Chapter 4 Chapter4 英汉对比与翻译(二)

Chapter 4 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese (Part II) Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately.

Main Language points:

Comparative studies of syntactic structure in Chinese and English

Difficult teaching points: hypotactic & paratactic; subject-prominent & topic prominent; static & dynamic.

Teaching references:

1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社，2002

2. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社；

3. 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2004

Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice

1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合)

As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so fa r as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.

Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives;

Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them;

Examples:

1. That is our policy and that is our declaration.

—— W. Churchill

这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。

2. First, we make clear what is doing the travelling —— a car, a bus, a plane or whatever it may be.

首先，我们要搞清旅行工具，例如小汽车、公共汽车、飞机或别的可用工具。

3.发展体育运动，增强人民体质。

Promote physical culture and build up people’s health.

4.东海缺少白玉床，龙王请来金陵王。

If the Dra gon King wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Jinling, it’s said.

2. Complex vs. Simplex (简约与繁复)

The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses. On the other hand, the Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following the other rather in a line.

Illustrative examples:

1. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invented.

月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。

2. As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.

我们就住在路边，过路人或外乡人常到我们这里，尝尝我们家酿的醋栗酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。

3. 文章做到极处，无有他奇，只有恰好；人品做到极处，无有他异，只有本然。

——洪应明：菜根谭

When a piece of writing reaches the acme of perfection it is not because it contains some miraculous ingredient, but because it is written in exactly the right way. When a man refines his moral character to the point of perfection he does so not with the aid of any magic formula but by letting his pure inborn mature shine forth.

3. End-weight vs. Top-heavy (正三角与倒三角)

In an English sentence, the shorter elements usually go before longer ones in arrangement order, thus the weight of the sentence is put at the end, and the whole sentence looks like a pyramid. The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite, where the important elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence. So it looks like an inverted pyramid or triangle. Illustrative examples:

1. Gone are the days when we Chinese people depended on foreign steel.

中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。

2. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass.

美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。

3. 普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已经到来。

The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home.

4. 学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。

It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialist

modernization drive.

4. Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent

（主语突出与主题突出）

In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. On the other hand, a Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.

Illustrative examples:

1. A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.

有一种方言这间屋子里的每个语言学家都懂得。

比较：在这房间里的每位语言学家都懂一种方言。

2. You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear.

你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。

比较：你不种……

3. 1978年改革开放开始了。

The year 1978 saw the beginnings of the reform and opening to the outside world.

4. 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。

We have won one victory after another for our cause.

Or: A series of victories have been won for our cause.

5. Static vs. Dynamic(静态与动态)

In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predict of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predict at the same time, so we may say that the Chinese is rather “dynamic” while the English is “static”. Illustrative examples:

1. A mastery of Chinese and English is essential for E-C or C-E translation.

做英汉/汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。

2. Engineering design is a decision-making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human need.

工程设计是为发展人类所需工程而作决定的过程。

3. 再走几步就到实验大楼了。

A few steps will bring you to the laboratory building.

Walk a few steps and you will reach the lab building.

6. Impersonal vs. Personal (有灵主语与无灵主语)

In an English sentence, the choice of its subject often falls on the inanimate or the thing that is not living. On the other hand, we Chinese tend to pick up animate things or persons to function as the subject of a sentence.

Illustrative examples:

1. 我突然想到一个主意。

An idea suddenly struck me．

2. 她最终明白了真相。

The truth finally dawned on her．

3. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.

这位曾使全世界人发笑的人自己却饱受辛酸。

4. 一见这幅画，我就记起了我故乡的童年时代。

(a) Seeing the painting, I remember the childhood in my home town.

(b) The painting immediately reminds me of the childhood in my home town.

5. 董事长凭他丰富的经验一眼就看出问题的所在。

(a) The president at once found out by his rich experience what is wrong with the matter.

(b) The rich experience of the President told him at once what is wrong with the matter.

4. 我兴奋得说不出话来。

Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance．

5. A strange peace came over her when she was alone．

她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。

6. 闲人免进。

Man with no business not allowed to get in.

No admission for man with nothing to do.

Visitors, stop here!

Only for business!

7. Practice：

1. He got his haberdashery at Charvet’s but his suits, his shoes and his hats in Lond on.

2. My hand was always the first to be raised , however, when Miss Benson called for volunteers to clean the blackboards or to gather papers and bring them to her desk.

3. The girl was used to this kind of dialogue for breakfast and more of it for dinner.

4.The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal site for shooting motion pictures.

8. Assignments:

1. Bilingual reading: <绿化未来>, p.104

2. Read: p. 108

3. Translate the following:

1) Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the

doughnut, not upon the hollow? Suddenly these cliches are scientific questions, as

researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.

2) 他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。面对别人的成功与荣

耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，不会有成功等着你，还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人永远只能摸着成功的尾巴。

Answers:

★盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管那没水的一半？空心的面包圈，你是否只盯着那圈面包，而不去理会那个空心？这些老生常谈的问题，在研究人员考察积极思维的作用时，却突然具有了科学意义。

★Human life, it seems to me, needs a placidity of mind. While others may be wining and dining, I’m content with plain tea.

Not dazzled by other people’s aura of success and glamour, I’ll indulge in my simple pleasure.

Clearly aware where the credit goes, I won’t join in the rush in the vain hope of accepting the prize to be handed to me on a plate. The best a blind follower can do is tailing after the

winners. The only alternative is to create wonders of one’s own.

【注释】：“花酒”：a dinner party with singsong girls in attendance.

“清茶”：green tea / tea served without refreshment

英汉语言对比与翻译练习

英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

英汉互译实践与技巧作业

英汉互译实践与技巧 学 院：水利与建筑工程学院 专业班级：电气 xxx 班 姓 名： xxx 学 号： 201xxxxxxx

Reasons for the Excellence of US Higher Education By Chuck M.Ves Excellence extends beyond individual scholars and in stitutions it extends to systems. A basic question I have been asked innumerable times, especially when traveling abroad, is, Why is Americas system of higher education so good? It is, as has been said all too often, the envy of the world. I think there are seven primary reasons for the excellence of US higher education relative to that in other countries: We have a broad diversity of institutions ranging from small liberal arts colleges to Ivy League schools, to the great land grant universities, and to somewhat more focused institutions like MIT or Caltech. This diversity provides a wealth of environments and opportunities, from which individual students can select a school that best matches their needs and capabilities. We offer new assistant professors a wide open field of freedom to choose what they teach and the topics of research and scholarship they engage. We reject the hierarchical systems of many other nations in which junior faculty are subservient to, and indeed apprenticed to, senior professors. We therefore enjoy a constant flow of new ideas, passions, and approaches that keep us fresh and robust. In our research universities we meaningfully weave together

中英颜色词汇的对比与翻译

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的道德观 2 中国与日本茶文化的比较 3 网络英语的构词方式 4 翻译中的文化差异 5 从美国梦看美国社会流动机制 6 探析《老人与海》的主题 7 Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Viewed from the Humanistic Perspective 8 赫尔曼?梅尔维尔《白鲸》中的生态主义解析 9 An Analysis of The Bible’s Influence o n British and American Literature 10 计算机辅助教学在英语教学中的作用 11 An Analysis of Main Characters in Wuthering Heights 12 论《英国病人》中角色的自我认知 13 个体取向与集体取向对中美商务交流的影响 14 汉英姓氏文化差异 15 探析王尔德童话中的死亡主题 16 运用概念整合理论解读英语幽默理解障碍 17 初中生英语听力理解的障碍因素及对策 18 19 《等待野蛮人》中的寓言式写作手法 20 On Wisdom of Tao in Tao De Jing and the Subjectivity of Translator－－Based upon Translations of Wu（无）and You（有） 21 An Analysis of Translation of Road and Traffic Public Signs 22 象征主义视角下《致海伦》中的意象美 23 A Brief Analysis of Willy Loman’s Tragedy in Death of a Salesman 24 中式英语成因之分析 25 The Use of Symbols in A Farewell to Arms 26 管窥世纪年代以前的朴素社会语言学思想 27 论汉语新词语的英译 28 丁尼生《鹰》与休斯《鹰之栖息》的对比分析 29 A Study on English and Chinese Euphemisms from the Perspective of Cultural Difference 30 寻找真正的自我 31 浅析库尔特?冯尼古特《猫的摇篮》中的黑色幽默 32 广告英语的语言特征 33 On Translation of Symbolism in Pop Songs with a Case Study of Hotel California 34 霍桑的罪恶观在《红字》中的体现 35 面部表情和目视行为的跨文化研究 36 探析《劝导》中安妮的成熟形象 37 工业化进程下人的主体性的追问——梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》 38 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识 39 从《红字》看霍桑对清教主义的批判与妥协 40 A Contrastive Study on Language Features of Chinese and English Proverbs 41 An Analysis of the Transformation of Scarlett’s Personality in Gone with the Wind

实用英汉对比与翻译

第二章英汉句式结构对比与翻译 一. 英文句式结构 基本上为主谓结构,可以扩展为5种: 主+谓、主+谓+宾、主+谓+宾+宾补、主+谓+宾+间宾+直宾、主+系+表。汉语中有部分句子与上述英文句子是对应的。 二. 中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构。（可分为主动和被动） （二）主题—评述句 1. 很多汉语句子是“话题性”很强的句子，即句子的前面是一个话题，后面是对话题的评述或陈述、描述。 如：他处境很危险；楼上住着个女工。 2. 其中话题跟后面的动词只是对这个话题所作的说明,不一定表示主语所指称的实体的行动或性质,或者后面根本就没有动词。 3. 结论：将此类句子翻译成英文时，需进行句式结构的调整，在整个句中找到可以在英文中作主语的词，然后再根据主语选择合适的动词，如果找不到主语，就需要添加主语，或将句子中动作的承受着作主语，变为英文的被动语态。 4. 主题—评述句可归纳为如下几种： ⑴动作承受者作话题。如：那件事我已经办好了。 ⑵双话题。如：我头疼。 ⑶动词或动词短语作话题。如：加入世贸组织利大于弊。 ⑷从句作话题。如：张三明天去美国，我觉得很奇怪。 ⑸地点作话题。如：桌上搁着一碗饭。 ⑹时间作话题。如：今天风和日暖。 （三）无主句 1.即“非主语句”，一种是没有主语的，叫无主句，还有一种是由一个词构成的，叫独词句，如：火！注意！这种句 子可以直译。 2.一般来说，无主句主要用于以下几种情况： ⑴表达客观、科学、公正的语气。汉语的一些科技材料或法律条文中往往使用无主句，目的是使表达的内容更科学、公正。这种情况下，无主句要以为英文的主谓结构时，一般都转化为被动语态，也就是使用原文的宾语做主语，因为被动语态不强调动作的发出者，可以比较准确地表达原文的语用效果。 如：要制造飞机，就要考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. ⑵表达不满又不失礼貌地语气。汉语中无主句多用来表达一种微妙的情感，在不强调施事者的情况下，表达自己的观点，不满等。在英语中，遇到同样的情况，一般较为广泛地使用被动语态。这样说话人可以避免对自己所说的话负责，听话人也不会感到说话人在把自己的主观意志强加给自己。所以，此类无主句可以译为英语的被动句。有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Why are these troubles always left to me? 有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：学这一套，不如去学照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff. ⑶省略第一人称主语“我”或“我们”。有时候为了直接表达自己的观点，说话人刻意省去了“我”或“我们”。这些无主句往往出现在较为正式的场合或正式的书面报告中，翻译成英文时可根据集体情况添加主语“我”或“我们”，最好不要将其转译为英语的被动语态。 如：希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。I hope that all the problems will be readily solved.

英汉语言对比与翻译2

幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影（×） ●淫秽电影（√） ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子（×） ●绿头苍蝇（√） ●greenfly 绿苍蝇（×） ●蚜虫（√） ●common criminal 普通罪犯（×） ●臭名昭著的罪犯（√） ●common informer 一般的告密者（×） ●职业告密者（√） 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动（×） ●（监禁）苦役（√） ●free love 自由恋爱（×） ●（无婚约的）自由性爱（√） ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩（×） ●宠儿（√） ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维（×） ●天马行空式的（√） 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准

1. 支谦与《法句经序》（229年） “天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语，名物不同，传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难，即语言不同，语境不同，名物不同，翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本，三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦，有五失本也。 一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也。 二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者，经委悉，至于叹咏，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。 四者，胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。 五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是： ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的，汉译时改从汉语语法，容易失本； ●二、佛经文字质朴，而汉人喜欢文采，为适合汉语读者，译文作了润饰，容易失本； ●三、佛经的论述，往往不厌其烦，颂文更是翻三覆四，翻译时删繁就简，容易失本； 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”（长行之后，另加的偈颂复述）类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”（总结），

2014福师《英汉互译》在线作业一答案

单选题 一、单选题（共 V 1. Language consists ________words which we put together into sentences. A. in B. for C. of D. on 满分： 2. The reason for the traffic accident was________one of the drivers lost control of his car. A. why B. when C. that D. because 满分： 3. I have no doubt ________he will overcome all his difficulties. A. if B. that C. as to D. whether 满分： 4. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly_________. A. B. C.

D. phenomenon 满分：2 分A 5. He went to the dance last night but couldn’t find a____because of his strange clothes. A. pond B. saddle C. partner D. salad 满分：2 分C 6. Historically, scientists and inventors are one group that seem to take full________of relaxed moments. A. use B. chance C. advantage D. attention 满分：2 分C 7. In fact, Mary would rather have left for San Francisco _________in Los Angeles. A. by staying B. than stay C. than have stayed D. to stay 满分：2 分C 8. Smoking hurts not only the smokers, but also the people around them____second-hand smoke. A. because B. because of C. as

浅析英汉句子结构差异与翻译

浅析英汉句子结构差异与翻译 1.引言 对译者来说,英汉两种语言的对比研究是十分必要的。这种对比的范围非常广泛,对比的层面可以从语音、词汇、词组、句子、句群、语篇、修辞、文体等两种语言系统本身的结构、类别、功能以及各层次之间的关系来进行对比与分析，各种对比有助于发现两种语言之间的异同,把握各自的特点与规律,从而更好地指导翻译工作。 本文之所以选择句子作为英汉对比的单位,这是因为,首先,句子是语言表述最基本的单位,也是人类思维的单位之一。其次,句子在语言中是连接词汇词组与句群、语篇的纽带。换句话说,句子最能反映两种语言差别之所在。而对比分析英汉两种语言的句子结构特点,把握东西方人思维模式的差异,将有助于探寻英汉互译的规律和法则[1]。对译者来说要做好翻译工作,就必须对英汉两种语言的句子结构有充分、透彻的了解,只有这样才能做好英汉翻译工作。当然,英汉语句子结构的比较是一个十分复杂、庞大的研究项目。本文只是从英汉句子结构差异与翻译之间的关系着手,通过对英汉句子结构的比较，分析英汉句子结构差异对英汉翻译的影响，使译者在进行翻译工作时注意这两种语言在句子结构上的差异，更准确流畅地进行英汉语之间的翻译。 2.英汉语句子结构差异与翻译 2.1 汉语句子重意合英语句子重形合 美国翻译理论家奈达在其《译意》一书中指出“就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别，就是形合和意合的对比。”具体来说，英语比较注重句子结构形式的完整性和逻辑的合理性。英语的语法成分都具有独立的作用，其句子的从属关系大多是用连接词，如“if,although,because,when,in order that,so”等表现出来，即英语句子往往以形统神，以丰满的形态变化制约句子的格局；而汉语句法关系主要靠词序和语义关系表达，句子中成分与成分之间的关系比较内在化、隐含化、模糊化，往往并不追求形式的完整，而只求达意而已。但是英汉语句

英汉语言对比与翻译作业

英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。（萨克雷）

英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】

英汉词语对比与翻译 --- 系统、语义及其他 词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异 1.我成功了。 I was in success. 2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。 3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。 He is a green hand 4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. 一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。 A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究 人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。The problem was solved. 你再说一个字，我马上走。 If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。 If you should die, I would go and be a monk. 1．人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件) 2．人无远虑，必有近忧。 If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件) 3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。 Sickness comes like an avalanche(雪崩) , but goes like reeling silk. (Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折) 4．我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.(Time Order 时间先后) 5．他人老心不老。 Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart. (Concession 让步) Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective: 1．我的小子他很调皮。 My little grandson is very naughty. 2．那所房子你们早该修了。 You should have repaired the house. 3．英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。 It is by no means easy to learn the English language. 4．这里建大桥，我看行不通。 I don’t think it workable to build a bridge here. 1．志同道合，友谊才会持久。 Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal. Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last. 2．天下雨，运动会延期了。 The sports meet was postponed because of rain. Because of rain, the sports meet was postponed. 3．We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts (棚户区)not far away from the Central Avenue.

英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)

英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一

语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等

英汉对比与翻译

华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 完成时间 2013.05.31 课程名称 英汉对比与翻译 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 注：本科生须在规定期限内完成课程论文，并用A4页面打印，加此封面装订成册后，送交评审教师。教师应及时评定成绩，并至迟在下学期开学后两周内将此课程论文及成绩报告单一并交本单位本科生教学秘书存档。 姓 名 郭培斌 学 号 2010210596 成 绩 评卷人

English-Chinese Contrast and Translation I. Introduction I have learned the “Comparison of English and Translation:An Introduction ” for a semester and I would like to talk about some of my own understanding of this course here . II. Native Language Transfer in first language learning : Interference or Facilitation ? Some people may ask what is language transfer . Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . (Od-lin , 1989 : 27 ) We could divided translate into two part : Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer . By awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate first language learning . 2.1 Negative Transfer To sum up , there are probably three causes would form negative transfer . Firstly , analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue makes us study Chinese-style English easier . Secondly , Confusion comes from scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages . Thirdly , we always unconscious falling back on the mother tongue since customary . For a few example : 2.1.1 The writer likes writing at light (night) . The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute . 2.1.2 He only eat two meal a day . Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese . 2.1.3 Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population . The noun renkou , the Chinese equivalent of “population ”can have a numerical pre-modifier . 2.1 4 He suggested me to accept this offer . The verb jianyi , the Chinese equivalent of “suggest ” can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese . 2.1.5 --Your English is wonderful . --No , no . My English is still poor . The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous . We could turn negative transfer into positive by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner’s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy . III. Contrast and Translation : Enlightenment on translation from the contrast

英汉互译实践(课后作业) 2

英汉互译实践Assignments Lecture 2 1.一个国家一定要有稳定的形势，才能把经济建设搞上去。 译：The economic growth can only be promoted with the stability of the country. 2.在改善物质生活的同时，充实精神生活。 译：We should enrich our spiritual life while trying to improve the material life. 3.近年来，美国华裔科技人才辈出，成就卓著，引起国际科技界的注意和重视。 译：In recent years, there have come forth in increasing numbers the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent// whose achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world. 4. 黄毛丫头 a chit of a girl; a witless girl; an ignorant girl 黄色电影blue films; porn movies 黄叶/ 黄页fallen leaves/ yellow pages 5.从上海至北京的飞机每天一班。 译：There is a daily flight from Shanghai to Beijing. 6.还要多读一点历史和小说。 译：We should also make efforts to read some books of history and novels. 7.根据他的叫声特点，人们把蝉又称作知了。 译：Cicadas are also called as “zhiliao” because of the singing noise they make. 8.美国气候相差较大，位于亚热带的佛罗里达和夏威夷海滩温暖宜人，阿拉斯加苔原却寒气袭人。 译：The climate in the United States varies so much from place to place that Florida and the Hawaii beaches in the subtropics are warm and agreeable while the tundra on Alaska is terribly chilly. Lecture 3 1. 我们学院接受教委和市政府的双重领导。（名词转动词） 译: Our institute is co-led by the education commission and the municipal government. 2. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损害视力。（动词转名词） 译: (Watching) too much TV will do harm to children?s eyesight. 3. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。（动词转名词） 译: With the practice of reform and opening-up policy, our comprehensive national strength has achieved notable improvements. 4. 我完全赞成你的意见。（动词转介词） 译:I?m all for you./your opinion. 5. 改革开放政策受到了全国人民的拥护。（动词转名词） 译:Reform and opening-up policy has gained nation-wide support. 6. 作者在文章中对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（动词转名词） 译: The author made criticism on mankind?s negligence to the environment in his article. 7. 在有些欧洲国家里，人民享有最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（主动语态转被动语态）译: In some European countries, people are entitled to receive the most extensive social welfare, like medical insurance. 8. 时间不早了，我们回去吧！（句型转换） 译: It?s time for us to go back!