2015年外交学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,考研参考书,考研大纲

2015年外交学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题

1.短语翻译（30个)

QE

API

FTAAP

UNCCC

ISIS

escape velocity

零和关系

零碳和低碳技术

集体供暖体系

贸易代表团

非约束性原则

部长级会议……

2.英译汉

奥巴马支持民权运动，与其他政治领袖的不同、以及讲述了马丁路德金是怎么影响奥巴马的。总共是9小段。

3.汉译英

(543字,作者是美国加州圣玛利亚学院教授，首发刊载于9月4日发售的《中国新闻周刊》)

人们对不美好的、令人失望的事物可能抱三种态度：理想主义、现实主义和

犬儒主义。有研究者发现，这三种人生态度会分别在青年、中年、老年时期特别有影响。

人在十几、二十来岁的年轻时期，往往倾向于理想主义，特别有正义感。一旦碰到不公不义、龌龊丑恶之事，便充满了愤怒，理想化地想要对它进行彻底的纠正。打倒孔家店，推翻封建礼教，消灭封、资、修，占领华尔街，都是年轻人在那里冲锋陷阵。

中年的务实理想主义者希望能尽自己的力量做一些有益的事情：公益活动、议论时事、参与民间团体的活动等等。他们很清楚自己所贡献的不过是绵薄之力，在有生之年也不可能期待实现多少实质性的变化。

中年的犬儒主义者则不同，他们会认为，这世界太丑恶，人心太坏，个人不可能改变这种状况，所以不值得为之付出努力。既然如此，还不如随波逐流，有机会的就大捞一把。

有这种机会的毕竟只是极少数当上官的，大多数的中年犬儒会愤世嫉俗、玩世不恭、得过且过、难得糊涂。碰到世道不平之事，他们只会冷漠地袖手旁观。为了平息自己的良心责备，他们甚至还会站在加害者的立场上去责怪受害者——倒霉一定有倒霉的理由，谁叫他们自己拎不清，不当心，自作自受，咎由自取。

老年是最容易落入犬儒主义的人生阶段，一个人年岁越长，人生阅历也就越多。老年人可以变得更智慧，但也可能变得更犬儒。

※翻译技巧

汉英语言差异与汉英翻译

翻译是文化交际的桥梁。不同的国家、民族之间不同文化的交流和渗透,都离不开翻译活动。翻译活动不仅是一种语言活动,更是一种思维活动。

不同民族由于历史、生态、宗教、民情、习俗的不同。

对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致,从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式。因此不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同反映了东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同。因此,在翻译过程中,必须按照译入语民族思维方式的特点,调整语句结构,以符合译入语的表达习惯来表达。

一、调整句子结构

东西方民族各有各的思维形式,西方民族的思维形式是重在分析,这种思维形式使西方人惯于“由一列多”的思维,句子结构以主语和谓语为核心,统摄各种短语和从句,由主列次、递相迭加、结构复杂,但形散而意合,形成了“树杈形”的句式结构,而东方民族思维形式是重在综合,这种思维形式使中国人注重整体和和谐,强调“从多而一”的思维形式,句子结构以动词为中心,以时间顺序为语序链,形成“流水型”的句式结构。我国学者吕叔湘先生曾对汉语句子结构作过分析,他指出:“汉语里持多流水句,一个子句接一个子句,很多地方可断可连,汉语的这种流水句式,用节节短句逐点交待,把问题层层展开,这使得在表达相同内容上,汉语句子在数量上往往多于英汉句子,因此翻译时,汉语的几个短句往往可以译成一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。如:

(1)近读华君武一幅题为“谨防”的漫画,画面上两个人骑着装满良心的三轮车,车上插着“收购良心”、“方式价格面议”的广告牌。

A couple of days ago,I came across a piece of Hua’s caricature with a title “be cautious”on which two menare riding a tricycle with a fall load of“conscious”and aboard which says“Purchase conscience,for particulars,negotiate face to face”.

(2)眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对“工薪族”们作一个详细的调查,对我们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。

Now,I am expecting the departments concerned tosurvey on us“the salaried”, so as to gain a clear under2standing of our income and abandon such a high price wecan’t afford even if we toil to death.

(3)当今一些经济大案,立案查处,成绩卓然,群众拍手称快。

Nowadays,the public is clapping their hands in ap2plause for the great achievement we have made in placingcases on file for investigation and prosecution concerningsome serious economic cases.

(4)珠海不向洋老板下跪的青年孙天帅,上海为?1995-2004Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co.,Ltd.All rights reserved.

不买假货而自动失业的刘女士,天津拒绝不良软件集体辞职的四青年,最近成了新闻人物。

Mr.,Shuntianshuai,the young farmer working inZhuhai who refused to knee down to his iss Liu in Shang2hai who quitted her job for refusing to sell fake goods,thefour young men in Tianjin who resigned together for un2willing to program sinister softwares,all became news2maker.

从以上几个汉译英句子来看,多个汉语短句在一起被译成了一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。从以上几个汉译英句子来看,汉语句子以动词为关键词,以时间顺序为语序链;而英语句子则以主要动词为谓语,以分词、介词、不定式、动名词或介词等短语(或从句),表示汉语中相应动词的语义和动作的先后顺序,因此,在汉英翻译时,句子结构调整是必要的。

二、调整句子重心

东方民族“从众归一”的思维方式往往将句子的次要语义部分放在句首,而将语义重心放在句子的末尾,这也就是现代汉语中的偏正复句,一般语序是偏句在前,正句在后,偏句相当于英语的修饰性句子的语义重心放在句子的开头,所以汉译英词,通常将汉语“偏前后正”的常位语序调整为“主前从后”的语序,如:

(1)早在古代,我们就有“渴死不饮盗泉之水,饿死不受嗟来之食”的志士勇夫。

Early in ancient China,there were noble-mindedpeople who would die of their thirsty rather than drink wa2ter from stealth-spring,who would die of hanger ratherthan eat food handed out in contempt.

(2)有忠于职守,廉洁自律,为人称颂的“好官”,也有贪赃枉法,胡作非为的贪官,还有大事不理,小事纠缠的糊涂官,当然也少不了吃喝玩乐的逍遥官、风流官。

Some are widely praised good officials for their self-discipline and devotion

to their official duties.Someare ill-behaved officials breaking the law for bribes,some are muddle headed officials lingering over trifles in2stead of important issues of course,there are also amorousofficials indulging in pleasure-seeking, addicting to sen2sual pleasure.

(3)为了恪守良心,保全人格,为了民族气节,国家尊严,居然炒了老板的“鱿鱼”,砸了自己的饭碗,得到社会各界普遍称颂。

All of them are common people who have been wide2ly praised by people of all walks of life for their unusualdeeds———they went so far as to say good-bye to theirbosses,therefore lost their jobs for sake of conscience,personality and national integrity and dignity.

以上各句在汉译英时都根据英语的句子结构对表达语义重心的部分进行了调整,前移了句子重心,这样译文更符合英文的表达习惯。

三、转换视点

中国文化以人文为中心,是一种人本文化,即以人为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物思维方式。

西方文化则以物本为主体,以自然为本位。比较偏重于对客体的研究和观察,习惯于本体思维的中国人,在描述或记录动作或事件发生或

演变的过程时,观察或叙述的视点往往落在动作的发出者,并以动作的发出者作为句子的主语,因此,汉语中主动语态使用频繁,而习惯于客体思维的西方人却常把观察或叙述的视点放在行为,动作的结果或承受者上,并以此作为句子的主语,因此英语中被动语态使用广泛,翻译时,应该根据语义逻辑改换或增添句子的主语,相应调整句子语态,以符合汉语的表达习惯。

如:

(1)不久前我看到一则房地产广告,题目赫然是“工薪族的理想家居”。

Before long,an estate advertisement entitled“Dre2amland for the Salaried”caught my eyes.

(2)如今满大街都能看到为“工薪族”们提供的商品及服务。

Nowadays,the commodities and services for the sal2aried men are available everywhere.

(3)全国人民所渴望的政治协商会议现在开幕了。

The Political Consultative Conference so eagerlyawaited by the whole nation is herewith inaugurated.

(4)(他们)结婚六年没有儿子,然而妻子却出人意料地给丈夫生了一对双胞胎。

After six years of married childlessness,the fatherwas suddenly presented by his wife with a pair of twins.

四、增减词量

(一)增词

1.英语是一种形和重于意和的语言,它主要借助语言手段(词汇,句型,语法等)来实现语言的连接。在英语中,语法关系、时态、语态、数都很清楚。

而汉语是一种意和重于形和的语言,它不是依靠语言手段,而是靠意义上的连贯来实现的。因此,汉语在转化成英语时,补益是不可少的。

枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,

O’er old trees wreathed with rotten vine fly eveningcrows;

’Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear streamflows;

On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes;

汉语连续用了九个名词,九个名词就把萧瑟凄凉之景,空旷冷落之感在这九个名词中凸现而出,悠然而生,生动具体地抒发出作者当时的情绪和心境,没有任何的赘词冗语。渊冲先生的译文根据英语句法结构,增添了冠词,介词和动词,原句中的九个名词改换成了三个完整的逻辑语句.只有这样才更符合英语的表达习惯。

2.翻译是一种跨文化的语系转换活动,对于某些民族色彩词语要有充分的理解,在理解的基础上,对词义做必要的解释,以便译入语读者理解。如:

(1)30万,一个真正的“工薪族”一年就算勒紧裤腰带攒下一万元,也要30年。

30,000yuan,it will take30years for a genuinemember of the salaried,even if he lives frugally all theyear round.

(2)故五行无常胜,四时无常主,日有短长,月有死生。

The five elements:water,fire,wood,metal,earth,are not always equally predominant;the four seasonsmake away for each other in turn.There are short daysand

long;the moon has its periods of waning and waxing(二)减词汉语为了句子结构平衡,增强语气,强化音韵,常使用重复,对仗等修辞手法,因此句子词或词组复式含义相同的词组重复使用现象较多见,而英译时只需译上其主要意思。如:

(1)天帅们的品行仍折射出一脉相承的中华传统美德。

Nowadays,What Mr.Sun and his likes have doneembodies the same Chinese traditional virtues and moralintegrity and noble character.

(2)起初,我弄不明白,良心不能吃、不能穿、不能用、不能玩,没有使用价值,怎么能当商品交易?How can conscience be dealt as merchandise,whichis not practical.

(3)我们说,长征是历史上的第一次,长征是宣传书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机。

We answer that the Long March is the first of itskind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto,apropaganda force,a seeding-machine.

(4)差不多二十年了,深入、生活在贫困线以下或温饱问题还没有解决的人口仍有百万。

Several million of people have lived near or belowthe breadline for almost two decades.

根据英汉不同语气的句子结构特点和表达习惯,采取一些必要的手段来调整语句,在翻译当中是必要的,因此,只有了解汉英两种语言的不同,语言表达形式,才能在汉译英时,以符合英语的表达式翻译。

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8715432370.html,

2015考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

2015 Text 1 Paragraph 1 1、King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ?kings don`t abdicate, they die in their sleep.? But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 西班牙国王胡安?卡洛斯曾说?国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中?。但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安?卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。 1.1 abdicate英/'?bd?ke?t/ 美/'?bd?ket/vt. 退位；放弃vi. 退位；放弃 1.2 scandal英/'sk?nd(?)l/ 美/'sk?ndl/n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤 2、So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? 如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？ 2.1 monarchy英 /'m?n?k?/ 美/'mɑn?ki/n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治 2.2 the writing is on the wall某事将失败的不祥预兆 2.3 royal英/'r???l/ 美/'r???l/n. 王室；王室成员adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的 2.4 magnificent英/m?g'n?f?s(?)nt/ 美/m?g'n?f?snt/adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的 2.5 majestic英 /m?'d?est?k/ 美/m?'d??st?k/adj. 庄严的；宏伟的 Paragraph 2 1、The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. 西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。 2、When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ?mere? politics and ?embody? a spirit of national unity.这时公众意见呈现出两极分化，弗 2.1 particularly英/p?'t?kj?l?l?/ 美/p?'t?kj?l?l?/adv. 特别地，独特地；详细地，具体地；明确地，细致地 2.2 polarise 英/’p??l?ra?z/ 美/’p?ul?raiz/vt. 极化（等于polarize）polarize英/'p?ul?raiz/ 美/'pol?'ra?z/vt. （使）极化；（使）偏振；（使）两极分化vi. 极化；偏振；两极分化 2.3 regime英 /re?'?i?m/ 美/re'?im/n. 政权，政体；社会制度；管理体制 2.4 monarch英 /'m?n?k/ 美/'mɑn?k/n. 君主，帝王；最高统治者 Paragraph 3 1、It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs` continuing popularity polarized. 正是这次明显的超越对君主作为国家元首继续流行做出了解释。 1.1 transcendence英/tr?n'send?ns/ 美/tr?n'send?ns/n. 超越；卓越；超然存在 2、And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). 正因如此，除中东外，欧洲是世界上君主制最盛行的地区，有10位国王（梵蒂冈和安道尔不算在内）。 2.1 infested adj. 为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v. 害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词)；遍布于 3、But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. 但是，与海湾地区和亚洲的专制国家不同，欧洲皇室能够留存下来，是因为他们让选民免于苦心孤诣地寻找一个没有争议且受尊崇的公众人物。 3.1 absolutist英/'?bs?lu:tist/ 美/'?bs?lu:tist/n. 绝对论者；专制主义者 Paragraph 4 1、Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. 即使如此，毋庸臵疑君主还是在衰落。 1.1 ownside英 /'da?nsa?d/ 美/'da?nsa?d/n. 负面，缺点；下降趋势；底侧adj. 底侧的 2、Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. 即使他们声称自己是国家统一的象征，但他们的历史和今日的行为方式都代表着他们享有的特权和他们身上体现出的不公平已经过时，且站不住脚。

2015考研英语翻译真题解析

Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American. 49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay. “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brou ght almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores. 思路： 1.大致介绍文章主要内容 2. 逐段介绍每段的主要内容→分析句子结构→指出翻译时需要注意的点→试译→整理译文→总结翻译技巧和需掌握的单词

2015考研英语二翻译真题解析

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2015年考研英语二：翻译真题答案及来源分析 新东方在线唐静 2015年全国研究生入学考试今天拉开帷幕。今天是考研的第1天，下午进行了英语的考试，新东方在线考研辅导名师团队第一时间通过酷学网对考研真题进行直播解析，敬请持续关注。 以下是新东方在线考研名师唐静为2015考生带来的考研英语二翻译深度解析： 来源分析： 文章来源于https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8715432370.html,，它是一个关于心理学方面的网站。原文标题是：The Well-Travelled Road Effect: Why Familiar Routes Fly By，文章链接地址如下：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8715432370.html,/2013/06/the-well-travelled-road-effect-why-familiar-routes-fly-by.php 2015年翻译真题，经过命题人改编，完全符合英语二翻译部分大纲要求，总字数为156个词，有8句话，难度与2014年年初翻译难度相当。 真题和答案如下，大家参考。若有错误，请指正： Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual(命题人改编为：lose concentration on the) driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has. 设想一下，你正开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的路线上。可以是你每天上下班、去城里、或者回家的路。不管是什么路，你对每一个拐每一个弯都了如指掌，非常熟悉。在这样的路途中，我们容易在开车的时候心不在焉，对途中的景色也几乎是全然不顾。结果是你觉得路途上所花的时间比实际要少。 This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route. 这就是所谓的“熟悉路线效应”：人们往往会低估在熟悉的线路上所花费的时间。 The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to i t. So we assume it was proportionately(命题人删掉了这个词) shorter. 这种效应是由于我们注意力分配的方式不同引起的。如果我们行驶在熟悉的路线上，因为不需要太集中精力，会感觉时间流逝较快。以后，一旦回想这段路程，因为注意力没有集中在此，我们就会全然忘记。这样，我们就会觉得路程更短。