributed computer system
L.N. + N. + N. e.g. gauge side control gear change lever
M.Capital Letter + N. (1) shape, feature and nature: e.g. U-steel, I-beam; (2) abbreviation: e.g. P-waves (P = primary), Q-factor (Q=quality)
N.Greek letter + N. e.g. gamma decay, alpha angel
2)Compound adjectives
e.g. anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile（反装甲导弹）
3)Grammar compound:
e.g. double-curved arcbridge, circular one-shaft vibrator, automate route control of train
2.Rules for Technical Term Translation
1)Syntactic Structure of Some Common Technical Terms:
A.S + V（主谓式）
B.V + O（动宾式）
C.ADJ + N（偏正式）
Suggestions of EST Technical Term Translation:
Based on the characteristics of Chinese syntactic technical terms, we should employ some translation techniques such as literal translation, free translation, combination of literal translation and free translation, translation according to its image, etc.
在翻译合成科技术语时，我们应连心汉语词法上的特点，结合传统的音译、意译、音意结合、形译、象译等翻译方法，适当地讲科技术语译成主谓式或偏正式等结构。
e.g.
pile driving打桩（V + O）
in-track grinding现场打磨（ADJ + N）
up-and-down hump yards双向驼峰编组场（ADJ + N）
ballast regulating & compacting plate道渣整形夯实板（ADJ + N）
fire retardant paint防火漆（ADJ + N）
cut and cover明挖法（ADJ + N）
flyover立体交叉（ADJ + N）
U-steel槽钢（ADJ + N）
P-waves地震纵波（ADJ + N）
power supply供应电力（S + V）
rail reconditioning钢轨整修（S + V）
2)General feature of Compound Technical Terms:
A.accuracy（确切性）:accurately reflect the nature of the concept
B.monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word
C.systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in
a specific level so as to constitute a common system
D.linguistically correct（语言的正确性）:in accordance with the word-formation in the
same language
E.conciseness（简明性）:concise and easy to remember
F.motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the
word.
G.stability（稳定性）: stable and unlikely to change
H.productivity（能产性）: once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms
based the original one by means of word-formation
3)Common Rules for Technical Term Translation
As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:
A.monosemy vs. conciseness
e.g. 数控in Chinese can refer to either 数值控制(numerical control) or 数字控制(digital control)
monosemy is the priority
B.motivation vs. accuracy
As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferred. e.g. machine tool机床
C.stability vs. productivity
synchronous even pressure tamping system同步稳压捣固系统
non-synchronous even pressure tamping system异步稳压捣固系统
D.systematization vs. linguistically correct
Before translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation.
E.g. 铁路、铁道railway
铁道部、铁道兵、铁道学院==？？？Collocational regularity 搭配规律
铁路局、铁路医院、铁路交通
E.Chinese language trait vs. conciseness
As for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters （偶数词语）or even 4-character expressions（四字结构）.
e.g. bi-stable circuit双稳压电路双稳电路
**dog clutch爪形离合器（motivation）
rubber-metal spring橡胶-金属弹簧橡胶-金属夹心弹簧
translation standard: Yan Fu’s “tri-ness”: truthfulness, expressiveness and elegance
3.Semantic Analysis of Compound Technical Term
The first step of accurate grasp of the meanings of the compound technical terms is to analyze their structures. Non-verb compounds（无动词基本合成词）can be classified into 9 kinds according to the relationship between the determiners（限定词）and their head nouns（核心词）.
1)N1 produces/makes N2
e.g. steel band rubber band
Purposes: a) show the material related to something（表明与某种物体有联系的材料）;
b)prescribe the head nouns without any relationship between them and the given material or substance（规定与这种材料或物质没有必然联系的核心词）
e.g. cane sugar 蔗糖coal gas煤气oil film油膜saw dust锯木屑
2)N2 produces/makes N1
e.g. steel mill（轧钢厂）, copper mill（轧铜厂）, paper mill（造纸厂）
computer factory oil well（油井）rubber tree（橡胶树）tear gas（催泪瓦斯）
3)N1 drives（驱动）N2
Head noun: object; determiner: agent, the source to drive head nouns such as equipment, instruments, tools, etc.
e.g. air drill风钻battery car电池汽车oil control油压控制器spring governor弹簧调速器
4)N1 contains N2
Determiner: whole; head noun: part
e.g. bed post床架motor drive电机驱动装置oscillator plate 振荡片table leg桌子脚
5)N1 is N2
The determiner and the head noun have something in common.
e.g. blinker light闪光灯pine tree 松树resistant element电阻元件
6)N1 uses N2
N1 determines the usage of N2.
e.g. block switch闭路开关oil way油路safety valve安全阀
7)N1 is turned into N2
e.g. snowflake雪花: a flake of snow
dust-hump垃圾堆raindrop雨滴rainstorm暴风雨
8)ADJ. + N. = N.
The ADJ. determiner represents the attributes of the head noun such as color, shape, size, taste. etc.
e.g. blank bill空白票据square coil矩形线圈fixed point定点
floating point浮点black pigment黑颜料dark room暗室
9)N2 is like N1
限定词N1可以把核心词N2与其他物体比拟。如果两个合成成分的相似不十分明显，可以在两者中间插入“type”。
e.g. butterfly nut蝶形螺母butterfly valve 蝶形阀catfish猫头鱼
H-cable H型电缆U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带
Lecture 4 Common Prefixes, Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms
Translation
1.Roots
2.Prefixes
3.Suffixes
Lecture 5 Body Nouns Used in Technical Terms Translation
There are various kinds or ways of word-formation in technical terms, one of them is that some nouns presenting parts of the human body is used to coin some neologisms which denote some things new. They are more likely to be understood and memorized.
现在科技术语的构词方法和构词途径很多，作为万物之灵长的人不但在构词方法方面蝉精竭虑，就连人体的许多器官名称也用来做构词的“部件”，这大大丰富了人们的构词手段，而且由这种方构成的词使用起来让人倍感亲切，易懂易记。
head：
实用科技英语翻译-期末考试复习题
2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题） 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word C .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to remember F. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.
科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料
Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理
小议科技英语翻译技巧
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
科技英语中专业术语的翻译
科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下： ①firewall ．．．．．．．． ：防火墙 ②data mining ．．．．．．．．．． ：数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ：自动程序控制 2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例子如下： I ．-．bar ．．． 工字钢、工字条；O ．-．ring ．．．． 环形圈；twist ．．．．．-．drill ．．．．．麻花钻；X ．-．Ray ．．．X 光；α．-．brass ．．．．． α黄铜[1] 3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下： gene ．．．． 基因；quark ．．．．． 夸克；Pentium ．．．．．．． 奔腾 celluloid ．．．．．．．．． 赛璐璐；nylon ．．．．． 尼龙 Hertz ．．．．．（Hz ）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen ．．．．．流明（光通量单位） 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下： CPU ．．．：．C ．entral Processing Unit ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器) ASCII ．．．．．：．American S ．．．．．．．．．tandard ．．．．．．． C ．ode ．．． for ．．． I ．nformation ．．．．．．．．．． I ．nterchange ．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ．．．：．A ．synchronous ．．．．．．．．．．． T ．ransfer ．．．．．．． M ．ode ．．． (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下： WTO ．．．(国际贸易组织)；UNESCO ．．．．．．(联合国教科文组织)；WHO ．．．(世界卫生组织)；IOC ．．． (国际奥委会)
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
华北电力大学科技英语翻译汇总题库
2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中，因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时，而不是几秒钟，燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. （如果）把蓄电池放在干燥的地方，就不会漏电。 这种句式中，祈使句表示条件，and后面的句子表示结果，可译为“如果……，就……”，或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上，但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化，将它向外拉牵，扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句（或后续分句），即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词，用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句：由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰a world；介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句，修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste；关系副词where 引导的定语从句，也修饰a sterile mountainous waste；so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。
科技英语中专业术语的翻译
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单 个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法时最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例如： ①firewall 防火墙 ②data mining 数据挖掘 ③automatic program control 自动程序控制 2. 音译：根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术 语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例如： ·gene 基因；quark 夸克；Pentium 奔腾 ·celluloid 赛璐璐；nylon 尼龙、 ·Hertz (Hz) 赫兹（频率单位）；lumen 流明（光通量单位） 3．形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例如： I-bar 工字钢，工字条；O-ring 环形圈；twist-drill 麻花钻；X-ray X光；α-brass α黄铜 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占有很大的比重，这类词如译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例如： ◎CPU:Centeral Processing Unit (中央处理器) ◎ASCII:American Standard Code for Information Interchange (美国信息交换标准码) ◎A TM:Asynchronous Transfer Mode （异步传输模式） 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种方法。例如： WTO (世界贸易组织)；UNESCO （联合国教科文组织）；WHO (世界卫生组织)；IOC（国际奥委会） 注[1]：指含锌量≦35℅的铜铝合金。
科技英语翻译
形合和意合 1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。 I did not buy good seat for movie last day. 2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。 This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。 She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange. 4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。 Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values. 5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。 It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries. 6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension. 某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压 7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。 8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。 That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use. 英汉句子中心的差异 1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。 It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells. 2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。 It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968. 3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。 There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved. 4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。 I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。 One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes. 7.不努力就不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.
科技英语翻译专业词汇-电气
电气工程词汇 voltage 电压 current 电流 resistance 电阻 reactance 电抗 impedance 阻抗conductance 电导 inductance 电感 inductor 电感器capacitance 电容 capacitive 电容性的，电容的shunt capacitor 并联电容器 shunt 并联 series 串联 series circuit 串联电路 parallel circuit 并联电路conductor 导线 voltmeter 电压表 ammeter 电流表 arc 电弧 charge n 电荷v充电，带电，起电discharge v 放电 bridge 电桥 valve 电子管deenergize 断路 dielectric 不导电的/绝缘的generator 发电机 motor 电动机 audion 三极管diode 二极管potentiometer 电位器 step-up transformer 升压变压器power system 电力系统,电网transmission line 输电线 breaker 断路器 relay 继电器demodulator 解调器 radiator 散热器ventilation 通风，换气，通风装置alternating relay 交流继电器integrated circuit amplifier 集成电路放大器transistor amplifier 晶体管放大器terminal 端子 amplifier/magnifier 放大器 cable n 电缆v架设电缆fuse 保险丝熔断器interface 接口 amplitude 振幅幅度波幅digital signal 数字信号coupling 耦合 intermittent 周期的dislocation 错位 malfunction 故障 medium 介质 screen 屏蔽 dampen 阻尼 socket 插孔 ground plane 接地层 three-phasen 三相potential difference 电位差 active element 有源元件ideal independent source 理想独立电源watt hour meter 感应线圈frequency changer 变频器control switch 控制开关selector switch 选择开关current transformer 电流互感器power transformer 电力变压器phase voltage 相电压constant voltage source 恒定电压源alternating current 交流电流inverting 反相 out of phase 异相 self-inductor 自感 mutual-inductor 互感 ampere 安培coulomb 库仑 joule 焦耳 resistor 电阻器charger 充电器semiconductor 半导体absolute value 绝对值operating supply voltage 电源工作电压
科技英语翻译理论与技巧的心得体会
学习《科技英语翻译理论与技巧》课程后的几点体会和收获 学院：专业： 班级：姓名：学号： 英语翻译，是具有逻辑思维、科学理论和艺术色彩三者集中亮相的一种语言学问。 但是，在学习《科技英语翻译理论》之前，我对翻译的看法却不是这样认为的，对它的态度却是那么的不恭，那么的不敬，只认为它是语言的奴隶，是一种枯燥乏味的、低俗的赚钱工具，根本谈不上“学问”这一个崇高的词语，更是谈不上它具有科学理论、艺术色彩、逻辑思维这些完美的名词。事实总是存在与主观想法互相不吻合的时刻，庆幸的是，在这个不该延长下去的时刻，我恰恰结束了它的延长时间——我开始学习《科技英语翻译理论》。 现在，在我的脑海中，翻译不再是语言的奴隶，而是语言的灵魂。语言是人与人之间交流的重要工具，如果没有了翻译，那么人与人之间的交流在很大程度上就会受到阻碍，世界的文化交流历史将要重新编写。 翻译不是一个单词一个词语地翻译，而是要拥有逻辑性的翻译。 在学习《科技英语翻译理论》之前，每当翻译句子时，我并没有考虑到译文的逻辑性以及通顺性，直接按照原语言的单词顺序非常死板地翻译成译文，使译文读起来非常生硬，不通顺，不仅大大改变了原语言的韵味，而且大大降低了译文的可读性。但是，自从学习了《科技英语翻译理论》之后，回想起自己以前所翻译的句子，感觉自己跟那些没有学过英语的人没有什么两样。 在翻译时，我们必须考虑译文的逻辑性和通顺性，最起码让译文读起来不会出现拗口以及很乱的感觉。在翻译之前，必须仔细地推敲原语言，把原语言的每一个单词都弄懂，然后再运用译文的逻辑性把这些已经翻译成译文的单词组合在一起，最后理清一下句子的通顺性，经过了这一番程序过程之后，一句很通顺的句子就这样精彩地诞生了。句子通顺畅达，读者读起来朗朗上口，这才体现出翻译的魅力以及美丽。 翻译应该是科学地翻译。 翻译不是精通一门外语，借助于词典和工具书就能为之的事，缺少对原语文化的深入研究，是很难保证翻译的水平和质量，而且是一种枯燥乏味的语言翻译。翻译要熟悉两种语言，悟出语言所具有的无比威力，还要透过语言所传达的信息，了解其背后的文化和精神，从而体会到两种语言文化的差异。语言不仅仅是信息的载体，还是文化的载体。不同民族由于不同的生存环境，对世界的不同认识，往往形成各自独特的文化背景和文化模式。人类对信息
科技英语翻译专题 知识点汇总
计算机冀导那一部分 词汇 pig 金属锭块 dog挡块，止动爪 cat吊锚，履带拖拉机 cock旋塞，吊车 horse支架，铁杆 fish 接合板，夹板 monkey 打桩锤；煤矿通风巷道 fox绳索 belly 炉腰 mild steel structure 低碳钢结构 Bendable switches consist of a continuous 无缝的steel beam. ？可弯曲的开关由连续钢条组成。 曲性道岔由无缝钢条组成。 Bricks are also produced in many different colors and with various finishes, particularly those used for decorative purpose. 砖也可以烧制成许多不同的颜色，具有不同的光洁度，尤其是那些用于装饰的砖。 catalyst 催化剂 Resolving power 分辨率 Combining power 化合价 Base 碱 Base metals 非贵金属 Brass 黄铜 Difficult labor 难产 Foreign Material 杂质 Cast iron 铸铁 In general, the design procedure is not straightforward and will require trial and error. 一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。（简单的） Furnace 炉子 （1）Rubber is not hard, it gives way to pressure. 橡胶性软，受压变形。 （2）Porcelain is commonly used to resist electric current. 陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。 （3）When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions. 我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。 （4）Zinc is easy to obtain from its ore. 锌容易从锌矿中提炼。
科技英语翻译480句
一、时间（1-80） 1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot. 当把导线快速地（通过）来回弯曲折断时，部分功就转换成热，所以导线变热． 2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide. 当月亮的位置改变时，引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了． 3. The water vapor will change from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temperature is reached. 当露点温度达到时，水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分． 4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state. 当用户要求一组资源时，必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态． 5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number. 当合同程序段的用户数目增加时，查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加． 6. The air pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near. 随着台风的临近，气压开始下降． 7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle. 当它们在就绪队列中等待时，输入／输出装置则空闲着． 8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion. 当这些波向外扩散时，它们也在按波长分开，这一过程叫频散． 9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit. 当我们一接通线路，电流马上就开始出现．
科技英语翻译技巧
科技英语翻译技巧 科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。 1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments. 大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。 这里…are built and cared for 就是被动语态 2. The proportion of the various ingredients which go into concrete , the way it is mixed , and even the water which is used are very important to the finished material. 制作混凝土所用的各种配料的比例，搅拌的方法，乃至所用的水，对成品材料来说都是十分重要的。 此句有两处是被动语态。
科技英语词语大全
科技英语词语大全
2062门课程名称翻译大全（1）[加入书签][发表时间：2003-5-20 13:55:49] 生物物理学 Biophysics 真空冷冻干燥技术 Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology 16位微机 16 Digit Microcomputer ALGOL语言 ALGOL Language BASIC 语言 BASIC Language BASIC 语言及应用 BASIC Language & Application C 语言 C Language CAD 概论 Introduction to CAD CAD/CAM CAD/CAM COBOL语言 COBOL Language COBOL语言程序设计 COBOL Language Program Designing C与UNIX环境 C Language & Unix Environment C语言与生物医学信息处理 C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计 C ourse Exercise in dBASE Ⅲ FORTRAN语言 FORTRAN Language IBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XT IBM-PC微机原理 Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC LSI设计基础 Basic of LSI Designing PASCAL大型作业 PASCAL Wide Range Working PASCAL课程设计 Course Exercise in PASCAL X射线与电镜 X-ray & Electric Microscope Z-80汇编语言程序设计 Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages 板壳理论 Plate Theory 板壳力学 Plate Mechanics 半波实验 Semiwave Experiment 半导体变流技术 Semiconductor Converting Technology 半导体材料 Semiconductor Materials 半导体测量 Measurement of Semiconductors 半导体瓷敏元件 Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements