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新编大学英语综合教程1-u(00001)
新编大学英语综合教程1-u(00001)

新编大学英语综合教程1-unit5

Unit 5 Animal World

In-Class Reading Do Animals Have a Culture?

动物拥有文化吗?

1 只有人类有文化呢,还是某些动物也同样有文化,这是社会科学家们最近才提出来的问题。说到文化,我们指的是某一类人群共有的生活方式。文化包涵了我们形成的信念和看法。正是人们的行为模式促使他们生活在一起,也正是人们的行为模式把不同的群体区分开来。人类失去了蛮力、爪子、长牙及其他自卫功能,然而文化为我们弥补了这些缺失。人类使用工具,相互合作,并借助语言进行交流沟通。但人类行为的这些方方面面,或称之为“文化”的东西,在某些动物的生活中也同样存在。

3 我们过去一直认为会不会使用工具是人和其他动物的分界线。然而,最近我们发现情况并非如此。黑猩猩不但能够使用工具,事实上还能自己制造工具。与仅仅捡起身边的东西加以利用相比,这已经向前迈出了一大步。例如,有人看到黑猩猩把树叶扯掉,将树枝伸进白蚁巢穴。当白蚁啃咬树枝时,黑猩猩就把树枝抽回,然后把枝

条底端的白蚁吃掉——就像我们使用餐叉一样。

4 我们曾一度认为,尽管人类可以学习文化,但却不可能教会动物学文化。或者,即使动物能够学习,它们也不会像人类那样互相传授。然而,这一观点也同样是不正确的。日本京都大学猴子研究中心对一群日本猴进行过研究。科学家们给猴子白薯,想把它们引到海岛的岸边。一天,为了去掉白薯上面的沙子,一只年轻的母猴开始用水来洗白薯。这一做法马上传遍了整个猴群。这是学来的行为,不是向人类学的,而是从其他猴子那里学到的。而凡是没有跟这一猴群接触过的其他所有的猴子几乎都不会用水洗去沙子。这样,动物间就存在了“文化差异”。

5 我们已经把使用和发明工具从区分动物和人类行为的方法中排除出去了, 同样也把学习和互相传授行为排除在外了。但我们仍抓住语言这最后一个特点不放。然而,即便是语言的使用也无法把人类文化和动物文化区分开来。教猿猴说话的尝试虽然失败了,但这是因为猿猴没有合适的发声器官。如果我们愿意采纳口语之外的其他语言形式的话,应该说教猿猴学习语言一直是非常成功的。有两位心理学家曾训练一只名叫华秀

的黑猩猩,教它使用美国标准手语。这种语言同样供聋人使用。用这种语言,“交谈”是通过手势来完成的,而不是把单词用一个个字母拼出来。当华秀长到五岁时,她掌握了130个手语词汇。而且,她还能用原先未教过的新方法来组合这些词汇。这表明她能创造性地使用语言,而不是单纯地模仿。她自己能遣词造句,表达真实的意思。这使双向交流得以实现,超越了单向的指令、反应模式。

6 当然,动物文化有其局限性。据我们所知,没有任何猿猴曾建立起任何诸如宗教或法律等社会制度。而且,尽管有些黑猩猩有可能学会手语,但这种语言形式在表达抽象思想时有局限性。而使用口头语言使我们能把整个文化传递给任何一个会同种语言的人。也许最重要的一点是,人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚

After-Class Reading

动物的玩耍

1 也许人人都看到过动物幼崽如小猫小狗玩耍。这些幼年的动物看起来肯定玩得很开心。它们相互追逐、打滚、摔跤、打转,还玩诸如球和木棒之类的物体。任何看过熊猫打滚和玩耍的人都明白,熊猫玩得痛快着呢。

2 所有动物都玩耍吗?它们玩耍的目的是什么?这些是科学家提出的问题。为了回答这些问题,我们首先必须就“玩耍”的定义取得一致意见。这可难了,因为即使动物科学家们对“玩耍”的定义都莫衷一是,更何况动词“玩耍”包含有许多不同的意思。(译者注:英文中play 除“玩耍”外还有很多其他意思。)

3 在本文的讨论中,我们将依赖我们的常识来决定什么是玩耍。根据我们的经验,可以说玩耍是人与动物为了娱乐而做的事情。玩耍常常很像严肃且有目的的活动,但它并不实现什么严肃的目标。当然了,人们玩起来往往会非常认真。体育运动就是严肃认真而且精心设计的玩耍的例子。

4 动物为什么玩耍?最重要的理由很可能是为了学会生活中一些严肃而重要的活动。比如说,成年动物需要找寻食物、搏斗、寻觅伴侣,以及与同类中的其他动物相处。幼年动物可以通过玩

耍来练习这些生活中的重要活动。通过玩耍,它们能够模仿猎获食物、打斗以及求偶。它们能学会怎样控制自己的行动、怎样协调适应它们生活的环境以及怎样和自己群体中的其他动物相互交往。

5 并非所有的动物都玩耍。动物科学家们告诉我们,实际上,只有脊椎动物玩耍,其中,主要是高级脊椎动物。比如说, 昆虫、鱼和爬行动物不玩耍, 但是大多数哺乳动物都玩耍,尤其是在它们年幼时。总的来说,我们可以说高智商动物比低智商动物玩耍得多。换句话说,动物的智商越高,玩耍就会越复杂。

6 黑猩猩被公认为是与人类最接近的动物,是非人类哺乳动物中最聪明的。这种灵长类动物以一种精心策划而又复杂的方式玩耍。黑猩猩相互追逐、摔跤,还发明了种种游戏。在玩耍的方式上,只有人类比他们强。其他灵长类动物,比如猴子和大猩猩也喜欢玩耍,但不如黑猩猩玩耍得多。一些其他的脊椎动物诸如海豚也很聪明,它们之间相互嬉戏,也与包括人类在内的其他动物嬉戏。对于这些聪明的动物来说,玩耍是一种取乐的方式,但也是一种培养创造性的方式,而且是

一种采用新的方法使自己与所处环境相互协调的方式。也许人类在音乐、艺术和科学方面的创造性,就是以玩耍开始的。

课内阅读练习答案

Part One Preparation

1. A Guessing Game

Sample

(One student thinks of an animal. The other students ask him or her questions about the animal.)

Q = Question A = Answer

Q: Does it live in water?

A: No, it doesn’t.

Q: Does it live in trees?

A: No, it doesn’t.

Q: Does it have legs?

A: Yes, it does.

Q: Does it have four legs?

A: Yes, it does.

Q: Does it hunt other animals? A: No, it doesn’t.

Q: Does it run fast?

A: Yes, it does.

Q: Is it a mammal?

A: Yes, it is.

Q: Does it have spots?

A: No, it doesn’t.

Q: Is it trained to help humans? A: Yes, it is.

Q: Is it a horse?

A: Yes, it is.

2. How to Describe It?

Sample

As far as I know, elephants are the strongest among all the animals that exist in the world. Elephants are very big and heavy, even in their infancy. It’s not unusual to find a baby elephant that weighs over a ton. Also, its skin is so thick that an elephant rarely gets hurt or injured either in their daily life or when attacked by others. Even with so many strong factors, elephants have never gained the glorious titles such as the king of the jungle. They are mild-tempered, but fierce animals like tigers, lions and wolves dare not disturb or attack them because an adult elephant can easily tread on and kill them while the smaller, aggressive animals can do nothing harmful to this giant.

As for which anim al is the most beautiful, I’d like to vote for the tiger. To me, tigers are the symbol of power, dignity and nobility. The pattern on its body and head is rather fascinating. Tigers are known as “the king of all beasts”, a special honor people have given t o

them. Some wolves are also considered to be beautiful and they possess a kind of spirit, which is appealing. As for the dragon, though they exist only in stories or legends, they’re the symbol of China. Almost every Chinese thinks the dragon is beautiful. The elephant is cute. It’s mild in nature and usually meek. Of the animals we choose to rate, it is the strongest and friendliest animal. I do not really believe that a shark is beautiful but compared with a snake or a crocodile, a shark may rank as the fifth beautiful animal in the list.

2.What Is It?

Sample

? It’s a very tall kind of bird, with long legs and neck, which appear too thin to support its body and head. Its beak is long and pointed, and when it falls asleep it lifts up one leg to let the other support the whole body. (crane)

? It crawls on the ground, with a rope-shaped body and a triangular head. Deadly poison may be found in its fangs, which can cause death

within minutes. In legends, it was the animal which seduced Adam and Eve. (snake)

? It’s a swimming animal with smooth brown fur and it eats fish. You may regard it as the laziest animal since it sleeps most of the day, but at night, it turns out to be the greatest builder, its masterpiece—the dam. (beaver)

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

In-Class Reading

Post-Reading

Reading Comprehension

1. Paras. 1-2—C Para. 3—A Para. 4—D Para. 5—E Para. 6—B

2. 1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 A 7 D 8 D

3. Sample

? I think animals have a culture. We can easily find facts to support this. For example, animals of the same species can communicate with each other, with language unknown to us

humans. We have read a lot of stories about wolves. When a wolf is in danger or hurt by a human, very soon

it will get other wolves in its group to take revenge. Even insects like ants can work together very well. If they didn’t share a language of their own, how could they move something much larger than themselves over a long distance to their nest? Besides, animals such as chimpanzees can use and make tools to get food, and monkeys are found to be able to learn and share behavior. Surely, animals don’t have any religion or law. Obviously, this does not prove that they don’t have a culture but shows that their culture is different from ours or there are limits to their culture.

? I don’t think animals have a culture. Culture is a very broad term. It covers many aspects such as politics, economics, literature, law, and religion. Animals do not have language, at least they do not have a written language, nor do they have p olitics and economics. It’s true

that they can learn and share such behavior as washing sweet potatoes to get rid of sand, but I doubt whether they can learn more complicated behavior. What’s more, scientists only observed this sharing of behavior among certain monkeys. It is known to all that there are many species of animals and that they differ greatly in their intelligence. So how can we reach the conclusion that animals have a culture only because some animals are able to use and invent tools, or share knowledge? Even if animals have a so-called culture, there are limits to their culture.

Vocabulary

1 1 handy

2 cultural

3 untrue

4 belief

5 scientist

6 successful

7 religious

8 defenses

9 strength 10 social

2 1 A limit B limit 2 A contact B contacted

3 A attempting B attempt

4 A commanded B command

5 A form B form

3 1 gesture 2 create 3 abstract

4 individual

5 invention

6 feature

7 make up for

8 remove

9 response 10 rule out

4 1 remove

remove: take sth. away from a place

move: change position or place

2 received, accept

accept an invitation: say yes to it

receive an invitation: get one

3 allow

allow: let sb. do sth.; permit sb. to do sth. agree: have the same opinion

4 lately

lately: recently

later: a time after the present time

5 shore

shore: the land along the edge of a sea, lake or wide river

beach: a nearly level area of sand or small

stones beside the sea or other area of water

6 taught

teach: provide instruction in a particular subject

train: give sb. the knowledge needed to do a job 7 object

object: sth. that can be seen and touched subject: sth. that is discussed, examined or researched

8 attract

attract: draw sb. towards oneself

attack: try to hurt or defeat sb. or sth. using violence

Translation

1 I used to go to the cinema a lot, but I never have the time now.

2 The two workers cooperated with each other to fix the broken pipe.

3 This is a cruel practice which should be

stopped immediately.

4 What aspect of your job / work is (the) most difficult, and what aspect is (the) most rewarding?

5 He thought he had already solved the problem, but that was not the case.

6 I’ll help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do.

Part Three Further Development

1.Grammar Review

1 I never like the way how doctors speak to y ou. (in which; or delete “how”)

2 I’d like another drink, and so did John. (would)

3 One of the reasons for coming to England are to make money. (is)

4 In those days, the only means of lighting the house at night were oil lamps. (was)

5 It was so a cold night that we stayed at home. (such)

2.Vocabulary Review

Section A

1 A agree with B agreed with C agree on D agreed to

If you “agree with” someone about something, you both have the same opinion about it. If you “agree with” an action or suggestion, you approve of it. If two or more statements, ideas, sets of numbers, etc. “agree with” each other, they are the same or very similar (与……一致,相符合). If you “agree to” do something or “agree to” something, you say that you will do it or you allow someone else to do it. If people “agree on” something, they reach a decision or agreement about it.

2 A activity B act C action D act

Both “act” and “action” can be used as a countable noun to mean “sth. that sb. has done.” “Act” nearly always refers to a specific deed, for example, in Sentence B, “act of kindness” is a specific deed having been done.

“Action” is usually a more generalized usage, or a process of doing something. For example, in Sentence C, “We must take action” means that we must do something, but it is generalized and does not refer to a specific deed which must be done. “Activity” is used for something that is done regularly.

3 A adapting B adopted C adapt D adopt adopt: a) start to use a particular method or plan采用;b) legally become the parent of another p erson’s child 收养

adapt: gradually change your behavior and attitudes so that you get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully 适应

4 A laying B lied C lay D lay

“Lie” (lying, lay, lain) is an intransitive verb, meaning “be in a position in which your body is flat” (躺). “Lay” (laying, laid, laid) is a transitive verb, meaning “put on a surface” or “produce eggs”. There is another intransitive

verb “lie” (lying, lied, lied), meaning “say sth. untrue”(撒谎).

5 A weather B climate C weather

The wo rd “weather” means “the climate at a certain place and time, how much wind, rain, sunshine, etc. there is and how hot or cold it is” (天气,气象). “Climate” means “the normal weather conditions of a particular region over

a period of time” (气候).

6 A invented B discovered

You use “invent” to say that someone is the first person to think of something or make something. You use “discover” to say that someone finds out about something which exists but which was not previously known.

7 A fun B funny C funny

“Fun” is an uncountable noun. If something is “fun”, it is pleasant, enjoyable, and not serious. “Funny” is an adjective. It describes something that makes you laugh or that is strange.

8 A stripped B stripes C stripped

“Strip” can be used as a verb, meaning “remove the covering or parts of” or “take off one’s clothes”. “Stripe” is a noun, meaning “a band of color against a background of a different color”.

Section B

1C H I M 2P A N Z E E

A

N 3D O G

4I D 5E I

N 6C H A 7M E L E O N

S O E 8O W 9L

E 10G 11P U P P Y S I

C I S H A O

12T U R T L E A U N

A N R

F 13C A T

F

新编大学英语综合教程1-unit4

Unit 4 Fresh Start In-Class Reading Fresh Start 新的开端 1当我父母开车离去,留下我可怜巴巴地站在停车场上时,我开始寻思我在校园里该做什么。我决定我最想做的就是平安无事地回到宿舍。我感到似乎校园里的每个人都在看着我。我打定主意:竖起耳朵,闭上嘴巴,但愿别人不知道我是新生。 2第二天早上我找到了上第一堂课的教室,大步走了进去。然而,进了教室,我又碰到了一个难题。坐哪儿呢?犹豫再三,我挑了第一排边上的一个座位。3“欢迎你们来听生物101 课,”教授开始上课。天哪,我还以为这里是文学课呢!我的脖子后面直冒冷汗,摸出课程表核对了一下教室——我走对了教室,却走错了教学楼。 4怎么办?上课途中就站起来走出去?教授会不会生气?大家肯定会盯着我看。算了吧。我还是稳坐在座位上,尽量使自己看起来和生物专业的学生一样认真。 5下了课我觉得有点饿,便赶忙去自助食堂。我往托盘里放了些三明治就朝座位走去,就在这时,我无意中踩到了一大滩番茄酱。手中的托盘倾斜了,我失去了平衡。就在我屁股着地的刹那间,我看见自己整个人生在眼前一闪而过,然后终止在大学上课的第一天。 6摔倒后的几秒钟里,我想要是没有人看见我刚才的窘相该有多好啊。但是,食堂里所有的学生都站了起来,鼓掌欢呼,我知道他们不仅看见了刚才的情景,而且下决心要我永远都不会忘掉这一幕。 7接下来的三天里,我独自品尝羞辱,用以果腹的也只是些从宿舍外的售货机上买来的垃圾食品。到了第四天,我感到自己极需补充一些真正意义上的食物。也许三天时间已经足以让校园里的人把我忘在脑后了。于是我去了食堂。 8我好不容易排队取了食物,踮脚走到一张桌子前坐下。突然我听到一阵熟悉的“哗啦”跌倒声。抬头看见一个可怜的家伙遭遇了和我一样的命运。当人们开始像对待我那样鼓掌欢呼的时候,我对他满怀同情。他站起身,咧嘴大笑,双手紧握高举在头顶上,做出胜利的姿势。我料想他会像我一样溜出食堂,可他却转身重新盛一盘食物。就在那一刻,我意识到我把自己看得太重了。

新视野 大学英语1 阅读教程 阅读理解答案

阅读理解答案 一, If you want to teach your children how to say sorry.………… 1)B; the child may feel that he owes his father an apology 2)D; I'm aware you're upset ,but I'm not to blame 3)A;it is vague and ineffective 4)B; their ages should be taken into account 5)C; not as simple as it seem 二,What is favorite color?………… 1)C; different colors mean different things and they may influence people's mood 2)B; you would be a member rather than a leader 3)C; black to red 4)A; people's preference of one color to anther is instinct 5)D; its color 三,As the pace of life continues to increase,………… 1)C; they are becoming busier with their work 2)D; is not fearing stress 3)D; Different people can withstand different amounts of stress 4)B; reaction to stress both chemically and physically 5)C; remove stress from our lives 四、Social customs and ways of behaving change.………… 1)C; Social Customs and Customs 2)D; He should telephone to explain his bing late 3)B; punctuality 4)A; tries his best to make his guests feel comfortable 5)B; The host who picked up his knife and began eating in the same way 五、The Internet provides an amazing forum for the free exchange of ideas…… 1)B; The Internet has the absolutely…… 2)D;separating 3)D; sacrifice the time in social 4)D; the author thinks wo should achieve balance between virtual life and read life 5)B; the author was once troubled by the ……………… 六、A few drinks a week may ………… 1)C; to find how alcohol consumed affects young woman's blood pressure 2)D; high levels may had a 15%…… 3)C; Moderate drinking 4)C; the type of alcohol drinking made a different in affecting young woman's blood pressure 5)A; Woman's blood pressure drops with a few drink a week 七、Old people are always saying that the young are not what………… 1)A; have more money and freedom 2)A; nowadays the young and the old have the greatest differences 3)A; why the old often resort to violence or solve problem 4)C;struggle for social status 5)A; one has reason to enjoy life

新视野大学英语快速阅读第三册答案全[1].

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8 the individual 9 responsible behavior 10 written budget Unit2 Passage1 1—5 Y Y N Y N 6—8 N NG Y Passage2 1 the use of drugs 2 dull and hopeless 3 more and more drugs 4 LSD 5 really able to do 6 long jail sentences 7 dangerous situations 8 full of tension Passage3 1—5 ACBDC 6—7 DA 8 skills courses 9 certificates 10 world communication Passage4 1—5 NG Y N Y Y

6—7 Y N 8 it is easier 9 confront different challenges 10 allowing everything Unit3 Passage1 1—5 BCBAC 6—8 CAC Passage2 1 900 miles 2 weeks of time 3 the kind of boats 4 getting into the mud 5 different levels of water 6 man-made lakes 7 the force of the water 8 the photographys taken from spaceships Passage3 1—5 DBCAB 6—7 AD 8 the chain store 9 th e firm’s expenses Passage4 1—5 N NG N Y N

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新编大学英语综合教程3第三版unit9music

1. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in brackets. 1. (attention) Correct answer inattention 2. (qualify) Correct answer qualified Correct answer Navigation 4. Correct answer participants 5. Correct answer unconscious 6. Correct answer competence 7. Correct answer inequalities 8. morning. (request) Correct answer

requested 9. Correct answer varied 10. Correct answer partners 2. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate preposition or adverb. 11. Correct answer in 12. Correct answer of 13. Correct answer to 14. accident. Correct answer at 15. Correct answer beyond 16.

Your answer Correct answer from from 17. Your answer Correct answer to to 18. Your answer Correct answer on on 19. Your answer Correct answer in in Your answer Correct answer On On 3. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the best answer from the choices given. 21. The buses, ___________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of which B. both of which C. few of them D. those of which 22. There's only one man ____________ the job. A. qualified for

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4. lifted/back pocket 5. a front window/hand her over 6. wrong/bolts 7. has stolen Unit 4 part one Escape Artists Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.publishing/overseen 2.procrastinator/affected https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8816202458.html,ziness/desire/consistently/delay 4.funishes/reinforcing/subscribe 5.mismatch/sophisticated 6.solution/deploying/management Unit 5 part one For Big Bruno, a Man We Can Look Up to Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.hard work/pay off 2.Big Bruno/strong in stature/a gentle spirit 3.most patient/slow to get angry/a heart of gold

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Book One Unit Four Passage One Directions: You will have 10 minutes to read this passage quickly and answer the following questions from A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Youth Speak If you think the English language is getting shorter, you may be right. From news bytes to text-messaging to famously shorter attention spans, we're saying less—and relying on slang more. Why? With so much of our daily communications taking place online these days—and that doesn’t include just e-mail, but text-messaging on increasingly teenier devices—it seems everyday English has been reduced to a code of accepted abbreviations, mysterious combinations of numbers and letters, and even symbols masquerading as facial expressions. :) Often in all lowercase(小写字母) letters. Certain numbers, “2” and “4” in particular, play starring roles—replacing, respectively, “to” and “for”—but the far more interesting development is the embrace of the number “3” for the letter “e” (“b3” and “th3”), and the number “8” for the sound it makes (“gr8” and “l8r” for “great” and “later”). While some of these brave new acronyms(首字母缩拼词) can actually be self-explanatory (“u” for “you” and “ur” for “your”) or fairly logical (“b4” for “before”), or can highlight the sounds the letters ma ke (“qt” for “cutie” and “cu” for “see you”) or act as abbreviations (“cuz” for “because”), or can be just straightforward acronyms (“bff” for “best friends forever”), some do border on strange (“peeps” for “people”). Some terms that have been in circulati on for quite a while are pretty recognizable: “lol” (“laughing out loud”), “btw” (“by the way”), and “imho” (“in my humble opinion”). Some, meanwhile, are puzzling: “iykwim” (“if you know what I mean”), “mtfbwy” (“may the force be with you”), and “wysiwyg”(“what you see is what you get”). At times, this alphabet-soup vernacular (本国语,俗语) feels absolutely confusing to everyone but linguists and computer geeks. But it’s difficult to argue with it s speed—or even its necessity—when forced to use a toothpick-sized device to reply to an office memorandum (备忘录) while driving a car (not recommended or legal but, unfortunately, all too common). With the exception of “peeps,” though, all of the above examples are mostly used in written slang. Spoken slang is a whole o ther story. And it’s here that the younger generation truly has its say (pun intended). Today’s slang changes faster than yesterday’s password. That’s because words that were popular only a couple of years ago have lost favor—among t oday’s teens—for no reason at all. These include: “sweet”, “excellent”, and “awesome” (which all mean “good”). But, then, slang is short-lived by nature. In order for slang to be slangy, it has to have a feeling of perpetual newness. Slang is like fashion: never “in” for long. Americans eventually tire of even the most popular words, and by natural selection, only the strong survive.

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