案件受理费court acceptance fee
案情重大、复杂importantand plicated case
案由cause ofaction
案子case
包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits
被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee
被诉人respondent;defendant
本案律师counselprohac vice
本地律师localcounsel
毕业证diploma;graduationcertificate
辩护词defense; pleadings
辩护律师defenselawyer
辩护要点pointof defense
辩护意见submission
财产租赁propertytenancy
裁定书order;ruling; determination(指终审裁定)
裁决书award(用于仲裁)
裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)
采信得证据admittedevidence;established evidence
草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement ofassignment ofequity interests
查阅法条source legal provisions
产权转让conveyancing
出差go onerrand;go onabusiness trip
出国深造further study abroad
出具律师意见书providing legalopinion
出示得证据exhibit
出庭appear incourt
传票summons;subpoena
答辩状answer; reply
代理词representation
代理房地产买卖与转让agency for saleand transfer ofreal estate
代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agencyfor notarization, trademar k,patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration
代写文书drafting of legal instruments
待决案件pending case
当事人陈述statementof the parties
第三人third party
吊销执业证revocation oflawyer license
调查笔录investigative record
调查取证investigationand gathering for evidence
调解mediation
调解书mediation
二审案件case oftrial ofsecond instance
发送电子邮件send e-mail
法律顾问legal consultants
法律意见书legal opinions
法律援助legalaid
法律咨询legal counseling
法庭division; tribunal
法学博士学位LL、D (Doctorof Laws)
法学会lawsociety
法学课程legal courses
法学硕士学位LL、M(Masterof Laws)
法学系faculty of law;departmentoflaw
法学学士学位LL、B (Bachelorof Laws)
J、D(juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)
法学院law school
法院公告court announcement
反诉状counterclaim
房地产律师real estatelawyer;real propertylawyer
非合伙律师associatelawyer
非诉讼业务non-litigation practice
高级合伙人senior partner
高级律师senior lawyer
各类协议与合同agreements andcontracts
公安局Public Security Bureau
公司上市panylisting
公诉案件public-prosecuting case
公证书notarial certificate
国办律师事务所state-run law office
国际贸易international trade
国际诉讼international litigation
国内诉讼domesticlitigation
合伙律师partner lawyer
合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision
会见当事人interviewaclient
会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminalsuspect
兼职律师part-timelawyer
监狱prison; jail
鉴定结论expert conclusion
缴纳会费membership dues
举证责任burden of proof;onus probandi
决定书decision
勘验笔录recordof request
瞧守所detention house
抗诉书protest
控告人accuser;plainant
跨国诉讼transnational litigation
劳动争议labor disputes
劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitrationmitteefor labordisputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm;prisonfarm
利害关系人interestedparty;party in interest
律管处处长director of lawyer controldepartment
律师lawyerattorney; attorney at law
律师惩戒lawyer discipline
律师法LawyerLaw
律师费lawyer fee
律师函lawyer’sletter
律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication
律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness
律师卷宗lawyer’sdocile;file
律师刊物lawyer’sjournal
律师联系电话contact phonenumber of a lawyer
律师事务所law office;law firm
律师收费billing by lawyer
律师网站lawyer website
律师协会National Bar(Lawyer) Association
律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association
律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar(Lawyer)Association
律师协会章程Articlesof Lawyer Assocition
律师业务室lawyer’soffice
律师执业证lawyerlicense
律师助理assistant lawyer
律师资格考试bar exam;lawyer qualificationexam
律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate
民事案件civil case
民事调解civilmediation
民事诉讼civil litigation
派出所localpolice station; police substation
判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);
determination(用于终审);
sentence(用于刑事案);
verdict(由陪审团作出)
旁证circumstantial evidence
企业章程articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure
起诉状information;indictment
取消律师资格disbar
全国律师代表大会NationalLawyer Congress
缺席宣判pronounce judgementordetermination by default 人民法院People’s Court
人民检察院People’s Procuratorate
认定事实determinefacts
上诉案件case of trial ofsecond instance;appellate case
上诉人appellant
上诉状petitionfor appeal
涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-relatedmatters
申请复议administrative reconsideration petition
申请加入律师协会application foradmission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant
申诉案件appeal case
申诉人(仲裁)claimant; plaintiff
申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision
实习律师apprenticelawyer;lawyerin probation period
实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer
视听证据audio-visual reference material
适用法律applylaw to facts
受害人victim
书证documentary evidence
司法部Ministry of Justice
司法建议书judicial advise
司法局JudicialBureau
司法局副局长deputy director of JudicialBureau
司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau
司法统一考试uniform judicial exam
送达service ofprocess
诉讼litigation; action;lawsuit
诉讼当事人litigation party;litigious party
诉讼业务litigation practice
诉状plaint;bill ofplaint; statement of claim
推销法律服务promote/market legal service
外国律师事务所foreign law office
委托代理合同authorized representation contract
委托代理人agent ad litem;entrusted agent
委托授权书power ofattorney
物证material evidence
嫌疑人criminal suspect
项目融资project financing
项目谈判projectnegotiating
刑事案件criminal case
刑事诉讼criminal litigation
行政诉讼administrative litigation
休庭adjourn the court; recess
宣判pronounce judgement;determination
宣誓书affidavit
业务进修attendance inadvanced studies
一审案件case of trialoffirst instance
与国外律师事务所交流municate with foreign law firms
原告plaintiff
证券律师securities lawyer
证人证言testimony of witness;affidavit
执行笔录execution record
执业登记registrationforpractice
执业范围scope of practice;sphere of practice;practice area执业申请practice application
执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license
仲裁arbitration
仲裁案件arbitration case
仲裁机构arbitrationagency
专门律师specialized lawyer
专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer
撰写法律文章write legal thesis
资信调查credit standinginvestigation
自诉案件private prosecutingcase
二、诉讼法律
案件case
案件发回remand/rimit a case (toalowcourt)
案件名称titleof a case
案卷材料materials in the case
案情陈述书statementof case
案外人person other than involvedinthe case
案值totalvalue involved in the case
败诉方losingparty
办案人员personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书applicationfor protective measures
报案reportacase (to securityauthorities)
被告defendant; the accused
被告人最后陈述finalstatementof the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder
被害人victim
被害人得诉讼代理人victim’sagentad litem
被上诉人respondent; theappellee
被申请人respondent
被申请执行人party against whomexecution is filed
被执行人person subjecttoenforcement
本诉principalaction
必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation
变通管辖jurisdiction byaccord
辩护defense
辩护律师defenseattorney/lawyer
辩护人defender
辩护证据exculpatoryevidence;defense evidence
辩论阶段stageof court debate
驳回反诉dismissa counterclaim;reject a counterclaim
驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion
驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the originaljudgement/ruling
驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit
驳回通知书notice of dismissal
驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书rulingof dismissing private-prosecuting case
补充答辩supplementary answer
补充判决supplementary judgement
补充侦查supplementary investigation
不公开审理trialin camera
不立案决定书written decision ofno case-filing
不批准逮捕决定书written decisionof disapproving an arrest
不起诉nolpros
不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusationbythe court
财产保全申请书applicationfor attachment; application for property preservation
裁定order; determination(指最终裁定)
裁定管辖jurisdiction by order
裁定书order; ruling
裁决书award
采信得证据admitted evidence
查封sealup
撤回上诉withdrawappeal
撤诉withdrawa lawsuit
撤销立案revoke a caseplaced on file
撤销原判,发回重审rescindthe original judgement andremand the case ro the original court forretrial
出示得证据exhibit
除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)
传唤summon; call
传闻证据hearsay
答辩answer;reply
答辩陈述书statement of defence
答辩状answer; reply
大法官associate justices; justice
大检察官deputychief procurator
代理控告agency for accusation
代理申诉agencyfor appeal
代理审判员actingjudge
代为申请取保候审agency for application ofthe bailpending trial with r estrictedliberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼accusatoryprocedure
当事人陈述statementof the parties
当庭宣判pronouncementof judgement orsentence in court
地区管辖territorialjurisdiction
地区检察分院inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate
第三人third party
调查笔录record of investigation
定期宣判pronouncementof judgementor sentence laterona fixeddate
定罪证据incriminatingevidence; inculpatory evidence
冻结freeze
督促程序procedureof supervision and urge
独任庭sole-judge bench
独任仲裁员sole arbitrator
对妨碍民事诉讼得强制措施pulsory measures against impairmentof civil action
对席判决judgementinterparties
二审trial of second instance
二审案件caseoftrialof second insurance
罚款impose a fine
法定证据statutorylegal evidence
法定证据制度system of legal evidence
法官judges
法警bailiff;court police
法律文书legal instruments/papers
法律援助legal aid
法律咨询legal consulting
法庭辩论court debate
法庭调查courtinvestigation
法庭审理笔录court record
法庭审理方式mode ofcourt trial
法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal
法院court
法院公告court announcement
反诉counterclaim
反诉答辩状answer withcounterclaim
反诉状counterclaim
犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect
附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateralcivil action
复查reexamination; recheck
复验reinspect
高级法官seniorjudge
高级检察官senior procurator
高级人民法院Higher People’s Court
告诉案件case ofplaint
告诉才处理得案件case accepted at plaint
告诉申诉庭plaintand petition division
工读学校work-studyschool fordelinquent children
公安部Ministry of Public Security
公安分局public security sub-bureau
公安厅public security bureau atthelevelsof provinces,autonomous regions and citiesunder direct jurisdiction of central government
公开审理trial in public
公开审判制度open trial system
公示催告程序procedureofpublic summons for exhortation
公诉案件public-prosecuting case
公诉词statementof publicprosecution
公证机关public notary office
共同管辖concurrentjurisdiction
管辖jurisdiction
国际司法协助international judicialassistance
海事法院maritime court
合议庭collegial panel
合议庭评议笔录record of deliberatingbythe collegiate bench
与解position; promise
核对诉讼当事人身份check identity oflitigious parties
恢复执行resumptionof execution
回避withdrawal
混合式诉讼mixed action
基层人民法院basicPeople’sCourt
羁押期限term in custody
级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction ofcourts atdifferent levels
监视居住livingat home under surveillance
监狱prison
检察官procurator
检察权prosecutorial power
检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial mittee
检察院procuratorate
检察院派出机构outposttribunalof procuratorate
简易程序summary procedure
鉴定结论expert conclusion
经济审判庭economic tribunal
径行判决direct adjudicationwithout sessions;judgement without notice
纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings
拘传summon byforce;summon by warrant
拘留所detention house
举报information/report ofanoffence
举证责任burdenofproof; onusprobandi
决定书decision
军事法院military procuratorate
开庭审理open a courtsession
开庭通知notice of court session
勘验笔录record of inquest
瞧守所detention house
可执行财产executable property
控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings
控诉证据incriminatingevidence
控诉职能accusationfunction
扣押distrain on; attachment
扣押物distress/distraint
宽限期period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labordispute arbitration
劳改场reform-through-labor farm
劳教所reeducation-through-labor office
类推判决得核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogicalsentence
累积证据cumulativeevidence
立案报告place a caseonfile
立案管辖functionaljurisdiction
立案决定书written decisionof case-filing
立案侦查reportof placing a case on file
利害关系人interested party
临时裁决书interim award
律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation;lawyer’s writtenauthentication 律师事务所lawoffice; law firm
律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer
免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty
民事案件civil case
民事审判庭civil tribunal
民事诉讼civil action
民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law
扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police
派出法庭detachedtribunal
派出所policestation
判决judgement; determination
判决书judgement;determination;verdict(指陪审团作出得)
旁证circumstantial evidence
陪审员juror
批准逮捕approval of arrest
破案clear up acriminal case;solvea criminal case
破产bankruptcy; insolvency
普通程序general/ordinaryprocedure
普通管辖general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a busin
ess corporation
起诉filing of a lawsuit
起诉sue;litigate; prosecute;institutionofproceedings
起诉状indictment;information
区县检察院grassrootsPeople’s Procuratorate
取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
缺席判决default judgement
人民调解委员会People’s Mediation mittee
认定财产无主案件cases concerningdetermination of property as qwnerless 认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as inpetentorwith limited disposing capacity
上诉appeal
上诉人appellant
上诉状petitionfor appeal
少管所juvenile prison
社会治安综合治理prehensive treatmentof social security
涉外案件cases involving foreign interests
涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings
涉外刑事诉讼foreigncriminal proceedings
申请人applicant;petitioner
申请书petition; applicationfor arbitration
申请执行人execution applicant
申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity
申诉书appeal for revision; petitionfor revision
神示证据制度systemof divinity evidence
神示制度ordeal system
审查案件case review
审查并决定逮捕examine anddecide arrest
审查起诉阶段stageofreview andprosecution
审理通知书notice of hearing
审判长presiding judge
审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announcecourt in session
审判管辖adjudgement/trialjurisdiction
审判监督程序procedure for trialsupervision
审判委员会judicialmittee
审判员judge
审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings
生效判决裁定legally effectivejudgement/order
胜诉方winningparty
省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate
失踪与死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death
实(质)体证据substantial evidence
实物证据tangibleevidence
实在证据real evidence
示意证据demonstrative evidence
视听证据audio-visualevidence
收容所collecting post;safe retreat
首席大法官chiefjustice
首席检察官chiefprocurator
受害人得近亲属victim’simmediate family
受理acceptance
受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case
受送达人the addressee
书记员court clerk
书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerkreads courtrules
书证documentaryevidence
司法部Ministry of Justice
司法机关judicial organizatons
司法警察judicial police
司法局judicial bureau
司法厅judicial bureau at thelevelsofprovinces,autonomous regions, and c itiesunderdirect jurisdiction ofcentral government
司法协助judicialassistance
死缓得复核judicialreview ofdeath sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序procedure forjudicial review ofdeath sentence
死刑复核权petenceforjudicialreview of death sentence
送达serviceof process
送达传票serviceof summons/subpoena
送达诉状service ofbill of plaint
搜查search
诉sue; suit;action;lawsuit
诉前财产保全property attachmentprior tolawsuit
诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action
诉讼保全attachment
诉讼参加人litigiousparticipants
诉讼代理人agent ad litem
诉状plaint;bill of plaint; stateofclaim
特别程序special procedures
提起公诉institute apublic prosecution
铁路法院railwaycourt
铁路检察院railroadtransportprocuratorate
庭审程序procedureof court trial
通缉wantedfor arrest
投案appearance
退回补充侦查return of a case forsupplementary investigation
委托辩护entrusteddefense
未成年人法庭juvenilecourt
无行政职务得法官associate judge
无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in courtwithout duecause
无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”
物证material evidence
先予执行申请书application for advanced execution
先予执行advanced execution
刑事案件criminal case
刑事拘留criminal detention
刑事强制拘留criminalcoercive/pulsory measures
刑事审判庭criminal tribunal
刑事诉讼criminal proceedings
刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状self-incriminatingcriminal plaint
行政案件administrative case
行政审判庭administrativetribunal
行政诉讼administrative proceedings
行政诉讼法AdministrativeProcedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件casesconcerning the declaration ofdisappearanc eand death
宣判笔录record ofrendition of judgement
选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications ofvoters
询问证人inquire/question a witness
训诫reprimand
讯问笔录record of interrogation
询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogatecriminalsuspect
言词证据verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena
一裁终局arbitration award shall be finalandbinding
一审trial of firstinstance
一审案件caseof trial offirstinstance
应诉通知书noticeofrespondence to action
有罪判决sentence; findingof “guilty”
予审preliminary examinantion;pretrial
原告plaintiff
院长court president
阅卷笔录recordof (bylawyers)
再审案件caseof retrial
再审申请书petition for retrial
责令具结悔过order tosign a statement ofrepentance
债权人会议creditors’ meeting
侦查阶段investigation stage
侦查终结conclusion ofinvestigation
征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion ofthe plaintiff and defendant
证据evidence
证据保全preserve evidence
证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation
证人证言testimony of witness;affidavit
支付令paymentorder/warrant
知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal
执行程序procedure execution
执行逮捕executionofarrest
执行与解conciliation of execution
执行回转recovery of execution
执行庭executive tribunal
执行异议objection toexecution
执行员executor
执行中止discontinuance of execution
执行终结conclusion of execution
指定辩护appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明statement ofappointing arbitrator
中级人民法院intermediate People’s Court
中途退庭retreat during courtsession without permission 仲裁arbitration
仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant
仲裁裁决award
仲裁申请书arbitration
仲裁申诉人claimant;plaintiff
仲裁庭arbitration tribunal
仲裁委员会arbitration mittee
仲裁协议arbitrationagreement; clauses ofarbitration
仲裁员arbitrator
主诉检察官principal procurator
助理检察官assistant procurator
助理审判员assistant judge
专门法院specialcourt
专门管辖specificjurisdiction
专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction
追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility
自首confession tojustice
自诉案件private-prosecuting case
自行辩护self-defense
自由心证制度doctrine ofdiscretionalevaluation ofevidence 自侦案件self-investigatingcase
最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院theSupreme People’s Procuratorate
最后裁决书finalaward
三、民事法律
法律渊源source of law
制定法statute
判例法caselaw; precedent
普通法monlaw
特别法special law
固有法native law;indigenous law
继受法adoptedlaw
实体法substantial law
程序法procedurallaw
原则法fundamental law
例外法exception law
司法解释judicial interpretation
习惯法customary law
公序良俗publicorder and moral
自然法natural law
罗马法RomanLaw
私法private law
公法publiclaw
市民法jus civile
万民法jusgentium
民法法系civillawsystem
英美法系system of Anglo-Americanlaw
大陆法系civillaw system
普通法mon law
大陆法continentallaw
罗马法系Roman law system
英吉利法English law
衡平法equity; law ofequity
日尔曼法Germantic law
教会法ecclesiasticallaw
寺院法canon law
伊斯兰法Islamiclaw
民法法律规范norm of civil law
授权规范authorization norm
禁止规范forbidding norm
义务性规范obligatorynorm
命令性规范manding norm
民法基本原则fundamentalprinciples of civil law平等原则principle of equality
自愿原则principle of free will
公平原则principle of justice
等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principleof good faith
行为act
作为act
不作为omission
合法行为lawful act
违法行为unlawful act
民事权利权利能力civil right
绝对权absolute right
相对权relative right
优先权rightofpriority
先买权preemption
原权antecedent right
救济权right ofrelief
支配权right of dominion
请求权right of claim
物上请求权right of claim for real thing
形成权right of formation
撤销权right of claiming cancellation
否认权rightof claiming cancellation
解除权right of renouncement
代位权subrogated right
选择权right ofchoice
承认权right ofadmission
终止权right of termination
抗辩权rightof defense
一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense
永久性抗辩权permanentcounter-argumentright不安抗辩权unstablecounter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right
期待权expectant right
专属权exclusiveright
非专属权non-exclusive right
人身权利personal right
人权humanright
人格权right of personality
生命健康权right of lifeand health
姓名权rightof name
名称权right of name
肖像权right of portraiture
自由权right of freedom
名誉权right reputation
隐私权rightof privacy
私生活秘密权rightof privacy
贞操权virginityright
身份权right of status
亲权parentalpower; parental right
亲属权rightof relative
探视权visitationright
配偶权right ofspouse
荣誉权right of honor
权利得保护protection ofright
公力救济publicprotection
私力救济self-protection
权利本位standard of right
社会本位standard of society
无责任行为irresponsible right
正当防卫justifiable right;ligitimate defence
防卫行为actof defence
自为行为self-conducting act
紧急避险act of rescue; necessity
自助行为act ofself-help
不可抗力force majeure
意外事件accident
行为能力capacity for act
意思能力capacity ofwill
民事行为civil act
意思表示declaration ofintention
意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus
完全行为能力perfect capacity foract
限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act
准禁治产人quasi-interdictedperson
保佐protection
自治产人minor who is capable ofadministeringhis own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act
禁治产人interdicted person
自然人natural person
公民citizen
住所domicile
居所residence
经常居住地frequently dwelling place
户籍censusregister
监护guardianship
个体工商户individual business
农村承包经营户leaseholding ruralhousehold
合伙partnership
合伙人partner
合伙协议partnership agreement
合伙财产property of partnership
合伙债务debt ofpartnership
入伙join partnership
退伙withdrawal from partnership
合伙企业partnership business establishment
个人合伙partnership
法人合伙partnership oflegal person
特别合伙special partnership
普通合伙general partnership
有限合伙limited partnership
民事合伙civil partnership
隐名合伙sleeping partnership;dormant partnership
私营企业private enterprise;proprietorship
法人legal person
企业法人legal bodyof enterprise
企业集团group ofenterprise
关联企业affiliate enterprise
个人独资企业individualbusiness establishment
国有独资企业solelystate-owned enterprise
中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise
中外合作企业Sino-foreigncontractual enterprise
社团法人legal body of massorganization
财团法人legal bodyoffinancial group
联营joint venture
法人型联营associationoflegal persons
合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership
协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management
合作社cooperative
民事法律行为civillegal act
单方民事法律行为unilateralcivillegal act
双方民事法律行为bilateral civillegal act
多方民事法律行为jointact civil legalact
有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration
无偿民事法律行为civillegal act withoutconsideration; civil legal act without award
实践性民事法律行为practicalcivil legal act
诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act
要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act
不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act
要因民事法律行为causative civillegal act
不要因民事法律行为noncausative civillegal act
主民事法律行为principal civil legal act
从民事法律行为accessory civillegal act
附条件民事法律行为conditional civillegal act
附期限民事法律行为civillegal act with term
生前民事法律行为civil legal actbeforedeath
死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death
准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act
无效行为ineffective act
可撤销民事行为revocable civil act
违法行为illegalact; unlawfulact
侵权行为tort
欺诈fraud
胁迫duress
乘人之危takingadvantage ofothers’ precarious position 以合法形式掩盖非法目得legal form concealingillegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration
重大误解gross misunderstanding
显失公平obvious unjust
误传misrepresentation
代理agency
本人principal
被代理人principal
受托人trustee
代理人agent
本代理人originalagent
法定代理人statutoryagent; legalagent
委托代理人agent bymandate
指定代理人designated agent
复代理人subagent
再代理人subagent
转代理人subagent
代理权rightof agency
授权行为act ofauthorization
授权委托书power of attorney
代理行为act of agency
委托代理agency bymandate
本代理originalagency
复代理subagency
次代理subagency
有权代理authorized agency
表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency
律师代理agencyby lawyer
普通代理general agency
全权代理general agency
全权代理委托书generalpower of attorney
共同代理jointagency
独家代理sole agency
居间brokerage
居间人broker
行纪mission;broker house
信托trust
时效time limit; prescription; limitation
时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation
时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription
时效延长extension of limitation
取得时效acquisitive prescription
时效终止lapse oftime; termination of prescription
期日date
期间term
涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements
冲突规范rule ofconflict
准据法applicablelaw; governinglaw
反致renvoi; remission
转致transmission
识别identification
公共秩序保留reserve of public order
法律规避evasionof law
国籍nationality
国有化nationalization
法律责任legalliability
民事责任civil liability/responsibility
行政责任administrativeliability/responsibility
刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility
违约责任liability of breachof contract; responsibility ofdefault 有限责任limited liability
无限责任unlimited liability
按份责任shared/severalliability
连带责任jointand several liability
过失责任liabilityfornegligence;negligent liability
过错责任fault liability; liability for fault
单独过错sole fault
共同过错joint fault
混合过错mixedfault
被害人过错victim’sfault
第三人过错thirdparty’sfault
推定过错presumptivefault
恶意bad faith; malice
故意deliberate intention;intention;willfulness
过失negligence
重大过失gross negligence
疏忽大意得过失careless andinadvertent negligence
过于自信得过失negligence withundue assumption
损害事实facts of damage
有形损失tangible damage/loss
Legal English (revised version for the students) Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English 一、法律英语的英译: David Mellinkoff(加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授):《The Language of the Law》1963 1.legal English---Lawful English Legal parlance(说法、用语)/legal lingo(行话、隐语)/legal jargon(行话、黑话)/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言) 2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law” 3. 法律英语与法学英语 二、法律英语的范围: 是否凡是涉及法律的英语(词汇、表达方法、句子结构……)都是法律英语? 英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家(common-law countries)的法律人所用的习惯语言(customary language),包括某些词汇、短语,或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。 三、法律英语的主要特点: I. precise or exact (准确) 正常情况下,起草法律文件时,用词造句务必十分精准(with great exactness),因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字,即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据,因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism),尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent),但其不占主导地位,书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。 实务中鉴于对法律文件中文字的理解不一,也是常有纠纷出现: e.g. The Charter required that directors “shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of outstanding capital st ock of the corporation.” 甲方理解成:被选上董事的人需三分之二的股东投票赞成(a candidate to be elected needs the votes of two-thirds of the stockholders ) 乙方则认为:选董事时须有三分之二的股东出席(two-thirds of the stockholders must be present at the meeting at which the election is held) What’s the judge’s opinion? e.g. 一个阿肯色州的美国人临终前写了一个遗嘱,遗嘱写道: The remainder of the testator’s property should be “divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.” 问题出在对“between”一词的理解上。立遗嘱人妻子一边的外甥和外甥女加在一起共有22个。这句话是指立遗嘱人的遗产的一半归其妻子方的22个外甥和外甥女,另一半归其本人一方的外甥女?还是指将遗产在双方的外甥外甥女中平均分配呢? 为达准确之目的,常使用下列招法: 1. 使用专门术语(下文有述) 2. 重复使用具有绝对含义的词汇,如all , none, perpetuity, never, unavoidable; 3. 使用具有绝对限制含义的短语:
法律英语学习的层次与材料简介来源:胡敏的日志 接触法律方面的英语已数年,从漫无目的信手乱翻,到上法律英语课,再到上英语的法律课程,到现在的用英语进行法律方面的工作,走了很多弯路,也积攒了点滴经验体会。看版面上相关的讨论,觉得还可以更体系化,总结几点,和各位切磋。 学习法律英语,不能仅以会读、会写几个词汇就觉得万事大吉,要清楚自己的目标、学习的层次,循序渐进,渐次登堂入室。根据不同的层次,大致可分一下几个类型: 1. 入门搭框型:了解法律英语的基本词汇、语用同时西方法律、司法基本体系构架,即Mr.何家弘的“一石二鸟”。 可以学习下何家弘的《法律英语》(法律出版社,2003 第二版,好像已有配套翻译)。这种书要精读。试着自己动手翻译一遍,事半功倍。基础好同学可以接着读一点,英国人或美国人专门给外国人学法律英语的书,如《English Law and Language》(Cassell 出版)。 2. 专业型拓展型:拓展下自己的专业或者自己喜欢的领域。建议通读一本相关领域的简明教材,例如blackstone,nutshell系列的都不错的。另外,以熟悉的领域为核心,是提高英语的水平的有效捷径。 3. 比较参考型:即研究某个课题外国是否有相同的法律规定、案例规则等。学会泛读,把握主旨。以精读课的方式来读,反而会让自己陷入生词、查词旋涡。类似方面的,可以读一些案例。例如:https://https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8811771858.html,数据库大学校园网通常能已经由学校付费,学生可以免费使用。 (附:《https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8811771858.html,数据库》是面向法律专业人员设计的,拥有11400多个数据资料库以及31500多项资料来源,特别是在法律事务方面,是收录最全的法律资源库之一。包含了LexisNexis中全部法律内容,也包含了商业、金融、政治、时事等方面的内容,主要是全球范围内(如英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡、马来西亚、中国内地、香港等)法律案例、法律法规条文、国家法、国际条约和协议、知识产权等,使用的对象为律师、大学法学院、法律咨询公司、司法官员等。) 4. 日常应用型:即与法律有关的日常业务中,处理涉外信函。注意学习一些商务信函的知识和相关领域的常用词汇、句型、格式。推荐《国际商务写作教程》(王素清,对外经贸大学出版社)。日常应用的专业词汇、句型跟法律英语教材、案例书籍、法条等的具有很大差别,这是新手一定要注意的。多阅读些此前的卷宗,虚心学习,不怕修改,三几个月就能顺手了。 5. 专业应用型:即出具外语法律文书、法律建议,如合同等。最保险的还是找一些类似的格式文书照搬过来,格式文书在网上能够搜索的到,或者参考此前业务成文。 6. 翻译通才型:即从事涉及法律内容的材料翻译。多读、多练、功夫在诗外。中英文方面的法律书都通读些,一些基本的简明教程即可。另外,还应当以法律为中心,多关注关联的知识
考博英语翻译英汉互译方法汇总 在翻译中,针对词汇空缺现象,在词汇的借用、引用方面通常采取四种形式:音译、直译、改编、意译。 1、音译:人名、地名以及一些表示新概念而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时,均可采用音译法介绍到译文语言中去,如:[汉译英]磕头(kowtow),荔枝(litchi);[英译汉]、engine(引擎),motor(马达),sofa(沙发),logic (逻辑) 2、直译:papertiger(纸老虎),loseface(丢脸),Seeingisbelieving.(百闻不如一见。)Outofmind,outofsight.(眼不见,心不烦) 3、改编:所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意义补充的翻译,在翻译的“改编法”中,译者总是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性,另一方面更希望译文含义明朗,使读者一目了然。 比如,汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语,可译成Thisislikeshowingoffone’sproficiencywiththeaxebeforeLuBanthemast ercarpenter 其中,“鲁班”变成了“LuBanthematercarpenter“否则鲁班究竟是什么人,不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见,如巧克力糖(chocolate),鸦片烟(opium),高尔夫球(golf),来福枪(rifle),尼龙布(nylon)。 4、意译法:填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺,采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常见的有效方法。如果某一语言观象,在译文语言中只的用意义相同的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇来翻译时,那么就等于说译文语言的形式中存在着一个“空缺”。比如,有许多词以及由这些词代表的思想概念,最先只存在于某种语言中,当把这些词或概念介绍到另一种语言中去时,我们可采取音译,直译法,同时也可采用意译法,而且意译译文可从语音、语法、语义等方面都合乎译文语言的规范,因此最易为读者接受。比如:communism,democracy,和proletariat 等外来词变成“共产主义”“民主”和”无产者”时,可以说最先是意译的结果。同时,由于“共产主义”,“无产者”等完全是按我们汉语的构词规则,用汉语的构词材料构成的。因此,这种意译只不过是属于一种概念的借鉴而已。 2013中科院考博突破秘诀:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8811771858.html,/product/PR000076 2013中科院考博英语复习必备:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8811771858.html,/goods.php?id=2980 2013中科院考博英语真题:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8811771858.html,/goods.php?id=2689 2012中科院考博分数线:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8811771858.html,/201203/kaobo_558210.shtml
几个法律术语的翻译 挑选法院“Forum shopping”是英美法上的一个术语,系指利用国际民事管辖权的积极 冲突,从众多有管辖权的法院中选择一个最能满足自己诉讼请求的法院去起诉的行为。对于“Forum shopping”,我国学者中有“挑选法院”、“选购法院”、“择地行诉”和“竞择法院”等不同译法。对其具体含义,我国学者的普遍理解是“当事人选择于己有利的法院起诉,从而使对方蒙受不利”。当事人在不同国家(法域)提起诉讼,由于各国(法域)政治、文化、经济、法律传统方面的差异,冲突规范存在差别,其指引的实体法会有所不同,各国(法域)法院对于同一涉外民商事案件,就可能会作出不同的判决,因此,当事人为维护自己的利益,总是希望选择一个对自己最为有利的法院进行诉讼,当事人这种选择法院的行为与在集市上进行商品买卖时挑选物品极为相似,故称之为“挑选法院”更为恰当。 1.contract,现在多译为"合同",我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为"合同"是不妥的。因为我们中国人看见"合同"一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件,可是contract一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。contract不限于书面的文件,口头上也可订contract,打电话也可以订contract,甚至于不说话也能订contract,例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。contract就是有法律约束力的协议,只有较重要的contract 才采取书面形式。所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译"契约",例如law of contract应当译"契约法",较重要的、书面的contract才译"合同",例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译"国际售货合同". 2.intellectual property,不知道当初为何译成"知识产权",以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今,而且订入法律,实在可叹!这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译"知识产权".intellectual一词根本没有"知识"的意思,它与"知识"是两个不同的概念。作为名词intellectual指"知识分子",但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词,何况"知识分子"与"知识"并不能划等号,即使退一万步对号入座地硬译,也只能译"知识分子产权"而不能译"知识产权".当然,译"知识分子产权"也是错的。从含义上看,何谓intellectual property?它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利,主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等,所以应该译为"智力产权".我们的前辈严复曾说,"一名之立,旬月踟蹰",我们今天对待译名何等需要那样的认真精神啊!译名宜慎重,不要随便译,使用现有的译名也该慎重,尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名,应该抵制错误的译名! 3.joint venture.这个术语译时要当心。因为按其原来的意思,是指短期的临时性的合伙,可是现在又常用来表示"合资企业、合营企业".所以翻译时要依据上下文及其他情况来判定该译"短期合伙"还是译"合营企业". 4.jurisdiction.除了管辖、管辖权、审判权、审判机构等释义外,还有一个释义,即"法域"或"法律管辖区域",意思是自有一套法律制度的区域。一个国家可能是一个法域,如法国,也可能有许多法域,如美国的50个州每个州都是一个法域。"一国两制",可以说是"一个国家、两个法域".
广告英语翻译常用词汇 产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚,深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球 selling well all over the world 典雅大方 elegant and graceful 定型耐久 durable modeling 方便顾客 making things convenient for customers 方便群众 making things convenient for the people; to suit the peo ple's convenience 方便商品 convenience goods 方便生活 bringing more convenience to the people in their daily life; prov iding amenities for the people; making life easier for the popula tion 各式俱全 wide selection; large assortment
顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一,信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良,疗效显著,誉满全球,欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods
书名: 1.《合同法》和《公司法》的英文翻译打码QQ群:54493069 2.孙万彪:《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》 3.《法律翻译-从实践出发》 4.李克兴:《法律翻译理论与实践》 5.陈忠诚:《法窗译话》 入门级: 1、孙万彪的《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》,涉及的内容都是最基本的,书写得比较严谨,孙老师应该是语言专业出身,对一些词(比如说threatened )的处理比较好。 2、中文版的《合同法》和《公司法》以及英文版的《合同法》和《公司法》,中文版的不必管哪个出版社的,想来都差不多。英文版的至少有两个版本,我在书店里见过,但现有手头没有,也不方便找。 3、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》,有中英文对照版,算是做得比较精致的一本书。这本书不厚,但可以让你明白好的翻译作品应该是什么样的。 4、香港的双语资料库,至少可以利用一下香港联合交易所的双语《上市规则》。香港的词法和句法与大陆有所不同,但值得借鉴。 中级篇: 1、《法律文本与法律翻译》,作者之一是李克兴,他最近还写了一本书,也不错,可以看看。书名记不得了,但如果你在百度搜索栏敲入“李克兴”、“法律翻译”,逐页翻页,应该可以找到。 2、《法律翻译-从实践出发》,这本书有多名作者,既有宏观的论述,又有微观的剖析,作者基本上都是圈内高人。 3、《美国1933年证券法》和《美国1934年证券交易法》,著名的两部美国法律,主译是张路老师,这一系列的书还有,与律所的实战翻译风格比较接近。 4、利用互联网,直接查阅相关法律,如美国的《特拉华州普通公司法》。至于具体查阅哪部法律,看个人的兴趣。每本书后面都有参考书目,可以利用这个作为线索。 高级篇 1、《国际商法教学案例英文选编》,对外经济贸易大学考研用的“灰皮书”,不知现在是不是这样?先读懂这本书,加深对法律知识的了解。 2、《英美商事组织法》,对外经济贸易大学丁丁老师著,同一系列的书还有很多。 3、陈忠诚老师的《词语翻译漫谈》及其续篇、《法窗译话》以及相关的词语翻译书,加强“炼字”功夫。
如何解决英汉互译中词汇空缺现象 一、什么是词汇空缺现象 一种语言能用单个词语明确标记的东西,另一种语言却可能要兜圈子才能表达。比如在日常生活中,如果我们不知道七十年代初美国总统Nixon制造的“水门事件”的史实,我们便无从了解Watergate, 现用来泛指类似“水门事件”的丑闻。看来Watergate 由特指“水门事件”到泛指丑闻这一现象为英语所特有,在汉语中则存在着空缺。 如果译者不了解词汇空缺现象,势必会给跨文化交际带来回难,给回译造成障碍。为此,研究有关词汇空缺现象产生的原因是很必要的。 二、词汇空缺现象产生的原因 1、生活环境、生活经验的差异引起了词汇空缺 我们知道,语言常常是客观世界的反映,是一种社会现象。人们生活在什么样的环境里,就会产生什么样的语言。如果某一事物在人们所生活的客观环境里不存在,那么语言就可能出现空缺。 比如:Salad这种凉拌菜源于法国,英国人最先没有这道菜,
语言中也不存在这个词,因此只好从法语中原封不动地“移植”过来,汉语也是如此。 在我国,吃饭问题长期以来都是人们特别关心的问题,因而成了人们经常谈论的话题。人们见面时总爱说:“吃过了吗?”在一般情况下,说话人并不十分关心听话人是不是吃了饭,只是打个招呼罢了。 但如果向英国人问起“吃过了吗?”他首先的反应是“怎么,没吃过你会请我吃?”有时还可能对问话人产生反感,“怎么搞的,一见面就问我吃没吃,没吃又关你什么事?”由于这种文化上的差异,汉语中出现了许多围绕“吃饭”问题所建立的词语和表达法,但在英语中很难找到对应的表达法。 比如我们说“吃闲饭”(lead an idle lefe),“吃香”(be very popular),“吃不消”(more than one can stand, too much)等等,译成英语就无法字字对应了。 所谓生活环境和生活经验问题,还涉及到特定语言文化中的人或物。每一种语言中,都有不少只同使用该语言的人物密切相关的表达法。
法律英语翻译专业词汇 大全 This model paper was revised by LINDA on December 15, 2012.
equality of men and women, equality between [of] the sexes南昌市 Nanchang Municipality南京市 Nanjing Municipality南宁市 Nanning Municipality南平市Nanping Municipality南通市 Nantong Municipality脑外伤综合症 combined external head injuries年报 annual report年度账目 annual accounts宁波市 Ningbo
Municipality宁静的占有权 quiet possession宁夏回族自治区 Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region扭亏为盈 turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources纽约公约 New York Convention农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement农工商联合企业 agro-industrial-commercial combines农垦区 land reclamation district农民集体 peasant collective农药残留物 pesticide residue农业部 Ministry of Agriculture农业发展银行 Agriculture Development Bank农业税agricultural tax农转非 rural residents become urban residents虐待 maltreat虐待罪 crime of abuse挪用公款 misappropriation of public funds殴打他人 assault 偶犯 casual offender排斥外在证据原则 parol evidence rule排除责任条款 exclusion clause排纷解讼 dissolution of disputes and litigation排他性的独占权exclusive monopoly right派生的分租人 derivative under-lessor派生的分租租契derivative under-lease判案理由 adjudicative reasons, grounds of judgment判处sentence判定 confirm判定债务人没有付款的誓章 affidavit of default on the part of the judgment debtor判决 judgment判决理据 grounds of judgment判决书 written judgment判决执行 enforcement of the judgment判刑 sentence泡沫经济bubble economy泡沫效应 bubble effect培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth赔偿 compensate赔偿金 compensation money赔偿损失 compensation for losses赔偿责任 liability to damages配股 allotment of shares, rationed shares配合饲料 compound/mix feed配偶 spouse配偶的父母 parents-in-law配套改革concomitant reforms配套人民币资金 local currency funding of批复 Reply批评教 育 re-education批准 approve, approval批准机关 approval authority批准文号
1.素质教育:Quality Education 2. EQ:分两种,一种为教育商数Educational quotient,另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业:the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出:ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金:clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款:non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包:mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社:credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障:a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度:the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷:export credit 12. 贷款质量:loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法:the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险:take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程:flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易:illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇:foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构:non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税:transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计:foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度:the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全:the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦:excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度:the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策:pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费:basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系:sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制:the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全:economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设:to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求:the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长:fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库:grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业:grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行:closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场:grain sales market 37. 劣质工程:shoddy engineering
法律英语翻译:法律翻译常用词汇注释(A-Z) A Ab initio Ab initio是拉丁文,其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”,可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中,ab initio 的使用频率较高,比较常见。如:ab initio mundi(有史以来),void ad initio(自始无效)等。 Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合,一致,在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议,指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant;而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent(答辩人)。 Acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得,获取,而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立。刑事案件经审讯后,被告罪名不成立被释放,称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal 是名词。详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动,行为,在法律英语中通常理解为作为,与不作为forbear相对应。如:Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动,在法律英语中则理解为诉讼,相当于suit或lawsuit,如initiate an action提起诉讼,win an action在诉讼中获胜,defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn
第十章法律翻译中被动句式的翻译(课堂讲练) 本章教学目标:掌握法律英语翻译中有关被动句翻译的若干基本方法。 课堂讲练: 1、概述 在法律英语句式中,被动语态(PASSIVE VOICE)使用频率很高。通常在以下情况中,法律英语会使用被动语态: 例1、(1)、The Conformity Certificate of the Goods to be delivered shall be delivered directly to Party A by Party C on the Delivery Day of such Goods. 参考译文:拟交付货物的产品合格证应由丙方在该批货物交货日直接交给甲方(或:丙方应在交货日将拟交货物的产品合格证直接交给甲方)。 (2)、When the Goods to be pledged under this Agreement have been delivered to the Dealer acting on behalf of the Pledgee, the Pledgor shall submit to the Dealer a Delivery Note. 参考译文:依照本协议应质押的货物交付给代表质押权人的经销商后,质押人应向经销商提交一份交货单。 (3)、Unless otherwise specified in writing herein, all Confidential Information must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed on the expiration of the period of the receiving Party’s using such Confidential Information. 参考译文:除非本协议另有书面规定,所有机密信息在接收方使用期限届满时必须退还给披露方或者销毁。 (4)、如果在合同任何一方向对方发出就因本合同引起的或与之有关的任何争议进行协商的书面请求后15天内,争议仍未得到解决,则任何一方可以将该争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。 参考译文:Where the disputes arising out of or in relation to this Contract can not be resolved within fifteen (15) days after any Party hereto requesting in writing the other Party to commencing a consultation on said disputes, either Party may submit it to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration(CIETAC). (5)、对于任何因违约而给对合同任何一方造成的损失,违约方必须做出金钱赔偿。 参考译文:Any losses suffered by any Party hereto arising from any breach shall be indemnified by the Party in breach. 小结:从上述例句的翻译中可以看出,法律英语使用被动语态,通常是因为(1)、强调动作对象(即受动者),比如例句(1)、(2),此时,往往施动者没有必要说出或不愿说出;或者(2)、施动者本身无法确定,如(3)、(4);或者两种情形兼而有之,如(5)。在汉译时,由于汉语被动语态的使用频率较英语为少,所以,不必受英语句式限制,将所有被动句都翻译成汉语被动句,译文应以既忠实于原文意义,又符合汉语表达习惯为要旨。 2、英语被动语态基本翻译技巧 1)、译成被动句 如需要强调源语中被动语态的受动对象,一般译成汉语被动句。不过,可以使用”予以、由、受、受到、得以、得到、经“等词汇替代”被“,以表达被动含义。 例2、(1)、If any of the provisions of this Contract is held invalid or unenforceable and unless the invalidity or unenforceability materially violates the fundamental intent and sense of other parts of this Contract, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any other provisions hereof. 参考译文:如果本合同任何条款被认定为无效或不可执行,除非此无效或不可执行性实质性地违反本合同根本意图或其其他部分意义,则不得影响本合同其他条款的有效性或可执行性。
第一、按照法律的原意,理解法律英语 中国法律理论与普通法有很大不同,加之中国的法律有待更进一步完善,因此,有一部分英文的法律名词和术语,很难在中文里找到与此相对应的确切的词汇。如"unjust enrichment"可直译为“不当得利”,但其法律含义却比《民法通则》中的“不当得利”宽泛得多,不但包含了《民法通则》中的92条“不当得利”、93条“无因管理”的情况,而且还有违反信托义务(fiduciary duty)和侵犯他人知识产权所取得的利益。另外,agreement 和contract,可以翻译为“协议”和“合同”,在中国法律中,似乎没有什么区别。但是,根据普通法规定,有要约和承诺,便是一个agreement,而agreement只有在采取书面形式(deed)或有对价(consideration)支持的情况下,才能成为contract,具有法律效力。这样的例子,不胜枚举。所以,一定要按照法律的原意,理解英文。不可望文生义,生搬硬套。 第二、遵循法律的学习规律,学习法律英语 中国法律英语的学习者,难以深入的一个重要原因,就是没有按照这一规律,按部就班地学习法律,在一些基本概念和分类都没有搞清楚的情况下,就开始盲目自修。与任何学问和手艺一样,法律有其自身的由浅入深、从易到难的学习规律。英美法学院均设有核心课程(core subjects),学生必须先行完成核心课程,才可以修其他法律部类。我个人认为,“开卷有益”不适合法律英语的学习。只有当掌握了法律基础之后,才是开卷有益,否则,只能造成理解上的艰难和混乱。 第三、英语的难易与法律的难易 在澳洲留学期间,我发现关于刑法的书,读得比较通畅,语言障碍也少;而财产法却艰涩、难懂,念起来非常吃力。而本国学生就没有这样难易差距的感受。我想原因在于,西方的刑法理论,与中国相似;我在大学期间,刑法又学得很好。由于对法律本身熟悉,所以,觉得刑法英语很容易理解和掌握。相反,澳大利亚的财产法是继承英国的传统,诸如财产权的相对性、衡平法产权等等理论,在国内,从未接触过。由于对法律原则的陌生,导致阅读的吃力。所以,英语本身无难易,难易取决于法律本身。对法律原则的理解越深、越透,表述法律的英语,就越简单、易解。 第四、英语的不通源于法律的不通 在做法律翻译时,翻译过很多英文合同,经常会涉及到某某条款是"condition"或"warranty",当时就直译为“条件”或“保证”,仅知道“条件”是合同的重要条款,“保证”是非重要条款,但这又有什么区别呢?学了普通法才理解,这种区别的法律意义在于违约后的法律后果不同:违反condition,守约方有权终止合同,同时要求损害赔偿;但违反warranty,守约方虽然有权要求损害赔偿,但必须继续履行合同,否则,也是违约。
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好,下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋,其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁,恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来,犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦,方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼,百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆,后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足,教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务,成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.