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中英文文献翻译-机构和机器原理

英文原文

MECHANISMS AND MACHINE THEORY

1.Introduction to Mechanism:

The function of a mechanism is to transmit or transform motion from one rigid body to another as part of the action of a machine. There are three types of common mechanical devices that can be used as basic elements of a mechanism.

1、Gear system, in which toothed members in contact transmit motion between rotating shafts.

2、Cam system, where a uniform motion of an input member is converted into a nonuniform motion of the output member.

3、Plane and spatial linkages are also useful in creating mechanical motions for a point or rigid body.

A kinematic chain is a system of links, that is, rigid bodies , which are either jointed together or are in contact with one another in a manner that permits them to move relative to one another. If one of the links is fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will cause each of the other links to move to definite predictable position, the system is a constrained kinematic chain. If one of the links is held fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will not cause each of the other links to move to a definite predictable position then the system is an unconstrained kinematic chain,

A mechanism or linkage is a constrained kinematic chain, and is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion and/or force from a source to an output. A linkage consists of links (or bars), generally considered rigid, which are connected by joints, such as pin Cor revolute) or prismatic joints, to form open or closed chains (or loops). Such kinematic chains, with at least one link fixed, become mechanisms if at least two other links remain mobility, or structures if no mobility remains. In other words, a mechanism permits relative motion between its "rigid links"; a structure does not. Since linkages make simple mechanisms and can be designed to perform complex tasks, such as nonlinear motion and force transmission they will receive much attention in mechanism study.

Mechanisms are used in a great variety of machines and devices. The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four-bar linkage, which has three moving links (plus one

fixed link) and four pin joints. The link that is connected to the power source or prime mover and has one moving pivot and one ground pivot is called the input link. The output link connects another moving pivot to another ground pivot. The coupler or floating link connected the two moving pivots, thereby "coupling" the input to the output link.

The four-bar linkage has some special configurations created by making one or more links infinite in length. The slider-crank (or crank and slider) mechanism is a four-bar chain with a slider replacing an infinitely long output link. The internal combustion engine is built based on this mechanism. Other forms of four-link mechanisms exist in which a slider is guided on a moving link rather than on a fixed link. These are called inversions of the slider-crank, produced when another link (the crank, coupler, or slider) is fixed link.

Although the four-bar linkage and slider-crank mechanism are very useful and found in thousands of applications, we can see that these linkages have limited performance level. Linkages with more members are often used in more demanding circumstances. However it is often difficult to visualize the movement of a multiloop linkage, especially when other components appear in the same diagram. The first step in the motion analyses of more complicated mechanisms is to sketch the equivalent kinematic or skeleton diagram. The skeleton diagram serves a purpose similar to that of the electrical schematic or circuit diagram .

Organization movement analysis second step: Draws a graphic chart, is must determine the organization the number of degrees of freedom. Based on degree of freedom, but Italy refers needs certain independent inputs the movement number, by determined organization all components are opposite in the ground position. The people have thousands of different types conceivably the link motion gear. You may imagine a bag containing massive link motion gear the component: Two pole groups, three pole groups, four pole groups and so on, as well as components, rotation, motion, cam follower, gear, tooth chain, chain wheel, leather belt, belt pulley and so on. (Sphere movement, screw vice-as well as the permission three dimensional relative motion other connections not yet includes, here, discusses in parallel planes merely plane motion). Moreover you conceivable put these components various types link motion gear possibility which forms in the same place. How exists helps the people to control forms these organizations the rule? In fact, the majority organization duty is requests a sole input to transmit to a sole output. Therefore the single degree of freedom organization uses most one kind of organization type. For example, namely may see by the intuition: Four pole organizations are a single degree of freedom link motion gear.

The picture motion diagram and the determination organization degree of freedom process, is the movement analysis and the synthesis process first stage. In the movement analysis, adds on its characteristic according to the organization geometry shape which possibly knew (for example input angle, speed, angle acceleration and so on) studies the determination concrete organization. On the other hand, the movement synthesis is designs an organization to complete the duty process which an institute requests. In this, chooses the new organization the type and the size is a movement synthesis part. Conceives the relative motion ability, can guess the reason that designs an organization the reason and makes the improvement to a concrete design ability is like this a successful organization scientist's symbol. Although these abilities come from the congenital creativity, however more is because has grasped the technology which enhances from the practice.

1.1The movement analysis:

simple one of most useful organizations is four pole organizations. In on following elaboration majority of content centralism discussion link motion gear, but this procedure is also suitable for the more complex link motion gear.

We already knew four pole organizations have a degree of freedom. About four pole organizations, has the useful more contents which must know? Indeed is some! These pull the Xiao husband criterion including the standard, the transformation concept, the blind spot position (divergence point), branch office, transmission angle, with theirs movement characteristic, including position, speed and acceleration.

Four pole organizations may have one kind of being called as crank rocker organization form, one kind of double rocking lever organization, one kind of double crank (tension bar) does the organization, which one form send in is called as the organization, is decided in two pole movement scopes which (fixed component) connects with the rack. The crank rocker organization input component, the crank may revolve through 360° and the continuous rotation, but outputs the component to make the undulation merely (i.e. swing member). As an exceptional case, in the parallel four pole organization, inputs the pole the length to be equal to outputs the pole the length, the go-between length and the fixed link (rack) length, also is equal. Its input and the output all may make the complete alternation rotation or transform the being called as antiparallel quadrangle organization the overlapping structure. The standard pulls the Xiao husband criterion (theorem) to indicate that,If in four pole organizations, between two poles can do willfully relatively rotates continuously, that, its longest pole length is smaller than sum of with the shortest pole length or is equal to sum of the other two pole length.

Should pay attention: The same four pole organization, may have the different form, which pole is this decided in was stipulated (i.e. makes fixed link) as the rack. The movement transformation process is in the fixed organization transmission chain different member has the different organization rate process. Besides has about the component rotation scope knowledge, but also must have how causes the organization before the manufacture on ener gy “the revolution” the good measure, that will be very useful. Hardenbergh (Hartenberg) speaks of: “The revolution” is terminology, its significance passes to outputs the component the movement validity. It meant the revolution is steady, in which can in output in the component to have a strength or the torque biggest force component is effective. Not only although the final output strength or the torque are the connecting rod geometric figure functions, moreover also is generally the power or the force of inertia result, that is frequently big to like static strength several times. In order to analyze the idling or in order to easy to obtain how can cause any organization “the revolution” the index, the transmission angle concept is extremely useful. In organization movement period, the transmission angle value is changing. The transmission angle 0° may occur in the special position. Will output the pole but in this special position the movement with not to exert inputs on the pole the strength many to have nothing to do with greatly. In fact, as a result of the movement vice-friction influence, the general basis practical experience, with the transmission angle planning board which is bigger than the rating. The weight link motion gear transmission movement ability matrix foundation definition already studied. A determining factor value (it includes regarding some assigns organization graph, position output movement variable to input variable derivative) is a this link motion gear in concrete position mobility criterion.

If the organization has a degree of freedom (e.g. four pole organizations), then stipulated a location parameter, if the input angle, completely determined this organization stops position (neglect branch office's possibility). We may study one about four pole organization component absolute angular position analysis expression. When analyzes certain positions and (or) certain different organization time, this will be must be much more useful than the geometric figure analysis program, because this expression will cause the automated computation easy to program. The realization organization speed analysis relative velocity law is the speed polygon is one of several effective methods. This end (goes against) the spot to represent on the organization all spots, has the zero speed. From this the line which stipples respectively to the speed polygon in is representing the absolute speed which this organization photograph well should select respectively. In a line connection speed polygon random two points represents is taking on this organization two corresponding spot relative velocity.

Other method is the instantaneous center law, namely the instantaneous center

law, this method is extremely useful moreover is frequently when the complex link motion gear analysis quick method. The instantaneous center is a spot, this spot in that flash, on between the organization two components does not have the relative motion. In order to discover known organization certain instantaneous centers the position, Kennedy the (Kennedy) three center theories extremely are useful. It is said that,Each other relative motion three object three instantaneous centers are surely in a straight line.

The organization various components acceleration is makes one be interested, because it affects the force of inertia, subsequently affects the machine part the stress, the bearing load, the vibration and the noise. Because the final goal is the machine and the organization force of inertia analysis, the all acceleration various components all should the disposable picture - - in the organization fixed component inertial coordinate system express in the identical coordinate system.

Should pay attention: Is opposite in rotates on the vice-rotation rigid body an acceleration component usually to have two fixedly. A force component direction cuts in this path, its direction is same with this object angle acceleration direction, and is called the tangential acceleration. Its existence is completely because the angular speed rate of change causes.

Another component, always aims at the object the center of rotation, is called the standard the centripetal acceleration, because this component the velocity vector direction has the change to exist. The movement comprehensive

Ganization is forms many mechanisms the basic geometry structural units, these mechanisms including automatic packaging, printer, mechanical toy, textile machinery and other machineries and so on. The typical organization must design causes the movement which the rigid component relative datum component produces hoped. The organization movement design is the movement synthesis, first step frequently designs the entire machine first. When consideration stress, must ask dynamics aspect question, the bearing load, the stress, the lubrication and so on the similar question, but the major problem is the machine structure question..

The movement scientist defines the kinematics as “the development facility movement and the foundation organization method”. This definition first p art involves the kinematic analysis. The known organization, its constitution state of motion determined by the kinematic analysis. The narration movement analysis duty contains the organization between the main dimension, the component links mutually with the input movement technical characteristic or the actuation method. The goal is must discover the displacement, the speed, the acceleration, the impact or the beat (two step

accelerations), with various components higher order acceleration which possibly occurs as well as describes the diameter mark and the movement which realizes by certain components. The definition second part of available following two aspect explained :

1. research produces with the aid of the organization assigns the movement the method.

2. research construction to be able to produce assigns the motion the method, but in two plans, the movement is assigns the organization is the foundation. This is the movement synthesis essence. Such movement synthesis involves to for assigns the performance the organization system design. The movement synthesis aspect may sum up as following two kinds:

1. types are comprehensive. The stipulation requests the performance, how is one kind of type organization appropriate? (Tooth gear train, link motion gear? Cam gear?)How many components but should the organization have? How many degrees of freedom needs? How outline structure is hoped? . About the member number and the degree of freedom consideration was usually considered is in the type synthesis is been called as for a quantity synthesis branch domain.

2. sizes are comprehensive. The movement synthesis second predominant type is the best method which determined through the goal law. The size synthesis attempts to determine the organization the important size and the starting position, this organization is conceives beforehand for the realization stipulation duty and the anticipated performance.

Of the so-called important size meanings are refer about two poles, three poles and so on between the length or the pole are away from, angle between number of articles and spool thread, cam contour size, cam follower diameter, eccentricity, gear quota and so on. Expected the organization type possibly is the crank slide organization, four pole organizations, the tape reel from the moving parts cam gear, but or is non-has some kind of structure shape more complex link motion gear because by the analysis situs method which the inferior analytic method determined. Is comprehensive regarding the movement, in the convention has three duties: Function production, path production and movement production..

Inputs and outputs the component in the function production organization the rotation or the migration must be the interdependence. Regarding arbitrary function y=f(x), a movement synthesis duty possibly is designs a link motion gear to cause the input and the output establishes the relations in order to cause in the xo

the input and in the output gyroscopic motion situation, the corner phi and phi respectively is x and the y linear simulation. When inputs rotates to an independence x value, in one “black box” in the organization, causes to output which the component to change to corresponds in the value which by function y=f(x) decided. This may consider is the mechanical analogy computer simple situation. Each kind of different organization all may contain in this “the black box” in, however produces regarding the arbitrary function non-error, four pole organizations are helpless, possibly matches merely in the limited precision with it. It widely uses in the industry, because four pole organizations in the construction and the service all are simple.

In the path produc tion organization, in “floats the walking beam” on a spot to have to draw one to be opposite in a fixed coordinate system determination path. If this path spot is both must and have to be related with the time correlation with the position, this duty is called it the predetermined cyclical path production. A path production organization example is the design throws the baseball or the tennis four pole organization. In this case, will select P the path will be this: Picks a ball in the predetermined position, and transmits in the predetermined time cycle along the predetermined diameter mark the ball, can achieve the appropriate speed and the direction.

In the mechanism design has many situations, both must guide the rigid body in these situations through a series of stipulations, the independent position which limits, and must limit in the reduction when independent position number, to the vehicle speed and (or) the acceleration restrains, that is necessary. Movement production or rigid body guiding organization request: A complete object must guide passes a predetermined movement sequence. Took the object which guides usually is “the fluctuation component” not only a part, that is the target point P path, also is and inserts in this object through this spot the line rotation. For example, this possibly represents in the automated machinery a carrier, but that has a predetermined path in a carrier on spot this carrier also to have a predetermined angle position. The predetermined way charger cableway bucket movement is the movement production organization another example. The cableway bucket end path has the limit. Because its port must realize the excavation path, is following close on the path which must realize promotes and falls in torrents. The cableway bucket angle position to guaranteed fights the material to fall in torrents from the correct position similarly is (but actually) important.

中文译文

机构和机器原理

1.机构介绍:

机构的功用是作为机械作用的一个部分从一个刚体到另一个刚体传送即传递运动。

一般能用作机构基本零件的机械装置有三种类型:

1.齿轮装置。那是在回转轴之间进行接触传动的啮合构件。

2.凸轮装置。把输入构件的均匀运动转换成输出构件的非均匀运动的装置。

3.平面机构和空间机构也是能使一个点或一个刚体产生机械运动的有用装置。

运动链是一个构件系统装置即若干个刚体,它们或者彼此铰接或者互相接触,方式上是允许它们彼此间产生相对运动。如果构件中的某一构件被固定而使任何其他一个构件运动到新的位置将会引起其他各个构件也运动到确定的预期的位置上的话,该系统装置就是一个可约束的运动链。如果构件中的某一构件仍保持固定而使任一运动到达一新的位置而不会使其他各个构件运动到一个确定的预期的位置上的话,则该系统装置是一个非约束运动链。

机构或连杆构件是一个可约束的传动链而且是一个从输入到输出以传递运动和(或)力为目的的机械装置。连杆机构是由通常被认为是刚体构件或杆组成的,它们是以销轴铰接的,例如用柱销(圆形的)或棱柱体销轴铰接,以便成形开式或闭式(回环式)的运动链。这样的运动链在至少有一个构件被固定的条件

下:(1)如果至少有两个构件能保持运动,就变为机构,(2)如果没有一个构件能够运动,则就成为结构。换句话说,机构是允许其“刚性构件”之间相对运动,而结构则不能。由于连杆机构做成一简单机构而且能设定实现复杂的任务,例如非线性运动和力的传递运动。它们在机构学研究中将受到更多的关注。

机构被用于许多许多的机器和装置中。最简单的封闭式的连杆机构就是四杆机构,四杆机构有三个运动构件(加上一个固定构件)并且有四个销轴。连接动力源的构件即原动件,而具有一个移动铰和一个固定铰者叫做输入构件。输出构件将一个移动铰和另一个固定铰连系起来。连接构件即浮动构件将两个移动的铰(回转副)连系起来,因而连接构件就将输入传送到输出。

四杆机构若使一个或几个构件无限长而产生某些特殊的构造。曲柄滑块(即曲柄和滑块)机构就是一个四杆机构特例。其以一个滑块替换一个无限长的输出件。内燃机就是建立在这一机构基础上。有着另一种形式的四杆机构,其中滑块是在一运动的构件上导移运动而不是在一固定构件上。这些就被称为曲柄滑块机构的变换,它是其中一个构件(曲柄、连杆或滑块)被固定时形成的。

虽然四杆机构和曲柄滑块机构是非常有用而且在成千上万的应用中都可找到。但是我们还看到,这些连杆机构其性能水平的发挥已经受到限制。具有更多构件的连杆机构常常用于更多要求的情况中。然而可以设想多回环的连杆机构的运动常常是更为困难的,特别是当其他零件出现在同一图中的时候,要进行更复杂机构的运动分析:第一步是绘制一等效运动图即示意图。这示意图用于电路图解类似的目的,即仅仅表示机构的主要本质的意图,然而它要体现影响其运动的关键的尺寸。运动图可用两种形式中的一种:一是草图(按比例画出,但放大比例不精确),二是比例准确的运动图(通常用于进一步分析其位置、位移、速度,加速度,力和扭矩传递等等)。为了便于参考,对构件进行顺序编号,(以静止构件编号为1开始编写),而回转副则以字母表示。

机构运动分析的第二步:画一个图解图,是要确定机构的自由度数。依据自由度,可意指需要若干个独立输入的运动的数目,以确定机构所有的构件相对于地面的位置。人们可以想象存在数以千计的不同类型的连杆机构。你可想象一个袋子包容大量的连杆机构的组元:二杆组,三杆组,四杆组等等,以及构件,回转副,移动副,凸轮随动件,齿轮,齿链,链轮,皮带,皮带轮等等。(球形运动副,螺旋副以及允许三维相对运动的其他连接尚未包括进去,这里,仅仅讨论平行平面内的平面运动)。而且你可以想象一下把这些组元放在一起而形成的各种类连杆机构的可能性。存在如何帮助人们控制所形成这些机构的规律吗?实际上,大多数机构的任务是要求一个单一的输入被传递到一个单一的输出。因此单一自由度的机构是使用最多的一种机构类型。例如,由直觉即可以看出:四杆机构就是一个单一自由度的连杆机构。

画运动图和确定机构自由度的过程,就是运动分析和综合过程的第一个阶

段。在运动分析中,根据机构的几何形状加上可能知道的其特性(如输入角、速度,角加速度等)来研究确定具体的机构。另一方面,运动综合则是设计一个机构以完成一个所要求的任务的过程。于此,选择新机构的类型和尺寸是运动综合的一个部分。设想相对运动的能力,能推想出之所以这样设计一个机构的原因和对一个具体设计进行改进的能力是一个成功的机构学家的标志。虽然这些能力来自先天的创造性,然而更多的是因为掌握了从实践中提高的技术。

1.1运动分析:

最简单最有用的机构之一是四杆机构。以下论述中的大部分内容集中讨论连杆机构上,而该程序也适用于更复杂的连杆机构。

我们已经知道四杆机构具有一个自由度。关于四杆机构,有没有要知道的有用的更多内容呢?的确是有的!这些包括格拉肖夫准则,变换的概念,死点的位置(分歧点),分支机构,传动角,和他们的运动特征,包括位置,速度和加速度。

四杆机构可具有一种称作曲柄摇杆机构的形式,一种双摇杆机构,一种双曲柄(拉杆)机构,致于称作哪一种形式的机构,取决于跟机架(固定构件)相连接的两杆的运动范围。曲柄摇杆机构的输入构件,曲柄可旋转通过360°并连续转动,而输出构件仅仅作摇动(即摇摆的杆件)。作为一个特例,在平行四杆机构中,输入杆的长度等于输出杆的长度,连接杆的长度和固定杆(机架)的长度,也是相等的。其输入和输出都可以作整周转动或者转换成称作反平行四边形机构的交叉结构。格拉肖夫准则(定理)表明:如果四杆机构中,任意两杆之间能作连续相对转动,那么,其最长杆长度与最短杆长度之和就小于或等于其余两杆长度之和。

应该注意:相同的四杆机构,可有不同的形式,这取决于哪一根杆被规定作为机架(即作固定杆)。运动变换的过程就是固定机构传动链中的不同的杆件以产生不同的机构运动过程。除了具备关于构件回转范围的知识之外,还要具备如何使机构在制造之前就能“运转”的良好措施,那将是很有用的。哈登伯格(Hartenberg)说到:“运转”是一个术语,其意义是传给输出构件的运动的有效性。它意味着运转平稳,其中能在输出构件中产生一个力或扭矩的最大分力是有效的。虽然最终的输出力或扭矩不仅是连杆几何图形的函数,而且一般也是动力或惯性力的结果,那常常是大到如静态力的几倍。为了分析低速运转或为了易于获得如何能使任一机构“运转”的指数,传动角的概念是非常有用的。在机构运动期间,传动角的值在改变。传动角0°可发生在特殊位置上。在此特殊位置上输出杆将不运动而与施加到输入杆上的力多大无关。事实上,由于运动副摩擦的影响,一般根据实际经验,用比规定值大的传动角去设计机构。衡量连杆机构传递运动能力的矩阵基础的定义已经研究出来。一个决定性因素的值(它含有对于某个给定机构图形,位置的输出运动变量对输入变量的导数)是该连杆机构在

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a ," , , , . a ( , , , ). . . , , a . $50 . Birmingham, England, 2000. 1995, Delphi, 7596 . 37 10 , . a . , a a , a , a , a a a . a a , a . , , . , , , . a , , , . , , a . : . . 电子动力转向系统 电子动力转向系统是什么? 电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。电子动力转向的功能由于不依赖于发动机转速,所以能节省能源电子动力转向系统是怎么运行?: 传统的动力方向盘系统使用一条引擎辅助传送带驾驶气泵,提供操作在动力方向盘齿轮或作动器的一个活塞协助驱动的被加压的流体。在电动液压的控制,一个电子动力方向盘包括一台电动机控制的一个高效率泵浦。由一个电控制器调控泵浦压力和流速来控制泵浦的速度,为不同的驾驶路况的提供转向。泵浦可以在汽车行驶低速时关闭以提供节能(在当代的世界市场上)。 电动控制转向使用电动机通过齿轮齿条机构直接连接以达到转向控制(无泵或液体)。多个电机驱动器和多驱动控制的实现是可能的。一个微处理器控制转向动态和驱动的工作。输入因子包括车速,转向,车轮扭矩,角度位置和转率。

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英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能,它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的,以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下,最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算(图纸尺寸)检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错,就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具,它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算,并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力,已经使计算机辅助设计(CAD)和计算机辅助制造(CAM)成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作,因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作

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Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,

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机器翻译基本分类与基本工作原理 编译:洪洁传神语联网网络科技股份有限公司多语工程中心 编译:洪雷中国科学院大学外语系文章来源:多语工程技术研究中心《云翻译技术》第12期,转载请注明出处 摘要本篇综述对机器翻译基本工作原理和基本分类进行了归纳总结,并且对机器翻译的未来发展方向进行了初步探讨。 关键词机器翻译工作原理分类 机器翻译(Machine Translation,MT)是建立在多学科基础上的综合学科,现代理论语言学的发展,计算机科学的进步,信息学和概率统计学的应用,对机器翻译的发展和演变产生了重要影响。机器翻译的基本思想是利用计算机对自然语言进行翻译,而各种机器翻译系统采用的技术和理念不尽相同;面对各种各样的机器翻译系统,文献上有各种分类方式。本文根据所应用的基本工作原理对机器翻译系统分类作一综述。 1.基本类型的机器翻译系统:现有的机器翻译系统按照其基本工作原理,可以分为基于规则的(Rule-Based)机器翻译,基于实例的(Example-Based)机器翻译和统计型的(Statistical)机器翻译这三种基本类型。 1.1.基于规则的机器翻译系统(Rule-Based Machine Translation, RBMT):其基本工作原理基于一个假设,即语言无限的句子可以由有限的规则推导出来。基于这个假设的机器翻译方法又可以分为三类:直接翻译法(Direct Translation),中间语言法(Interlingual Approach),和转换法(Transfer Approach)。它们都需要用到大规模的双语词典,需要用到源语言推导规则,语言转换规则和目标语言生成规则;其不同点在于对语言进行的分析深度不同。如直译法几乎不需要进行语言分析,中间语言法和转换法需要对源语言和目标语言进行某种程度的语言分析。 1.1.1直接翻译法(Direct Translation):这种翻译方法直接对源文字中的字词进行逐个翻译,译后文字顺序按照原文顺序进行排列。这是基于规则的机器翻译的最早的工作方法。这种译法简单、直观,其弊端也是明显的:由这种方法得到的翻译结果质量很不令人满意。人们已经逐渐不再使用这种直接翻译法。

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