新核心综合学术英语教程 4 unit 4 参考答案

V. Keys to the Exercises

Focusing on Reading

Task 1

Task 2

1) First, to understand the effect of GM crops on us and animals; second, to provide investigation intothe influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their reproductive function.

2) Because it is known that raw soybean contains a number of anti-nutrients and female hormone-likesubstances, a positive control group was created to guarantee the validity of the study.

3) The major findings are: first, the mortality rate of the pups from the GM soya group was muchhigher and this high rate continued; second, the weights of the surviving rat pups were lower.

4) Table 4 shows the weight distribution of the pups which reveals a much lower weight of the pupsfrom the GM soya group.

5) Firstly, the transformation and the insertion of the foreign genes into the sexual/stem cells, or/andinto cells of the fetus. Secondly, the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues couldproduce negative effects of GM.

Task 3

1) j 2) i 3) g 4) b 5) e 6) f

7) c 8) s 9) d 10) q 11) w 12) x

13) u 14) o 15) t 16) v 17) a 18) r

19) h 20) n 21) m 22) p 23) k 24) l Task 4

The most formal ones are: novel, stunt, impede, curb, hamper, allocate, dispense, persist, accumulate,presume, postulate, surmise, detrimental, pernicious, jeopardy, menace, peril

Task 5

1) Therefore, we decided to carry out a study to see how the most commonly used GM crop affectedthe birth rate, death rate and weight gain of rat pups whose mothers were fed diets added withRoundup-Ready soya, a kind of GM food.

2) This fact showed that the pups from the GM group were the same age as others, but changesappeared with the development of internal organs. A slight bad effect was found in the group withthe traditional soya, but this effect was not very important.

3) The more surprising thing was that the pups were smaller, about half the size, so more milk shouldhave been given to the individual pups. They should have a better chance to grow best, unless theamount, and/or the quality of the milk, were not affected by eating the GM soya flour.

Task 6

Summary: GMO, with foreign genes from other species, displays certain novel characteristics andundergoes criticisms from scientists worldwide.

Task 7

Four major sources of the hazards of GMO have been discussed by scientists worldwide and thesehazards have been proved in many investigations. This study intends to f ind the effect of the mostcommonly used GM crop on the birth rate, mortality and weight gain of rat pups. Two weeks before their mating, three groups of rats which were sexually mature received respectively standard laboratory feed, feed supplemented with traditional soya and feed supplementedwith GM soya.

It has been found that the GM soya group has a much higher rate of pup mortality than the other twogroups, and the pups continue to die over the period of lactation. This group also has lower weights.

Task 8

(omitted)

Task 9

(omitted)

Task 10

(omitted)

Research Paper Writing

Task 1

1) The methods section of Text 4 contains two parts: participants and procedure. The participant parttells the reader the participants (Wistar rats) and the number of rats used. The procedure part givesthe reader a summary of each step in the execution of the research.

2) The writer divided the rats into three groups: the experimental group, the control group and thepositive control group. The division was intended to see how the GM crops inf luence the birth rate,mortality and weight gain of rat pups.

3) Each step was made clear to prove the validity and reliability of the results and conclusion. Task 2

1) Y 2) Y 3) N 4) Y

1) Y 2) Y 3) N 4) Y

1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y

1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y

Task 3

1) Y 2) Y 3) N

1) Y 2) Y 3) Y

1) Y 2) Y 3) Y

1) Y 2) N 3) N

1) Y 2) Y 3) Y

Task 4

1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y

1) Y 2) N 3) Y 4) Y

Task 5

Similarities: both the two sections give the total number of participants and how the participants werechosen; both stated the equipments or tools used in the experiment; both described the design of theexperiment.

Differences: the first section described some demographic characteristics (age and sex) while thesecond did not; the first clarified how the participants were randomly assigned to different groupswhile the second section did not; the second section described how the questionnaire was designed andadministered while the first did not.

Task 6

—Data for the study were collected ...

—The present study is based on research conducted by...

—The level of ... was analyzed by the one-way ANOV A, ...

—... was checked by the Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square in StatSoft Statistica v6.0 Multilingua(Russia)

—This design was used to control ...

—The questionnaire was designed cooperatively by ...

—Prior to the actual survey the questionnaire was pilot-tested on ...

—The questionnaire designed for anonymous response was ...

—Participants were randomly assigned to ...

—The test was designed to evaluate the difference between ... and ...

—..., the responders were asked to mark ...

—This procedure was followed in order to prevent the ...

Task 7

(omitted)

Task 8

1) Similarities: both the two results sections are concise and well-organized, and they both include theimportant findings and use the past tense to present them.

Differences: the results section of Text 4 uses tables and figures to present the data, which is clearerto the reader.

2) The results section of Text 4 presented its data and results more clearly and readably.

3) It uses tables to present the results in a logical way, and to make the data clearer and more readable.

4) The titles help the reader to understand the statistics more easily, and without them, it will bedifficult to understand.

5) M stands for mean, and it shows the reader which group scored higher and which scored lower inthe experiment.

SD stands for standard deviation, which is presented to fortify comparison of means, showing thedifferent results from overall performance of the group.

F was coined by George W. Snedecor, in honor of Sir Ronald A. Fisher, an English statistician knownfor his important contributions to statistics, including the analysis of variance. P stands for probability.They should be reported to show whether the difference in the means was statisticallysignificant.

Task 9

Past tense is used in the results section because the results were collected from the data in the

experiment.

Task 10

Similarity 1: Both sections use tables to report the data clearly and insert titles on the top of the tables.

Similarity 2: Both sections use the past tense to present the data.

Similarity 3: Both sections are concise and well-organized.

Similarity 4: Paragraphs in both sections begin with an opening sentence telling the reader the aim ofthe experiments.

Task 11

Title: The number of different types of words recalled in different background music conditions

Task 12

Table 1 The effects of time limit and television exposure on reading comprehension

Task 13

—From the data it is evident that 36% of ...

—The study of ... showed that ...

—This fact indicated that ...

—A slight negative effect was found in the group which ...

—A very high rate of ... was observed in the group of ...

—The subjectively estimated prevalence ... was somewhat greater for ... than for ... —Three manipulation-check questions indicated that ...

—This survey of ... found that ...

—A possible explanation for this finding may be ...

—A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant effect of ...

—Another one-way ANOVA indicated a significant effect of ...

—... with no significant difference between the latter two groups.

—No significant effect was found for ...

—Unexpectedly, ... had no significant effect on ...

—Unexpectedly, ... did not significantly affect ...

Task 14

shows; were; was; was; stopped; was; suggests; is

Task 15

(omitted)

Academic Survival Skills

Task 1

An academic essay is considered formal professional communication, with its primary goals asaccuracy, clarity and completeness. To achieve this style, formal language and clear organization shouldbe adopted. The language used in the article bears the following characteristics:

1) Use formal words rather than verb phrases;

2) Use long and complex sentences with clauses, nominal phrases;

3) Avoid using f irst person or second person pronouns to achieve objectivity;

4) Avoid using contractions.

Task 2

1) Failure to protect the environment will cause children to suffer the most.

2) These problems need to be addressed.

3) However, endangered animals are available in many restaurants.

4) Participating in social activities as volunteers can be of great significance to children.

Task 3

By comparing the above pairs of sentences, we can f ind the functions of nominalization. First, nominalization avoids the use of modal verbs (can, may, etc.), giving more logic to the statement;second, nominalization depersonalizes the statement by avoiding using first and second-personpronouns (I, you, we, etc.), making the writing impersonal and objective and increasing thecredibility; third, nominalization makes the sentence concise and succinct, thus easier for the readerto understand.

Task 4

1) The model provides an explanation for the figure fluctuation in this period.

2) But those skills can f ind their application in the exploration of the universe.

3) The accidental release of radiation caused damage to a wide area for a long time.

4) To obtain most readers’ acceptability and more profitability, the novel follows the most commonlyaccepted notions of morality and justice.

5) The richness of the soil in this area contributes to the quick growth of the crops.

6) The information explosion and the increasing obsolescence of knowledge are forcing upon highereducation a new set of demands.

7) The times give signs on the necessity of modification in the legal system.

8) The careful supervision of the crops is necessary for their survival at harvest time.

9) Yet all of history has taught us that the denial of these ultimates and the placement of man at thecore of the universe will lead to mass selfishness.

10) The knowledge of its sources and symptoms provides rational analysis of many things. Task 5

1) How we view the world is a reflection of how we view ourselves, and this gives us insight into ourinner thought patterns.

2) That does not eliminate the need for us to continue to develop other clean energy sources like solar,wind, biomass, etc.

3) Some analysts worried that the tax on the wealthy would discourage jobs creation and hampereconomic growth.

4) This meeting highlights the importance of setting targets for progress.

5) Too much criticism undermines the children’s co nfidence.

Task 6

1) The opportunities offered by urbanization must be taken full advantage of.

2) However, little control is exercised over online articles and speeches.

3) The main effects of poverty can be illustrated by looking at those on the lowest incomes in richcities.

4) Obviously, people were given jobs according to whether they were male or female.

5) Although there are potential benefits of such techniques, the potential environmental and medicalconsequences of GMOs are seriously concerned about.

6) A fairly consistent picture of its short-term effects on users in many publications are presented.

7) Not much has been learned about the acute physiological effects of cannabis.

8) People’s concerns can be understood if we look at the current anti-discrimination laws.

9) The distinction between government policy and economic reality is made clear in the essay.

10) Social conditions as well as the economic situation should be taken into account. Task 7

I would prefer to use the ones in the left column.

Task 8

1) Systems analysts can assist managers in many different ways.

2) This program was established to improve access to medical care.

3) Medical research expenditure has increased to nearly $350 million.

4) Researchers have discovered that this drug has serious side effects.

5) Exercise also will not eliminate medical problems related to blood pressure.

6) Researchers have been investigating this problem for 15 years now.

7) This issue was raised during the coroner’s inquest.

8) He observed that the increase in life expectancy has led to some economic problems.

9) Children under the age of 15 constitute nearly half of the country’s population.

10) The study will conduct a series of experiments to test our hypothesis.

Task 9

1) The study lacks solid evidence and therefore its conclusions are doubtful.

2) The scientists are pretty fatigued after their lengthy experiment.

3) The book attempts to explain the fundamental character of social life.

4) The study confirms the fact that there is no research in this field.

5) We noted a potential problem with the experimental design.

6) The issue always generates a great deal of debate among academics.

7) The group’s principal concern is to protect human rights.

8) The research underlines the importance of an international trade agreement.

9) There was an apparent discrepancy between the two sets of results.

10) The primary cause of the failure was a sudden temperature change.

VI. Translations

转基因大豆对幼鼠的出生体重和存活的影响

Irina V. Ermakova

引言

A转基因生物一词指的是携带有从其他物种转移的基因，并由DNA 重组技术来产生的动植物和微生物，以获得某种新型特征（如抗害虫性或抗农药性）。全球科学家们

普遍认为转基因生物的危害有四大主要来源：①新型基因和引进基因产品；②DNA 重组技术本身无法预计的影响；③外源基因和宿主基因的相互作用；④通过异花授粉

和基因水平转移引进基因的扩散（世界科研家声明，2000）。

B转基因作物包括了非自然条件下产生，并成为我们日常饮食的一部分物质。为了了解它们对我们以及动物产生的影响，研究转基因作物对几代有机物的影响是非常重要的。目前这些研究在科研文献中十分缺乏。转基因作物的若干不利影响已经出现在动物的新陈代谢中。转基因生物对动物和环境的危害也呈现在许多研究中（Traavik,1995; Ho and Tapperser,1997; Pusztai,1999 and 2001;Kuznetcov et al.,2004 等）。早前出现了动物食用转基因作物后导致其体内有机物发生了负面变化。普斯陶伊所进行的实验表明，

加入雪花莲凝集素（一种抗虫蛋白）的西红柿阻碍了幼鼠的正常成长，对其重要器官产生了显著影响，包括肾脏、胸腺、腓肠肌等，破坏其内脏和免疫系统。俄罗斯营养研究所也得到了转基因西红柿对幼鼠的相似影响(Ermakova, 2005)。

C风险评估文件中提出，转基因植物的转基因成分以及别的基因物质都被人类和动物的消化道破坏了。然而，异源基因质体在对抗消化中比最初认为的要稳定。质体基因和转基因出现在肠道和唾液中(Marcer et al., 1998;Coghlan, 2002)。关于老鼠的实验研究表明，摄入的异源基因可顽强地以碎片形式残留在肠胃内，穿过肠壁，进入白细胞、脾脏和肝细胞的细胞核(Schubbert et al.,1994)。由怀孕的老鼠口腔摄入的异源基因被发现存留在坯胎和刚出生动物的血液（白细胞）、脾脏、肝脏、心脏、大脑、睾丸，以及其他器官中。但是，目前针对转基因作物对哺乳动物的影响，尤其对它们的繁殖能力

的影响的研究十分匮乏。因此我们决定进行一项研究来观察最常食用的转基因作物对幼鼠的出生率、死亡率和体重增加的影响。这些幼鼠的母鼠被喂食一种转基因作物，即草甘膦大豆。

研究方法

动物：

D实验对象是威斯达鼠。这些老鼠在实验室里一直用老鼠饲料喂养到性成熟期。当它们的体重达到大约180—200 克时，雌性老鼠被分成三组，群居在笼子里，每个笼子三只老鼠，并保持正常的实验条件。喂养计划如下：每个笼子里雌性老鼠每天能吃到放在笼子顶部的特制容器的干的颗粒物。补充大豆粉的老鼠，笼子里放有一个小容器，容器里放置20克大豆粉，40 毫升水，即每只老鼠每天获得5—7克大豆粉。

实验

E体重为180—200 克之间的一组雌性老鼠划成实验组，每只老鼠每天可获得加入到它们的饲料中的5—7 克草甘膦大豆粉，持续两周。另外一组雌性老鼠（3 只）划成对照组，但被提供相同数量的传统大豆粉，这些大豆粉含有微量转基因（0.08+0.04%），很有可能是由于交叉感染造成的。我们同时增加了一个阳性对照组,分到两个笼子

（3×3），并不提供大豆粉。因此这一组的雌性老鼠只获得标准实验室饲料，并无其他供应。虽然公认这一标准饲料所含的能量和蛋白质比其他两组要少。

F通过为期两周的饲料供应后，每一组的雌性老鼠与两只健康的、没有接触任何大豆粉供应的雄性老鼠进行交配。为了避免雌性老鼠间的感染，精子的数目和质量并不列入考虑。在交配和怀孕期间我们继续分别提供各自的饮食给所有的雌性老鼠。在生产之际, 所有的雌性老鼠被转移到单独的笼子里，同时给每只幼鼠额外增加1 克大豆粉供应。在实验期间，所有的老鼠都可以获得实验室饲料和水。当幼鼠张开双眼和可以自行进食（出生后13 到14 天）时，每只幼鼠每天的大豆粉供应剂量增加到2 到3 克，尽管它们可以自主接触大豆粉。所有的幼鼠食用完它们各自的大豆份额。实验结束后，一些幼鼠的器官被取出并称重。我们使用单因素方差来分析死亡率的高低，同时使用纽曼—库尔斯检验方法计算份额分配。幼鼠的体重以及其分配通过俄罗斯版本6 史丹索特数据统计分析软件中曼—惠特尼检验方法和卡方分布来计算。

结果

G在实验的末期，15 只雌性老鼠中11 只产下总计132 只幼鼠。阳性对照组中的6 只雌性老鼠有4 只怀孕成功，产下44 只幼鼠（平均每只雌性老鼠产下11 只幼鼠），而食用转基因大豆粉的六只雌性老鼠中的4 只产下45 只幼鼠（平均每只雌性老鼠产下11.3 只幼鼠），食用传统大豆的小组里有3 只雌性老鼠产下33 只幼鼠（平均生产率为11）。

H被供应转基因大豆食物的雌性老鼠小组中，在哺乳期的第三周的后期45 只幼鼠25 只幼鼠死亡，而同一时期，食用传统大豆饮食的小组里33 只幼鼠只有3 只死亡。在生产数目更大的阳性对照组里也只有3 只幼鼠死亡，如表1 所示。被喂养转基因大豆粉的雌性老鼠小组幼鼠高死亡率显著，如表2 所示。在阳性对照组雌性老鼠所产下的幼鼠中，2 只死于刚出生的第一周，1 只死于第二周。食用传统大豆粉的雌性老鼠所产下的幼鼠中所死亡的3只均在产后第一周死亡。然而，被喂养转基因大豆粉的雌性老鼠小组的幼鼠在哺乳期中持续死亡，在表3中清楚可见。

表1哺乳期第三周末尾幼鼠的死亡率，对照被供应转基因大豆饮食的小组

表2被供应转基因大豆饮食的小组的每个雌性老鼠的幼鼠在幼崽期死亡数目

表3所有小组的雌性老鼠在生产之后幼鼠的死亡数目和百分比

I出生两周后被供应转基因大豆饮食小组的幼鼠体重（23.95 克±1.5 克）低于阳性对照组的幼鼠体重（30.03 克±1.1 克；p<0.005）, 也低于被供应传统大豆饮食的小组的幼鼠体重（27.1 克±0.9克；p<0.1）。由于幼鼠存活数目差异很大，幼鼠的体重分布比较体现在表4 中。（表4）数据清楚表明被供应转基因大豆饮食的小组中36% 的幼鼠体重低于20 克，相比之下阳性对照组只有6%，而被供应传统大豆饮食的小组也仅有6.7%。（表5）幼鼠的器官质量研究表明，被供应转基因大豆饮食的小组中幼鼠的器官除了大脑外其他器官比其他组的要小。这一事实意味着被供应转基因大豆饮食小组的幼鼠虽然与其他组的幼鼠年龄大小相同，但内脏发育存在不一致。被供应传统大豆饮食的小组中发现了轻微的副作用，但是可以忽略不计。没有发现雌性老鼠和食用转基因大豆

粉存活下来的幼鼠死亡现象。

表4两周大不同饮食的幼鼠的体重分布与食用转基因组幼鼠的体重分布比较

表5三周大的幼鼠器官质量的绝对值

讨论

J研究食用标准实验室饲料雌性老鼠的繁殖行为，无论它们被供应的是转基因大豆还是传统大豆，来探讨该饮食对怀孕、哺乳和幼鼠的成长的影响。由于人们熟知未处理的大豆含有一定数量的抗营养物质，以及雌性老鼠体内的类荷尔蒙物质，因此，这些数据与来自阳性对照组中的没有接触大豆供应的动物的数据进行比较是非常必需的。

K为了了解广泛食用的转基因作物如何影响哺乳动物的繁殖行为以及其后代，非常有必要进行复杂的实验，包括组织学研究、遗传研究和胚胎—毒物学研究。但是，我们必须限定实验的时间段，在雌性交配前两周开始喂养。不像布莱克和埃文森所进行的实验那样，在怀孕期开始喂养，在我们的实验中，雌性在交配前两周就已被供应含有转基因大豆粉或传统大豆粉，我们一直供应各自的饮食持续到幼鼠断奶。

L生产之际，出乎我们的意料，与阳性对照组的幼鼠死亡率（6.8%）和食用传统大豆粉组的幼鼠死亡率（9%）相比，一直被供应转基因大豆粉的雌性老鼠出现非常高的幼鼠死亡率（55.6%）。而且，这一组的幼鼠在哺乳期继续死亡，这一现象仅发生在食用转基因大豆这组。与此同时，存活的幼鼠的体重也低。更令人惊讶的是，由于幼鼠更小，所以大约一半的幼鼠本应得到更多的牛奶。除非牛奶的多少或者质量没有受到食用转基

因大豆的影响，那么它们应该有更好的机会发育健全。

M从我们得到的数据可以推定，转基因大豆对新生幼鼠的副作用可以从两个因素来解释。首先，正如舒伯等（1998）所观察到，是可进入性细胞/ 干细胞，和（或）坯胎细胞的异源基因的转化和吸收造成了这一后果。其次，在转基因大豆残留物中的草甘膦残留的积累会产生转基因的副作用。但是，雌性老鼠并没有出现死亡，存活下来的开始食用转基因大豆的幼鼠也没有出现死亡。

【免费下载】综合学术英语教程练习答案

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